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WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution

Question 1. What were the economic, political and social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:

Economic, Political And Social Effects Of The Industrial Revolution:-

The effects of the Industrial Revolution was far-reaching. It had effects on the economy, society and polity.

[1] Economic Effects:
The Industrial Revolution led to the decline of small-scale industries and resulted in the rise of the factory system. It led to the division of labour, and specialisation in output and created an unprecedented supply of goods. This led to a scramble for colonies amongst the European powers because colonies supplied cheap raw materials for factories and ready markets for finished goods. The invention of machines threw a large number of workers out of jobs and many became unemployed.

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[2] Social Effects:
There was a large-scale migration of workers from rural to industrial areas. The workers were forced to work for very long hours. The living condition of the workers of the factories was horrible. Women and children were employed in large numbers in factories and were mercilessly exploited. An unbridgeable gulf was created between the capitalists and the labourers.

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[3] Political Effects:
As a result of the Industrial the status of newly Revolution industrialised nations were greatly increased in international politics. The newly emerged capitalist class came forward to participate in politics. Industrial workers, in course of time, became a great political force. The Spirit of communism and socialism flourished in England due to ‘the labour movement. The socialists raised voices of protest against the atrocities of the capitalists and the government was forced to pass some factory acts.

Question 2. Make a comparative study of the Industrial Revolution in England and the continent.
Answer: The Industrial Revolution first started in England in the 18th century. Big mills and factories were established where goods of daily necessity were manufactured. England became the ‘workshop of the world’.

Industrialisation started rather late in France due to the French Revolution. Another major problem in the development of French industry was the scarcity of coal. While in England the Industrial Revolution had been the contribution of the capitalist class, in France industrialisation was achieved mainly through the governmental initiative. By 1848 France became an industrial power but it lagged behind England. France was second to England in 1870 so far as the export of industrial products were concerned.

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As compared to England, industrialisation started late in Germany also, as Germany was divided into numerous small states. The real beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Germany was only after her national unification in 1870. Once it has begun, Germany’s industrial production grew rapidly and Germany outstripped Britain in steel and became the world leader in
chemical industries.

The real beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Russia dates from 1861 after the telegram Emancipation Statute of 1861 was passed. It system played an important part in establishing was not until the Five-Year Plan that the Soviet Union became a major industrial power.

Question 3. What were the effects of British industrialisation on India?
Answer:

British Industrialisation On India:-

The principal motive for the coming of the English East India Company was to participate in and make profits from trade but over time India was reduced to the status of a British colony. Indian silk and cotton had a wide market in Britain but with the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the whole scenario changed.

The effects of British industrialisation on India were:

[1] India was flooded with cheap machine-made goods whereby Indian textiles lost their market in India also.
[2] Laws were passed in Britain to prohibit and restrict the sale of Indian goods.
[3] India was reduced to cotton, silk, and indigo) and importer of British machine-made goods.
[4] The desire for new markets for British goods resulted in Britain’s undertaking fresh conquest in India.
[5] Free and unrestricted supply of British goods proved detrimental to Indian handicrafts as they were faced with unequal competition of machine-made goods.
[6] The self-sufficiency of Indian villages came to an end.
[7] There was stagnation in Indian agriculture. The British did nothing to improve Indian agriculture.

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Question 4. Give a brief account of the development of the telegraph system.
Answer:

Brief Account Of The Development Of The Telegraph System:-

Telegram is the device or system for transmitting messages to a distant place by making and breaking electrical connections. It was the first form of communication that could be sent over a great distance. Its creation was one of the key inventions to the industrial age. The use of telegram became very popular from the middle of the 19th century. The telegram system played an important part in establishing and expanding colonies by the industrially developed countries.

In India, the first experimental electric telegram line was started between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour (1850). In 1851 it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. In 1854 telegram link was established between Calcutta and Agra, Bombay and Madras.

A Telegram line of 20,000 miles was established in America in 1851. In 1866 when Atlantic Cable was installed, a link could be established between England and America. As a result, England’s imperialistic rule was consolidated in America. Telegram was also introduced in the colonies of Africa. A company of Denmark established a telegram system in China in 1871. In 1872 the first telegram system was introduced in Australia and later on in Malay, Vietnam and other places.

As a result of the introduction of a telegram, the European powers were able to establish quick control over the colonies. Foreign control over the colonies was strengthened. Trade of the industrialised countries was increased.

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Question 5. Give an account of the socialist movement in Europe.
Answer:

Socialist Movement In Europe:-

The Industrial Revolution led to the decline of small-scale industries and encouraged the rise of the factory system. The living condition of the workers of the factories was terrible. The socialists raised their voices of protest against the dismal condition of the workers created by industrialisation.

[1] Robert Owen, a humanitarian factory owner upheld the view that the capitalists should share a portion of his profits with his employees. As a factory owner, he introduced many benefits for the workers.

[2] Fourier, a Frenchman pleaded for a new social organisation based on cooperative communities.

[3] Another socialist thinker was St. Simon who advocated that the state should assume control of production and distribution. [4] Proudhon wanted to abolish private ownership of property.

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[5] Louis Blanc, a French thinker advocated that the state must come forward to protect the rights of workers and make laws. He condemned the accumulation of unlimited profit of the employer and advocated that the profit should be equitably divided between the landlord and workers.

[6] Other socialists were Philippe Buonarroti, Auguste Blanqui. They condemned competition which led to the exploitation of workers.

[7] The greatest advocates of socialism were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. To them, history was a class struggle, especially between the upper middle classes and the proletariat. In the ‘Communist Manifesto’ Marx made an appeal to the workers of the world to unite.

Question 6. What was the role of Karl Marx in the Ka spread of socialism?
Answer:

Role Of Karl Marx In The Ka Spread Of Socialism:-

In the first half of the 19th century the ideals of Utopian Socialism was very popular, but Utopian Socialism failed to show the right path to society.

In the second half of 19th century, Karl Marx (1818-83) made popular his ideas of scientific socialism which is also known as ‘Marxism’. As he was a radical thinker he was banished from his homeland Prussia and he took shelter first in France and then in Brussels in Belgium. In 1843 he moved to Paris where he formed his lifelong friendship with Friedrich Engels (1820-95) and established the ‘Communist League’ with his help.

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In 1864, he convened the International Working Men’s Association which was also known as the First International. Marx, as the leader of this organisation, tried to lay down the strategy and tactics for the unification of the workers of the world. In 1848, Marx and Engels brought out the famous Communist Manifesto. “Workers of the World unite: You have nothing to lose but your chains and a world to win” were the inspiring words of the Manifesto.

Marx wrote that few men who owned the factories exploited workers because these people depended on them. Marx wanted working people to revolt. If they did so, the wealth could be distributed among all, and not remain concentrated in the hands of a few people.

While in London he brought out his great work ‘Das Capital’ in 1867 and established his claim to be regarded as the founder of modern socialism. In this book, capitalism was criticised and class struggle was emphasised. The book is called the Bible of Socialism.

The important principles of Marxism are:

[1] Historical materialism.
[2] Surplus capitalism.
[3] Class struggle and
[4] Revolution.

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Karl Marx did not live to see the fulfilment of his dream. He had given hope to the oppressed section of the people all over the world. The value of Marxism lies in the hope and aspiration it has aroused among the suffering humanity holding out to them the prospect of a better and happier world to live in.

Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism

Question 1. What were the causes of the scramble for Africa?
Answer: During the 1800s, there was a rush among the European countries to establish their colonies in Africa which is known as the ‘Race. for Africa’ or the ‘Scramble for Africa’. There were many causes of the scramble for Africa which are discussed below.

[1] The Industrial Revolution first started in England and then spread to all other parts of Europe. The factories which were established to produce different types of things needed raw materials such as cotton, coal, iron ore and others. Africa was a very rich source of all such raw materials. So the various European countries competed with each other to establish their colonies in Africa.

[2] After the Industrial Revolution when new machines have introduced the rate of production increased manifold. They not only met the demand of the people but also generated surplus goods. The Europeans required a big market to sell these extra goods and a vast country like Africa was a good market for them.

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[3] Africa is rich in gold, diamonds, rubies and precious stones. The Europeans took Africa to be a rich source for making money.

[4] There were some other causes for the scramble for Africa. Some countries desired to establish their colonies only because other countries already had their colonies in Africa.
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[5] Moreover, there were some countries which thought that the strength of a country depends on the number of colonies it had. So they wanted to establish their colonies in Africa.

Question 2. Which country got the epithet ‘The jewel in the crown of the British empire’? Give an account of the transformation of India from an exporter to an importer.
Answer: India got the epithet ‘The jewel in the agreement was reached in 1925 between Italy crown of the British empire’.

The transformation of India from an exporter to an importer is an interesting chapter in the economic history of India. In the 18th century, English merchants used to purchase Indian goods and earn profit by selling these in England and other European countries. In the 19th century changes took place in the nature of trade between England and India.

During this period Britain did not import manufactured goods from India; on the other hand, Indian markets were flooded with British goods and India, which was so long a manufacturer and exporter of finished goods, became an exporter of agricultural products like indigo, cotton, jute and wheat.

The transformation of India from an exporter to an importer were due to several reasons:

[1] In 1700 the British government prohibited the use of Bengal silk clothes. In 1720 the British Parliament passed an act prohibiting the import of coloured cotton cloths and imposed huge taxes on cotton goods imported in England.

[2] When the Industrial Revolution broke out in England there was a total change in the system of production, huge quantities of goods were produced. Raw materials were necessary for the industries and Britain also needed a ready market for selling her surplus finished goods.

[3] By the Charter Act of 1813 the monopoly of East India Company’s trade with India was abolished and a policy of free trade was introduced. As a result more British merchants began to arrive in India to flood Indian markets with machine-made British commodities.

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Question 3. What policy did Mussolini take to fulfil his imperial design in Ethiopia?
Answer: Mussolini, the Fascist dictator of Italy, became hungry for colonies. Mussolini had been eager to bring the East African country of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) under Italian sway and to exploit its raw materials and minerals.

An agreement was reached in 1925 between Italy and Britain which promised Italy certain concessions in Ethiopia. Ethiopia vainly protested to the League of Nations against the foreign sphere of influence in Ethiopia.

In 1928 a treaty of perpetual friendship and arbitration was concluded between Italy and Ethiopia. When Haile Selassie became the emperor of Ethiopia he turned down the request of Italy for concessions and favour. In 1934 there occurred a clash between the Ethiopian force and the Italian.

Troops near the villagers of Walwal. The Italian government demanded an apology and compensation from the Ethiopian government. Emperor Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for protection. At League Council’s suggestions representatives of Britain, France and Italy met at Paris (1935).

Britain and France agreed to give Italy extensive economic rights in Ethiopia. While the League Commission was in Abyssinia, Italy launched an attack on Abyssinia. The League Council declared Italy an aggressor nation and imposed economic blockade on Italy. The partial economic sanction could not put any pressure upon Italy. Italy defied the League of Nations and resigned from its membership. In 1936 Ethiopia was formally annexed to Italy.

Question 4. What was the role of Suez Canal in the development of the communication transportation system?
Answer: Along with the expansion of industrialisation attention of the European countries was drawn to the use of waterways for carrying goods like coal, iron etc. So side by side with the existing waterways canals began to be constructed. Industrialised countries in different parts of the world constructed a number of artificial canals to make journeys faster and easier.

The most important of all these canals was the Suez Canal. It was difficult for the western industrialised countries to maintain commercial relationships with the eastern countries covering long distances.

It was also a huge waste of time and money. To make the journey between the East and the West faster, digging of the Suez Canal through Egypt by France began in 1859. In 1869 the Canal was opened commercially and ships began to pass through the Suez Canal.

From 1869 England, France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and other European countries began to use this canal extensively to maintain trade relations with the eastern countries. Universal Suez Canal Company took the responsibility of the canal for 99 years on the basis of a contract.

To maintain security of the Suez Canal the British government got the right to station British soldiers in this region upto 1956. So though the Suez Canal was an integral part of Egypt it lost control over the Suez Canal and its adjacent areas.

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The European countries could easily keep close contact with the eastern countries through the Suez Canal. Imperialist control over the eastern countries was much more strengthened. British control over India became stronger. Through the control of Suez Canal region Anglo-French supremacy in middle and east Africa was gradually strengthened.

Question 5. Give an account of the western bid for supremacy in China.
Answer: For thousands of years since the isolation but the western powers were keen to establish contact with her. In the mid- attempts to penetrate the Chinese empire. nineteenth-century Britain and USA made traders. Opium in large quantities were Opium was introduced in China by the English and imported in China by the British. All classes of Chinese people gradually became addicted to opium.

The Chinese government issued orders putting a bar on the import of opium. War broke out when the Chinese seized British vessels carrying opium and destroyed their cargo. In the First Opium War (1839-42) the Chinese were defeated by the British and the Treaty of Nanking was concluded between Britain and China.

The Treaty of Nanking

[1] legalized the opium trade.
[2] opened up five ports including Canton to foreign trade.
[3] ceded Hong Kong to the British.
[4] proclaimed that the British subjects would no longer be subject to Chinese law and
[5] made China pay war indemnity.

France and England took advantage of China’s weakness and declared war. The Second Opium War (1857-58) like the first war ended in China’s defeat.

The Tientsin Treaty (1861) which ended the war

[1] opened eleven more ports to foreign trade,
[2] compelled China to set up foreign mission in Beijing
[3] pay heavy war indemnity and
[4] admit that foreign residents in China would be under the laws of their respective countries and not the laws of China. After
1860 the ambition of the European powers continued to grow. They now wanted more territories. Russia, France and England obtained bases of territories or spheres of influence in China.

Japan too followed their example and declared war on China (1894-95) and compelled China to surrender. The weakness of China encouraged the western powers to make fresh bids for territorial gains in China, but it was soon found that the gains obtained by one power at China’s expense made other powers jealous. In other words, while many powers wanted to cut China into slices as if it was a melon, the interests of one power came into conflict with those of another.

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The western powers were torn with jealousies against one another, to such an extent that they had little hesitation in accepting the Hay Memorandum (1901) which recommended

[1] equal opportunities for all nations to trade in China,
[2] that the western powers should throw their respective spheres of influence open to all and
[3] above all, they should guarantee the territorial integrity of China. Thus China was saved from being partitioned among the western powers.

Question 6. What were the causes of the First World War?
Answer: The outbreak of the First World War on July 28, 1914, is the most outstanding event of the early 19th century. Its causes were many and varied. patriotism had degenerated into ultra-nationalism.

[1] One of the most important causes of the war was militarism. All the states were afraid of one another. Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria (1882) and France formed the Triple Entente with England and Russia (1907). In order to gain supremacy over the sea Germany built many ships which caused suspicion to other European powers, especially to France and England.

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[2] Another cause of the war was exaggerated nationalism. In some European states, nationalism and War I within a short period.

[3] Imperialism was also anxious to establish colonies in Asia and Africa important cause of the war. Germany was but could not do so as France and England were Germany.

[4] The immediate cause of the war against her. This caused resentment in was the murder of the Austrian Archduke, Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophia at Sarajevo in Bosnia in 1914. They were murdered by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the ‘Black Hand’ terrorist organisation. The government of Austria attributed the murder to Serbian intrigue. This attack of Austria on Serbia ultimately led to the outbreak of World War within a short period.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Question 1. The invention first appeared in the-
1. Cotton industry
2. Tea industry
3. Jute industry
4. Silk industry

Answer: 1. Cotton industry

Question 2. Humphry Davy invented the-
1. Spinning Jenny
2. Water Frame
3. Safety Lamp
4. Flying Shuttle

Answer: 3. Safety Lamp

Question 3. Socialism is a political, economic and philosophical doctrine opposed to-
1. Capitalism
2. Nationalism
3. Communism
4. Communalism

Answer: 1. Capitalism

Question 4. Industrial Revolution led to the growth of-
1. Communalism
2. Imperialism
3. Communism
4. Terrorism

Answer: 2. Imperialism

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Question 5. Flying Shuttle was discovered by-
1. Crompton
2. Hargreaves
3. John Kay
4. James Watt

Answer: 3. John Kay

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Question 6. In which country did the ‘Luddite Riot’ break out?
1. Russia
2. Greece
3. England
4. France

Answer: 3. England

Question 7. ‘March of the Blanketeers’ started from-
1. Manchester
2. Paris
3. Peking
4. Berlin

Answer: 1. Manchester

Question 8. The International Working Association was established by-
1. Louis Blanc
2. Proudhon
3. Fourier
4. Karl Marx

Answer: 4. Karl Marx

Question 9. He word ‘Socialism’ was first introduced by-
1. Charles Fourier
2. Saint Simon
3. Robert Owen
4. Arnold Toynbee

Answer: 3. Robert Owen

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Question 10. The book ‘New View of Society’ was written by-
1. Thomas Hobson
2. Robert Owen
3. Charles Fourier
4. Louis Blanc

Answer: 2. Robert Owen

Question 11. The book ‘Das Capital’ was published in-
1. 1857
2. 1867
3. 1877
4. 1897

Answer: 2. 1867

Question 12. The book ‘Organisation of Labour’ was composed by-
1. Arnold Toynbee
2. Louis Blanc
3. Hobson
4. Karl Marx

Answer: 2. Louis Blanc

Question 13. Industrial Revolution first started in-
1. England
2. France
3. Germany
4. Russia

Answer: 1. England

Question 14. Spinning mule was invented by-
1. John Kay
2. Cartwright
3. Stephenson
4. Crompton

Answer: 4. Crompton

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Question 15. According to Arnold Toynbee Industrial Revolution started in-
1. 1758
2. 1660
3. 1760
4. 1768

Answer: 3. 1760

Question 16. Industrial Revolution first started in-
1. Coal industry
2. Iron industry
3. Jute industry
4. Textile industry

Answer: 4. Textile industry

Question 17. Spinning Jenny was invented by-
1. John Kay
2. Stephenson
3. Richard Arkwright
4. James Hergreaves

Answer: 4. James Hergreaves

Question 18. The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of a new class-
1. Aristocratic class
2. Middle class
3. Lower class
4. Warrior class

Answer: 2. Middle class

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Question 19. Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of two new classes-
1. Teacher and student
2. Ruler and subject
3. Lord and slave
4. Downer and worker

Answer: 4. Downer and worker

Question 20. The Chartist movement was a-
1. Students’ movement
2. Peasants’ movement
3. Workers’ movement
4. Women’s movement

Answer: 3. Workers’ movement

Question 21. The Chartist movement took place in-
1. England
2. Germany
3. France
4. Russia

Answer: 1. England

Question 22. The author of the book ‘A New View of Society’ was-
1. Joseph Proudhon
2. Vladimir Lenin
3. Mikhail Bakunin
4. Robert Owen

Answer: 4. Robert Owen

Question 23. The Utopian socialist whose ideas became
1. Mikhail Bakunin
2. Charles Fourier
3. Saint Simon
4. Vladimir Lenin

Answer: 2. Charles Fourier

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Question 24. The author of the book ‘Utopia’ was-
1. Robert Owen
2. Charles Fourier
3. Karl Marx
4. Thomas More

Answer: 4. Thomas More

Question 25. Louis Auguste Blanqui was-
1. Utopian Socialist
2. Capitalist
3. Scientific Socialist
4. Imperialist

Answer: 1. Utopian Socialist

Question 26. The father of scientific socialism was-
1. Saint Simon
2. Karl Marx.
3. Montesquieu
4. Robert Owen

Answer: 2. Karl Marx.

Question 27. Who said-“The state is a machinery for exploitation”?
1. Montesquieu
2. Rousseau
3. Karl Marx
4. Frederick Engels

Answer: 2. Rousseau

Question 28. Who said, “Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism”?
1. Karl Marx
2. Proudhon
3. Lenin
4. Robert Owen

Answer: 3. Lenin

Question 29. The famous book of Karl Marx is-
1. Das Capital
2. The Prince
3. Divine Comedy
4. Macbeth

Answer: 1. Das Capital

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Question 30. The Father of modern socialism-
1. Frederich Engels
2. Karl Marx
3. Rousseau
4. Robert Owen

Answer: 2. Karl Marx

Question 31. The ‘Father of anarchism’ is-
1. Louis Blanc
2. Lenin
3. Karl Marx
4. Proudhon

Answer: 4. Proudhon

Class 9 History Chapter 4 WBBSE Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism  Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Question 1. The members of the Triple Alliance were-
1. England, France, Britain
2. England, France, Russia
3. Germany, Austria, Italy
4. Germany, Austria, France

Answer: 3. Germany, Austria, Italy

Question 2. The members of the Triple Entente were-
1. England, France, Germany
2. England, France, Spain
3. England, France, Russia
4. England, France, Italy

Answer: 3. England, France, Russia

Question 3. Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the-
1. Serbian throne
2. Spanish throne
3. Austrian throne
4. German throne.

Answer: 3. Austrian throne

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Question 4. Gavrilo Princip was a member of the-
1. Triple Alliance
2. ‘Black Hand’ terrorist organisation
3. International Workingmen’s Association
4. Communist Party

Answer: 2. ‘Black Hand’ terrorist organisation

Question 5. David Livingstone, the famous European explorer had been to-
1. Africa
2. America
3. Asia
4. Antarctica

Answer: 1. Africa

Question 6. Ethiopia is a country in-
1. Asia
2. Europe
3. America
4. Africà

Answer: 4. Africà

Question 7. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore war was fought in-
1. 1899
2. 1699
3. 1799
4. 1599

Answer: 3. 1799

Question 8. Which country started the digging of the Suez Canal through Egypt?
1. Turkey
2. Russia
3. England
4. France

Answer: 4. France

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Question 9. The Open Door Policy was issued by-
1. Sir John Hay
2. Kingsford
3. Clement Attlee
4. Mac Arthur

Answer: 1. Sir John Hay

Question 10. Who was the author of ‘Imperialism, the highest stage of Capitalism’?
1. Louis Blanc
2. Karl Marx
3. VI Lenin
4. Engels

Answer: 3. VI Lenin

Question 11. The Three Emperors League’ was a compromise made in-
1. 1873
2. 1815
3. 1833
4. 1820

Answer: 1. 1873

Question 12. The First Opium War was fought between England and-
1. China
2. Russia
3. France
4. Italy

Answer: 1. China

Question 13. In which year was the ‘Open Door Policy’ issued?
1. 1869
2. 1867
3. 1899
4. 1889

Answer: 3. 1899

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Question 14. Bismarck was the Chancellor of-
1. France
2. Britain
3. Germany
4. Italy

Answer: 4. Italy

Question 15. The country which established dominance over the Shangtung region was-
1. Germany
2. Russia
3. France
4. England

Answer: 1. Germany

Question 16. The Suez Canal was nationalised in-
1. 1856
2. 1956
3. 1866
4. 1966

Answer: 1. 1856

Question 17. The Suez Canal was constructed by-
1. England
2. Germany
3. France
4. Italy

Answer: 3. France

Question 18. The plan for the construction of Aswan Dam was adopted by-
1. Prime Minister of England
2. President of France
3. President of Egypt
4. President of America

Answer: 3. President of Egypt

Question 19. The Suez Canal was nationalised in 1956 on-
1. 25 July
2. 24 July
3. 26 July
4. 28 July.

Answer: 3. 26 July

Question 20. The Suez Canal was nationalised by-
1. President of America
2. President of France
3. President of Egypt
4. Prime Minister of England

Answer: 3. President of Egypt

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Question 21. The region in South Africa where the English first established their colony-
1. Mauritania
2. Brazil
3. Cape of Good Hope
4. Capetown

Answer: 3. Cape of Good Hope

Question 22. The Suez Canal flows through-
1. Turkey
2. Egypt
3. France
4. Arab

Answer: 2. Egypt

Question 23. The trade monopoly of the East India Company ended in-
1. 1793
2. 1833
3. 1813
4. 1853

Answer: 3. 1813

Question 24. The colony was first established in Malay by the-
1. British
2. French
3. Dutch
4. Portuguese

Answer: 4. Portuguese

Question 25. When was the Union of South Africa formed?
1. 1908
2. 1912
3. 1910
4. 1915

Answer: 3. 1910

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Question 26. The First Opium War was fought by China against-
1. Russia
2. England
3. France
4. Germany

Answer: 2. England

Question 27. The Second Opium War was fought by China against-
1. Russia and Japan
2. France and Russia
3. France and Germany
4. England and France

Answer: 4. England and France

Question 28. The Treaty of Nanking was signed between China and England in-
1. 1840
2. 1843
3. 1841
4. 1842

Answer: 4. 1842

Question 29. Algeria in north Africa was a colony of-
1. English
2. French
3. Portuguese
4. Dutch

Answer: 2. French

Question 30. The Triple Entente was formed in-
1. 1907
2. 1905
3. 1890
4. 1914

Answer: 1. 1907

Question 31. Triple Alliance was formed in-
1. 1882
2. 1830
3. 1890
4. 1859

Answer: 1. 1882

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Question 32. The direct cause of the First World War was-
1. Sarajevo murder
2. Militant nationalism
3. Morocco crisis
4. Balkan crisis

Answer: 1. Sarajevo murder

Question 33. The First World War started in-
1. 1915
2. 1916
3. 1914
4. 1917

Answer: 3. 1914

Question 34. Sarajevo was the capital of-
1. Serbia
2. Bosnia
3. Hungary
4. Austria

Answer: 1. Serbia

Question 35. Karl Marx’s book ‘Poverty of Philosophy was published in-
1. 1845
2. 1847
3. 1848
4. 1871

Answer: 2. 1847

Question 36. The Treaty of Tientsin was signed in-
1. 1857
2. 1858
3. 1859
4. 1860

Answer: 2. 1858

Question 37. The countries which signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki
1. China, England, France
2. China, Japan
3. China, France
4. China, England.

Answer: 2. China, Japan

Question 38. The Reinsurance Treaty was signed between Germany-
1. Austria
2. England
3. Italy
4. Russia

Answer: 4. Russia

Question 39. The Three Emperors league was formed between-
1. England, France and Russia
2. Russia, Germany and Austria
3. Germany, Austria and Italy
4. Germany, Japan and Italy

Answer: 2. Russia, Germany and Austria

Question 40. The alliance of three emperors of Germany, Austria and Russia is known as-
1. Weltpolitik
2. Dreikaiserbund
3. Lebensraum
4. Schadenfreude

Answer: 2. Dreikaiserbund

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What are the modern ideals born of the French Revolution?
Answer: The modern ideals born of the French Revolution are nationalism, liberalism, and democracy.

Question 2. Which dynasty was restored in France according to the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer: The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France according to the Principle of Legitimacy.

Question 3. Name the king who was restored to the throne of France according to the ‘Principle of Legitimacy’.
Answer: The king who was restored to the throne of France according to the Principle of Legitimacy was Louis XVIII.

Question 4. Who were the members of the Concert of Europe?
Answer: The members of the Concert of Europe were Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England.

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 5. What was the objective of the Principle of Legitimacy of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: The objective of the Principle of Legitimacy of the Vienna Congress was to bring back the original ruling dynasties which used to rule in different parts of Europe before the outbreak of the French Revolution.

Question 6. What was the objective of the Principle of Balance of Power of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: The objective of the Principle of Balance of Power of the Vienna Congress was to reconstitute the map of Europe in such a way that one state could not beat another in the race for power.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 7. What was the objective of the Principle of Compensation of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: The objective of the Principle of Compensation of the Vienna Congress was to reward those powers which played an important part in the defeat of Napoleon with the possession of different territories.

Question 8. Name the countries which were benefitted by the Principle of Compensation.
Answer: The countries which were benefitted by the Principle of Compensation were
[1] Austria.
[2] Russia.
[3] Prussia and
[4] England.

Question 9. What is ‘Concert of Europe’?
Answer: The Big Four-Austria, Prussia, England, and Russia devised a system, known as the ‘Concert of Europe’ to maintain the political arrangement made in the Vienna Congress and to ensure peace in Europe.

Question 10. Who were the Big Four at the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: The Big Four at the Congress of Vienna were Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England.

Question 11. What was the period of Metternich’s Prime Ministership?
Answer: The period of Metternich’s Prime Ministership was long 40 years from 1809-1848.

Question 12. Which leader called the Congress of Vienna which tried to restore Europe to the way it was before Napoleon?
Answer: Metternich, the prince of Austria called the Congress of Vienna which tried to restore Europe to the way it was before Napoleon.

Question 13. Where was the Vienna Congress held?
Answer: The Vienna Congress was held in Vienna, the capital of Austria.

Question 14. When did the Metternich system end?
Answer: The Metternich system ended in 1848 as a result of the February Revolution.

Question 15. Who was Metternich?
Answer: Metternich was the Prime Minister of Austria (1809-48) and the President of the Vienna Congress (1815).

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 16. Who was Castlereagh?
Answer: Castlereagh was the British Foreign Minister who represented England in the Vienna Congress.

Question 17. What was the capital of Austria?
Answer: The capital of Austria was Vienna.

Question 18. Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: The most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna was prince Metternich.

Question 19. When did Metternich become the Prime Minister of Austria?
Answer: Metternich became the Prime Minister of Austria in 1809.

Question 20. Who represented France in the Vienna Congress?
Answer: Talleyrand represented France in the Vienna Congress.

Question 21. When was the Congress of Troppau held?
Answer: The Congress of Troppau was held in 1820.

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. When did the July Revolution break out in France?
Answer: The July Revolution broke out in France in 1830.

Question 2. What was the period of the ‘July Monarchy’?
Answer: The period of the July Monarchy was from 1830-1848.

Question 3. Name the countries where the impact of the July Revolution was felt.
Answer: The impact of the July Revolution was felt in Germany, Belgium, Poland, Spain, Portugal, and England.

Question 4. Name two leaders of the July Revolution.
Answer: Two leaders of the July Revolution were Thiers and Lafayette.

Question 5. Name the countries which were inspired by the success of the July Revolution.
Answer: The countries which were inspired by the success of the July Revolution were Belgium, Poland, Portugal, Spain, England, Italy, and Germany.

Question 6. Who issued the ‘July Ordinance’ and when?
Answer: The July Ordinance was issued by The French emperor Charles X in 1830 (25 July).

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 7. Name the Bourbon king who was overthrown by the July Revolution in France.
Answer: The Bourbon king who was overthrown by the July Revolution in France was Charles X.

Question 8. Who was Polignac?
Answer: Polignac was the minister of the French King Charles X, who issued arbitrary ordinances like restricting the freedom of the press, diminishing the number of electors, and curbing the voting rights of the people.

Question 9. Who ascended the throne of France after the death of Napoleon?
Answer: After the death of Napoleon, Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI of the Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne of France.

Question 10. Who was the ruler of France when the July Revolution broke out?
Answer: Charles X was the ruler of France when the. July Revolution broke out.

Question 11. Who was the Prime Minister of the French king Charles X?
Answer: Polignac was the Prime Minister of the French king Charles X.

Question 12. King of which dynasty was set up in France after the July Revolution?
Answer: After the July Revolution Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty was set up in France.

Question 13. To which dynasty did Louis Philippe belong?
Answer: Louis Philippe belonged to the Orleans dynasty.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. Which year is known as the ‘Year Revolution’ and why?
Answer: The year 1848 is known as the ‘Year of Revolution’ because the revolution which broke out in 1848 in France expedited national movements in 15 European countries.

Question 2. Who was Louis Philippe?
Answer: Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty was the ruler of France.

Question 3. Who was Guizot?
Answer: Guizot was the adviser and Prime Minister of Louis Philippe, the monarch of France.

Question 4. Name the countries which were influenced by the February Revolution.
Answer: The countries which were influenced by the February Revolution were Germany, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Denmark, Netherlands, etc.

Question 5. In which year did Louis Napoleon declare himself the ‘Emperor of France’?
Answer: On 1852 Louis Napoleon declared himself the Emperor of France.

Question 6. When was Second Republic established in France?
Answer: Second Republic was established in France in 1848.

Question 7. Which revolution influenced the establishment of Second French Republic in France?
Answer: The February Revolution of 1848 influenced the establishment of Second French Republic in France.

Question 8. When was the Second Empire established in France?
Answer: The French emperor Louis Napoleon (or Napoleon III) in 1852 put an end to the second French Republic and established the Second French Empire.

Question 9. Who was Louis Kossuth?
Answer: Louis Kossuth was the nationalist leader of Hungary during the February Revolution.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. Which country stood in the way of unity and democracy in Italy?
Answer: Austria stood in the way of unity and democracy in Italy.

Question 2. Name the leaders who played the most important part in the unification of Italy.
Answer: The leaders who played the most important part in the unification of Italy were Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi.

Question 3. Which treaty ended the Battle of Sadowa?
Answer: The Battle of Sadowa ended with the treaty of Prague.

Question 4. In which year and between whom was the Battle of Sedan fought?
Answer: The Battle of Sedan was fought in 1870 between Prussia and France.

Question 5. In which year and between whom was the Battle of Sadowa fought?
Answer: The Battle of Sadowa was fought in 1866 between Prussia and Austria.

Question 6. In which year and between whom was the treaty of Villafranca signed?
Answer: The treaty of Villafranca was signed in 1859 between Austria and France.

Question 7. Name the only state which was independent before unification of Italy.
Answer: The only state which was independent before the unification of Italy was Piedmont- Sardinia.

Question 8. Name one secret society established during the Italian unification movement.
Answer: Carbonari was a secret society established during the Italian unification movement.

Question 9. Who established Young Italy?
Answer: Young Italy was established by Mazzini.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE

Question 10. What is Carbonari?
Answer: Carbonari was a secret society of Italy that aimed to unite Italy into a single state, to achieve liberty, and drive the Austrians out of Italy.

Question 11. When was the Italian unification complete?
Answer: The Italian unification was complete in 1870.

Question 12. Who were called the ‘Red Shirts’?
Answer: Garibaldi’s followers were called the Red Shirts.

Question 13. Who was the general of the Red Shirt volunteer force?
Answer: The general of the Red Shirt volunteer force was Garibaldi.

Question 14. What is the meaning of Risorgimento?
Answer: The meaning of Risorgimento is ‘rising again’.

Question 15. Who said, “Italy is a mere geographical expression”?
Answer: Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor said, “Italy is a mere geographical expression”.

Question 16. In which year was ‘Young Italy’ established by Mazzini?
Answer: ‘Young Italy’ was established by Mazzini in 1832.

Question 17. With which secret society was Mazzini associated?
Answer: Mazzini was associated with ‘Carbonari’, a secret society of Italy.

Question 18. Who was the arch priest of Italian nationalism?
Answer: Joseph Mazzini was the arch priest of Italian nationalism.

Question 19. What was the journal published by Count Cavour?
Answer: The name of the journal published by Count Cavour was Risorgimento.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. In which year was the treaty of Frankfurt signed?
Answer: The treaty of Frankfurt was signed in 1871.

Question 2. After which battle Germany became united?
Answer: Germany became united after the Battle of Sedan in 1870 fought between France and Prussia.

Question 3. What is Pan-Germanism?
Answer: Pan-Germanis means the des sentiment of a united German people which developed in Germany under the influence of poets, philosophers, and historians like Bohmer, Fichte, Hegel, Hausser, etc.

Question 4. Who was the rael architect of the unification of Germany?
Answer: The real architect of the unification of Germany was Bismarck.

Question 5. Who became the emperor or ‘Kaiser’ after German unification?
Answer: The Prussian king William I became the emperor or Kaiser after German Unification.

Question 6. Between whom was the treaty of Frankfurt signed?
Answer: The treaty of Frankfurt was signed between Prussia and France.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE

Question 7. What is ‘The Confederation of the Rhine?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte formed forty-nine states out of the former three hundred states in Germany and inaugurated a federal administrative system in Germany known as the Confederation of the Rhine.

Question 8. Who followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’?
Answer: Otto Von Bismarck followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’.

Question 9. Who was Count Benedetti?
Answer: Count Benedetti was the ambassador of the French king Napoleon CII to the Prussian emperor William I

Question 10. who was known as the ‘Iron Chancellor’?
Answer: Bismarck, the leader of German unification, was known as the Iron chancellor.

Question 11. Between whom was the Treaty of Vilafranca signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Villafranca was signed between the French emperor Napoleon and Austria

Question 12. In which year Bismarck became the Prime Minister of Prussia?
Answer: Bismarck became the Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862.

Question 13. Where was the Confedration of Rhine formed?
Answer: The Confedration of Rhine formed in Germany.

Question 14. In which year was the Confederation of Rhine formed?
Answer: The Confederation of Rhine was formed in 1806.

Question 15. Who became the Emperor of united Germany?
Answer: Kaiser William I became the Emperor of united Germany.

Question 16. When was the Treaty Of Gastein signed?
Answer: The Treaty Of Gastein was signed in 1865.

Question 17. What were the two Duchius which were divided between Austria and Prussia according to the Treaty of Gastein?
Answer: According to the Treaty of Gastein two Duchius Schleswig and Holstein were divided between Austria and Prussia.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

Question 1. What is the other name of ‘Balkan’ region?
Answer: The other name of Balkan region is Near East.

Question 2. Name some nationalities living in the Balkan region.
Answer: Some nationalities living in the Balkan region were Greek, Serb, Romanian, Albanian, Bulgarian, etc.

Question 3. In which year and between whom was the Treaty of San Stephano signed?
Answer: The Treaty of San Ștephano was signed in 1878 between Russia and Turkey.

Question 4. In which year and by which treaty did Turkey accept the independence of Greece?
Answer: Turkey accepted the independence of Greece by the Treaty of London in 1832.

Question 5. Why was the war between England, France, and Russia in 1854 known as the Crimean War?
Answer: The war between England, France, and Russia in 1854 was known as the Crimean War because it was fought in Crimea, a peninsula in Southern Russia.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE

Question 6. When was the Crimean War fought?
Answer: The Crimean War was fought during 1854- 56.

Question 7. Name one Socialist leader of Europe.
Answer: One Socialist leader of Europe was Louis Blanc.

Question 8. Which country is known as the ‘Sick man of Europe’?
Answer: Turkey is known as the ‘Sick man of Europe’.

Question 9. Who was Louis Kossuth?
Answer: Louis Kossuth was a nationalist leader of Hungary during the February Revolution of 1848.

Question 10. Who was known as Czar?
Answer: The emperor or king of Russia was known as Czar.

WBBSE Class 9 History

Question 11. Which treaty ended the Crimean War?
Answer: The Treaty of Paris signed on 30th March, -1856 ended the Crimean War.

Question 12. What is the meaning of the secret society Philke Hetaira?
Answer: The meaning of the secret society Philke Hetaira is friendly brotherhood.

Question 13. Who is known as the ‘Father of Modern Russia’?
Answer: Czar Peter the Great is known as the Father of Modern Russia.

Question 14. When was the Second Balkan War fought?
Answer: The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913.

Question 15. Where was the secret society Hetaira Philke founded?
Answer: The secret society Hetaira Philke was founded in Odesa, Greece (now it is in Ukraine).

Question 16. What is the Russian Parliament known as?
Answer: The Russian parliament is known as the ‘Duma’.

WBBSE Class 9 History

Question 17. What was Zemstvo?
Answer: Zemstvo was the organ of rural self-government in the Russian empire before the Russian revolution.

Question 18. Who were the Kulaks?
Answer: The Kulaks were the well-to-do peasants of after Russia who emerged emancipation of serfs in the 19th century.

Question 19. What was ‘mir’?
Answer: Mir was village commune or village council in Russia.

Question 20. Between whom was the Crimean War fought?
Answer: The Crimean War was fought betwen Ottoman Turkey, England, France and Piedmont on one side and Russia on the other.

Question 21. In how many years instalments the emancipated peasants had to pay off their debts to the Russian government?
Answer: In 49 years instalments the emancipated peasants had to pay off their debts to the Russian Government.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What led to the summoning of the Vienna Congress?
Answer:

Summoning Of The Vienna Congress:-

The defeat of Napoleon, the French emperor, in the Battle of Waterloo (1815) meant the overthrow of the vast empire he had built. It was necessary to decide the fate of the territories which Napoleon had conquered. So the leaders who had played the most important part in defeating Napoleon met at Vienna (1815) to reconstruct the political map of Europe devastated by Napoleonic warfare.

Question 2. Who were the representatives at the Vienna Congress?
Answer:

Representatives At The Vienna Congress:-

The most important among the representatives at the Vienna Congress was the Austrian Chancellor, Prince Von Metternich. Other important representatives were Prince Talleyrand of France, Viscount Castlereagh, and the Duke of Wellington of England. Hardenberg of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis of Austria, and Emperor Frederick William III of Prussia also attended the Congress.

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Short Answer Questions

Question 3. What arrangements were made in Europe according to the Principle of Balance of Power?
Answer:

Arrangements Were Made In Europe According To The Principle Of Balance Of Power:-

In order to ensure that peace prevails in all of Europe, it was decided at the Vienna Congress that the power of different countries of Europe should be balanced so that no country could become powerful enough to threaten another country.

France was responsible for disturbing the peace of Europe. Therefore it was necessary to control her power. Keeping in view the idea of permanent peace in Europe, the power of Bavaria, Holland, Saxony, Sardinia, and Prussia was increased.

WBBSE Class 9 History

Question 4. What arrangements were made in Europe according to the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer:

Arrangements Were Made In Europe According To The Principle Of Legitimacy:-

According to the Principle of Legitimacy, the new king Louis of the Bourbon dynasty ascended the French throne and the House of Orange was restored to the throne of Holland. The House of Savoy was restored to the kingdom of Piedmont in Italy and the Pope was restored to his papal kingdom. The rulers of small kingdoms overthrown by Napoleon were also brought back to their respective territories.

Question 5. What were the main weaknesses of the Vienna Congress?
Answer:

Main Weaknesses Of The Vienna Congress:-

The system built at the Vienna Congress (1815) did not last long.

Its main weaknesses were-

[1] It completely ignored the will of the people. The people did not forget the lessons of the French Revolution and demanded that the government should be formed so as to derive its right from the will of the governed.

[2] Moreover, in some countries like Germany and Italy, people who spoke the same language and were members of the same nationality were compelled to live in separate states into which the countries were artificially divided.

WBBSE Class 9 History

Question 6. What was the ‘Metternich System’?
Answer:

Metternich System:-

From the year 1815 to 1848, the Austrian Minister Metternich was the most commanding personality of Europe. He was the central figure of European diplomacy. He represented reaction in its extreme form and was the enemy of both democracy and nationalism.

His policy was the maintenance of the status quo keeping things as they were. Hence he set himself to resist all demands for reforms, all struggles for national independence, all aspirations for self-government. He aimed at making Europe go back to the condition prevailing, before 1789.

Question 7. Why is the period between 1815 to 1848 known as the ‘Era of Metternich’?
Answer:

Era Of Metternich:-

Metternich was the most influential man of Europe from 1815 to 1848. After the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Waterloo, Metternich became the central figure not only in the politics of Austria but in the politics of the whole of Europe. Owing to his unlimited influence, the period of 34 years (1815-1848) is called the ‘Age of Metternich’ in the history of Europe.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 8. What was Carlsbad Decree?
Answer:

Carlsbad Decree:-

The famous Carlsbad Decrees were a series of resolutions issued by a conference of ministers from the major German states, meeting at Carlsbad in Bohemia in 1819. Under the instruction of Metternich, the German Diet passed the Carlsbad Decrees which sought to impose restrictions on student societies and the independence of the press.

It was also proposed that a central investigating commission should be set up with powers to search conspiratorial organizations. These decrees curbed all forms of liberalism by tight control over liberal propaganda in Germany.

Question 9. What do you mean by a nation-state?
Answer:

Nation-State:-

A nation-state refers to a sovereign state with well. defined delineated boundaries, inhabited by people who are united by factors such as common descent, language, similar culture, and ethnic character. It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a nation-state. are supposed to have cooperation, unity, and strength.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. In which year and during whose reign July Revolution broke out?
Answer: The July Revolution broke out in 1830 during the reign of Charles X.

Question 2. What do you mean by ‘July Monarchy’?
Answer:

July Monarchy:-

Louis Philippe was nominated by the French Parliament to be the constitutional monarch of France in 1830. His monarchy is also known as the ‘July Monarchy’ because of its installation as a result of the Revolution that took place in the month of July.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 3. What were the four ordinances issued by Charles X in 1830?
Answer:

The four ordinances issued by Charles X in 1830 were:

[1] Suspending the liberty of the press
[2] Dissolving the Chamber of Deputies
[3] Changing the electoral system
[4] Ordering fresh election.

Question 4. What was the impact of July Revolution on Spain and Portugal?
Answer:

Impact Of July Revolution On Spain And Portugal:-

The people of Spain and Portugal, being influenced by the July Revolution, agitated for the introduction of a democratic government. Under the pressure of popular agitation, the rulers of those countries introduced liberal administrative measures.

Question 5. What was the immediate result of the July Revolution of 1830?
Answer:

Immediate Result Of The July Revolution Of 1830:-

The immediate result of the July Revolution was the overthrow of Charles X, the French king. He was replaced by Louis Philippe, the Duke of OrleAnswer: This hit hard the principle of legitimacy adopted by the Vienna Congress.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. Mention any two effects of the February Revolution outside France.
Answer:

Two effects of February Revolution outside France were-

[1] It was due to the February Revolution of 1848 that Metternich, who for thirty-nine years handled the politics of all countries of Europe, was forced to resign.

[2] The February Revolution of 1848 gave a new experience to the nationalists. As a result of this revolution, the spirit of militarism grew in Europe.

Question 2. Mention any two effects of February Revolution on France.
Answer:

Two effects of February Revolution of France were:

[1] The February Revolution brought an end to the monarchy of France and France was declared a Republic.
[2] Through the Revolution of 1848, the people of France were able to establish their democratic rights permanently.

Question 3. When and during whose reign did the February Revolution of 1848 break out?
Answer: The February Revolution of 1848 broke out during the rule of Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty.

Question 4. Mention two importance of the February Revolution of 1848.
Answer: February Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchical system in France. It also brought an end to the Vienna Settlement.

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What did Napoleon do to unify Italy?
Answer: Before the conquest of Napoleon, Italy was divided into small petty kingdoms, mostly ruled by foreign rulers. When Napoleon conquered Italy he united the different provinces of Italy and enforced his laws known as Code Napoleon. He drove away the feudal lords and built roads to unite different parts of Italy.

Question 2. What was the condition of Italy before unification?
Answer: Italy before unification, was a divided country.
[1] Besides Piedmont and the island of Sardinia, which were ruled by an Italian king in the north, the different parts of Italy were occupied by one or the other country.

[2] Central Italy was ruled by the Pope, who was the head of the Church as well as of the Roman empire.

[3] Austria occupied the northern part of Italy.

[4] The southern part of Italy which included Naples and the island of Sicily was under the rule of the king of Naples.

[5] Besides, many smaller parts of Italy were ruled by the princes of Austria.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 3. Why was the Carbonari movement started in Italy?
Answer: At the beginning of the 19th century, Italy was a geographical expression. The whole country was divided into a number of states. The rulers of each state were despots. The discontent against the existing system was first expressed in 1820 by a secret society.

Question 4. What were the differences between the two organizations of Italy-Carbonari and Young Italy?
Answer: Carbonari was a secret organization of Italy where people of all age groups could join. But Young Italy was a youth organization where any man up to the age of 40 could join. The Carbonari was a secret society of the Italian rebles who wanted to liberate Italy through the armed uprisings. The members of Young Italy believed that an organized mass uprising would bring Italian liberation.

Question 5. What was ‘Young Italy’?
Answer: Joseph Mazzini was an inspiring leader of Italy. He founded a party known as Young Italy in 1832. He had immense faith in the
Italy, before unification, was a divided power and strength of the Italian youths. Young men up to the age of forty could be its members.

Question 6. Who was Mazzini?
Answer: Mazzini was the archpriest of Italian nationalism. He was the founder of the Young Italy movement. He rejected the idea of taking the help of foreign powers for Italian liberation. He believed that Italian youth and people will liberate themselves by sacrifice.

Question 7. What were the limitations of Mazzini’s movement?
Answer: The limitations of Mazzini’s movement were: [1] Mazzini was an idealist patriot but his program of action was impractical. He was averse to take any help from any foreign power for the freedom of Italy. [2] Mazzini could not properly assess the military power of Italy. He could not realize that patriotism and self-sacrifice were not sufficient in Italy’s fight against Austria.

Question 8. What is ‘Risorgimento’?
Answer: Cavour, a leader of the Italian unification movement, pointed out that Italy should be united under the house of Piedmont and a moderate constitution with a parliament that will satisfy Italy’s needs and aspirations, should be framed. In his journal ‘Risorgimento’ he, again and again, preached this idea in order to make the movement more influential.

Question 9. Mention two provisions of the Pact of Plombieres.
Answer: The Pact of Plombieres was signed between Napoleon III and Count Cavour in 1858.

Two provisions of the Pact of Plombieres were:

[1] Napoleon III agreed to support Piedmont in a war with Austria.
[2] France was to get Savoy and Nice laying on her borders.

Question 10. When and between whom was the Pact of Plombieres signed?
Answer: The Pact of Plombieres was signed in 1858 between Napoleon III and Count Cavour.

Question 11. How did the Crimean War influence the Italian unification movement?
Answer: The main impediment to Italian unity was Austria. To gain the support of European powers and to isolate Austria, Italy took part in many. European wars. In the Crimean War (1854). Italy sided with England and France.

As a reward for participation in the Crimean War by Piedmont-Sardinia, Italy was allowed the privilege of attending Paris Peace Conference (1854). In the Paris Peace Conference, the Italian question was raised before the European Statesmen and won the support of England and France.

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What was Zollverein?
Answer: The first stage in the unification of Germany was the creation of Zollverein or the customs union of the German kingdoms. The terms of the Zollverein were complete free trade between states and uniform tariffs on all frontiers.

Question 2. What did Napoleon do to unify Germany?
Answer: The first step to unify Germany was taken by Napoleon Bonaparte. During the French Revolution, Germany was divided into 300 states under Austrian domination. After conquering Germany Napoleon united the kingdoms and formed 39 states out of the 300 states and inaugurated a federal administrative system known as the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.

Question 3. What were the two main obstacles in the unification of Germany?
Answer:

Two main obstacles in the unification of Germany were:

[1] The president of the Confederation of the Rhine, Austria was against the unification of Germany.
[2] There were differences in the ideology of the people of northern and southern Germany.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 4. What was the aim of the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer:

The aims of the Frankfurt Parliament was-

[1] to achieve the political unity and liberty of Germany and
[2] to establish a popular government in place of the government of absolute monarchy.

Question 5. Who was Bismarck?
Answer: Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia. He followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ and unified Germany under the leadership of Prussia. He took part in three wars for uniting Germany-
[1] The war against Denmark (1864)
[2] The war against Austria (1866) and
[3] The war against France (1870).

Question 6. What was the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’?
Answer: According to Bismarck the greatest obstacle to German unity was Austria. He used to say that the greatest question of the day would be decided not by speeches and majority resolutions but by a policy of ‘blood and iron’. His motto was to oust Austria from Germany if possible by diplomacy, if necessary by ‘blood and iron’ or war.

Question 7. What were the results of the Battle of Sedan?
Answer: In the battle of Sedan (1870) France was defeated by Germany. It paved the way for the unification of Germany under Prussia’s leadership. Germany was unified and William I became the first emperor of united Germany.

Question 8. What were the wars waged by Bismarck for the unification of Germany?
Answer:

Bismarck waged three wars for the unification of Germany. These were-

[1] Danish war (1864)
[2] Austro-Prussian War and (1866)
[3] Franco-Prussian War (1870).

Question 9. Mention two importance of the Battle of Sadowa.
Answer: In the battle of Sadowa (1866) the Prussian army defeated Austria. It ended Austria’s leadership in Germany and paved the way for the unification of Germany.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

Question 1. Why was the Ottoman empire so named?
Answer: Osman I, a leader of the Turkish tribe in Anatolia founded the Ottoman Empire around 1299. The term ‘Ottoman’ is derived from Osman’s name, which was ‘Uthman’ in Arabic.

Question 2. When and between whom was the First Balkan War fought? Which treaty ended this war?
Answer: The First Balkan War was fought in 1912. The war was fought between the members of Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia) on one side and Turkey on the other side. The First Balkan War ended with the Treaty Russian guardianship over the orthodox Greek of London (1913).

Question 3. Which countries formed the Balkan League? In which year was the Balkan League formed?
Answer:
1. The countries which formed the Balkan League were Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro.
2. The Balkan League was formed in 1912.

Question 4. What is meant by Pan-Slav Movement?
Answer: Pan-Slav was a movement of the mid-19th century. It was a political and cultural movement to promote the integrity and unity of all the slavic people, living in different parts of Europe.

Question 5. What is Philke Hetaira?
Answer: The Greeks were under the subjugation of Turkey and they fought for independence. The struggle of the Greeks originated in the activities of the Philke Hetaira (a secret society for friendly brotherhood) formed in Odessa (now in Ukraine) in 1814. Its main object was to spread the doctrine of liberty and expel the Turks from Europe. They aimed to revive the old Greek empire of the east.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE

Question 6. What is ‘Vienna Note’?
Answer: For containing Russian expansion in Turkey the three great powers of Europe-Austria, England and France met at Vienna to take a unanimous decision. In the famous Vienna Note, Russian Guardianship over the orthodox Greek Church in Turkey was admitted while Russia was asked to withdraw all other claim on Turkey.

Question 7. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Adrianople?
Answer: Russia defeated Turkey in the Battle of Navarino and forced the Treaty of Adrianople on Turkey in 1829. According to the terms of this treaty Turkey recognised the independence of Greece. Russia got Wallachia and Moldavia. Russia also acquired commercial and political rights besides some territory in Asia.

Question 8. Who is called ‘The Lady with the Lamp’?
Answer:
1. In the Crimean War Britain, France and Turkey fought against Russia. Sidney Herbert, the minister for war asked Florence Nightingale to lead a team of nurses to help the wounded soldiers.
2. She worked 20 hours a day. At night she walked around the wards of the hospital to make sure that the soldiers were comfortable. She carried a lamp with her, so the soldiers called her ‘The Lady with the Lamp’.

Question 9. Did Czar Alexander II really liberate the serfs?
Answer: Czar Alexander II passed the ‘Emancipation Statute’ in 1861 which abolished serfdom in Russia and came to be known as ‘Czar the liberator’. However, in practice, the peasants were not liberated. The ownership of land was denied to them and was vested in the hands of ‘mirs’. The serfs were subjected to the village mirs instead of the lords who exploited them in various ways.

Question 10. In which year and by whom was a commission formed for the abolition of on formed for the abol serfdom?
Answer: In 1857 the Czar of Russia, Alexander II, formed a commission for the abolition of serfdom.

Question 11. Czar Alexander II could not satisfy the people-Give evidence.
Answer: In spite of passing the Emancipation Statute of 1861 several attempts were made, on the life of Alexander II and he was killed in the streets of St. Petersburg by a bomb thrown at him by a member of the revolutionary group ‘People’s will’.

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System

Question 1. “The real purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to divide among the conquerors the spoils taken from the vanquished.”-Discuss
Answer:

The Real Purpose Of The Congress Of Vienna Was To Divide Among The Conquerors The Spoils Taken From The Vanquished:-

According to the Compensation of the Vienna Congress (1815), the old ruling families were brought back to their respective thrones. The Congress generally followed the rule of restoring to every king, prince or duke the territory which had been his before 1789. Care was, however, taken so that each of the big four powers- Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England got additional territories.

[1] England:
England got Malta, the Ionian Island in the eastern Mediterranean, Heligoland, Trinidad and Mauritius, Ceylon, and the Cape of Good Hope.

[2] Austria:
Austria was compensated for the loss of Belgium by getting the Italian possession of Lombardy and Venetia and she also received Tyrol, Salsbury, and Illyria.

[3] Prussia:
Prussia got the northern part of Saxony, Posen, Thorn, Danzig, the Rhine area, and West Pomerania.

[4] Russia:
Russia got one-fourth part of Poland and also got compensation in Finland and in the Turkish province of Bassarabia. Thus it could be said that “The real purpose of the Congress was to divide among the conquerors the spoils taken from the vanquished.”

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Question 2. Discuss the basic principles of the Vienna Congress.
Answer: After the downfall of Napoleon, a conference of the heads of the European countries was held at Vienna, the capital of Austria in 1815.

The basic principles of the Vienna Congress were-

[1] The Principle of Legitimacy,
[2] The Principle of Balance of Power, and
[3] The Principle of Compensation.

Class 9 History WBBSE

The Principle of Legitimacy:
According to this principle, it was decided that those rulers who had been driven from their states and had been deprived of their thrones should be reinstated.

In other words, the diplomats of the Vienna Congress did not recognize any political change that had occurred in Europe after 1789. They were determined to bring back the Europe that existed before the French Revolution.

The Principle of Balance of Power:
The diplomats of the Vienna Congress decided that the power of the different countries should be balanced so that no country could threaten another. It indicated balancing the neighboring kingdom of France with the latter in such a way that France would not be able to disturb the European order of 1815 in the coming years.

Principle of Compensation :
According to this principle, it was decided that those states which had helped the allies against Napoleon were to be rewarded, but those which had supported Napoleon were to be punished. Moreover, it was also decided that those kingdoms should be compensated that had either been destroyed or had suffered losses because of Napoleon.  Since the allies had taken an active part in the downfall of Napoleon, it was also decided to compensate them by giving them some new territories.

Question 3 Criticise the work of the Vienna Congress (1815).
Answer:

Vienna Congress (1815):-

The Vienna Congress (1815) convened with the declaration of high morals and principles. It was expected that the settlement of the Vienna Congress would prove valuable for the establishment of peace based upon a just division of power. But it has been remarked that it was a symbol of the reaction, conservatism, and selfishness of big powers.

Class 9 History WBBSE

It was criticized on the following grounds:

[1] The principles adopted at the Vienna Congress were overlooked by the diplomats. The Principle of Legitimacy was not applied in many states like Naples, Saxony, and Genoa. Each representative was eager to grab as many provinces as he could.

[2] The representatives of the Vienna Congress did not represent the common. people. Congress ignored the feelings of the common people and did not respect the rights of the people.

[3] The Congress ignored the feelings of nationality. They divided many states and annexed them to one another nationality. The rulers rearranged Europe according to their own desires, disposing of it as if it was their own personal property.

[4] The Congress ignored the feelings of the revolution. The feelings of liberty, equality, and fraternity were ignored while undertaking the great work of the reconstruction of Europe.

Question 4 What arrangements were made in Europe according to the Principle of Compensation?
Answer:

Arrangements Were Made In Europe According To The Principle Of Compensation:-

According to the Principle of Compensation of the Vienna Congress, it was decided that those states which had helped the Allies against Napoleon, were to be rewarded. But those states which had supported Napoleon were to be punished.

[1] As England played the most important role in bringing about the defeat of Napoleon, England received the lion’s share of compensation. England got Malta, the Ionian Islands in the eastern Mediterranean, Heligoland, Ceylon, Trinidad, Mauritius, and the Cape Colony in Africa.

[2] Russia got most of the Polish territory, Finland, the Turkish province of Bessarabia, and a major part of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.

[3] Prussia got Swedish Pomerania, some Polish territory, about two-fifth of Saxony, and large districts of the Rhine.

[4] Austria was given Venetia and Lombardy in Italy as compensation for the loss of Belgium. It got Tyros from Bavaria and Illyrian provinces along the Eastern coast of the Adriatic.

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[5] It was also decided that those states which had supported Napoleon were to be punished. Poland was punished. This big country was divided into three parts and given to Russia, Prussia, and Austria respectively.

[6] As the king of Denmark had helped Napoleon against the Allies, Denmark was punished. Norway was snatched away from it and was given to Sweden.

Question 5 Why is the period between 1815-1848 known as the Age of Metternich?
Answer:

Age Of Metternich:-

The period between 1815-1848 is called the ‘Age of Metternich’ in European politics. In the post-Napoleon period, he was the most powerful personality in molding the shape of European politics.

[1] As a Conservative Politician:
Metternich was a conservative politician. He was not interested in bringing about reforms and favored an authoritarian style of functioning. He was the symbol of those forces eager to preserve the status quo. He was eager to remove the sparks of revolution and liberalism wherever he could detect them.

He was apprehensive that a liberal democratic style of functioning could bring back in Europe revolutionary fervors. Therefore, he favored a reactionary system of governance under the leadership of Austria.

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[2] Domestic Policy:
Metternich laid down certain domestic measures which were totally opposed to nationalist thinking such as press censorship and setting up a network of police and spies. Strict control was placed on educational institutions to prevent it from becoming breeding grounds of revolutionary ideas, suppressing nationalist and liberal ideas.

[3] Foreign Policy:
To maintain peace Metternich wanted to maintain the status quo. He crushed liberalism in Italy, Germany, and Spain. He also prevented the Russians from helping the Greeks. He kept an eye on the Russians to see that they did not extend their influence on the Greeks. Metternich’s repressive system kept peace and order in Europe for three long decades and saved the Austrian empire.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830

Question 1. What were the causes of the July Revolution of 1830?
Answer:

Causes Of The July Revolution Of 1830:-

The July Revolution of 1830 in France is an important chapter in the history of Europe. The following causes were responsible for the outbreak of the July Revolution in France.

[1] Reestablishment of the Bourbon dynasty:
The Bourbon dynasty was reestablished in France according to the Principle of Legitimacy, but a large section of the people in France were not willing to accept the rule of the absolute Bourbon monarchs.

[2] Defects of the Constitutional Charter:
Louis XVIII declared a Constitutional Charter just after his accession. In the charter, the king reserved to himself the highest position in the country, and the rights and interests of the common people were generally ignored.

[3] Unity among the different political parties:
Though different political parties in France had different views there seemed to be unity in the object of those parties who wanted to root out the Bourbon dynasty from France.

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[4] The Repressive policy of Charles X:
After the death of Louis XVIII, his brother Charles X who was a great reactionary succeeded to the throne of France. He reintroduced the administrative system of the ‘ancient regime’ and placed the aristocracy and the clergy in power. He also brought back those emigres who had left. France during the Revolution and arranged to pay them suitable compensation.

In addition to the above, Charles X appointed Polignac as his Minister who was a staunch follower of reactionary principles. When the Chamber of Deputies passed the vote of no-confidence against the ministry of Polignac on 18 March 1830, Charles X instead of accepting the resolution of the Chamber, dissolved it and ordered a new election. The people of France were highly aggrieved and had no other way to take but the path of revolt against Charles X.

[5] The July Ordinances of Charles X:
The repressive policy of Charles X reached its climax when he issued the ordinances on July 26, 1830, by which he-
[1] suspended the liberty of the press,
[2] dissolved the Chamber of Deputies,
[3] changed the electoral system reduced the member of voters and
[4] ordered fresh elections.

The four ordinances sounded a challenge and the Frenchmen retaliated by revolting against the ordinances by denying Charles. X as the king of France.  The leadership of the Revolution of 1830 was led by Thiers. Charles X sent his forces to suppress the revolutionaries but failed. Ultimately the revolutionaries dethroned Charles X and set up Louis Philippe as the king of France (30 July 1830).”

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848

Question 1. What were the causes of the February Revolution of 1848 in France?
Answer: After the downfall of Charles X in July 1830 Louis Philippe was made the king of France. It was expected that he would rule according to the aspirations of the people of France. But soon the people became dissatisfied with his administration. At last revolution broke out in 1848.

The causes of the outbreak of the February Revolution are as follows:

[1] Economic:
In France, there was the industrial and financial crisis. There was also an agricultural crisis leading to high prices of bread. Artisans and laborers were thrown out of employment. Added to this was the famine of 1846 which led to a crisis among the peasants. Inflation engulfed both the rural and urban populations.

[2] Political:
Louis Philippe held elections to the Chamber of Deputies in which only the bourgeois, the rich middle class could become members. The legislature passed laws for the benefit of the middle class and ignored the laborers, artisans, and peasants. Therefore it was natural for the common man to become hostile toward the king.

3] Social:
The Revolution of 1848 was the act of bourgeois liberals. From 1815 onwards they also wanted to protect the state against a reactionary nobility, who want to recover its former position. Despite the abolition of serfdom and the agrarian reform, feudal authority continued to exist.

[4] Constitutional:
Louis Philippe did not extend the right of franchise in the country but narrowed it down. He imposed restrictions on the freedom of press, speeches, articles, etc. The people who opposed this were imprisoned. The last days of the reign of Louis Philippe were of replete with a general feeling of disappointment and discontent. The French Revolution on 1848 was the direct result of this existing atmosphere.

Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy  

Question 1. Write the story of the unification of Italy. Or, How was Italy unified?
Answer: The unification of Italy in the nineteenth century is an important landmark in the history of Europe. Italy was divided into many small kingdoms. Taking advantage of this the big powers like France, Austria and Spain dominated over Italy.

[1] The secret revolutionary society, Carbonari took the initiative to unify and liberate Italy through an armed struggle.

[2] The next step in the unification of Italy was led by Mazzini the founder of Young Italy movement. The mass uprising organized by young Italians for the unification and liberation of Italy ended in failure.

[3] After Mazzini, Cavour took the lead. for Italian unification. He aimed to unify Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel, the king of Piedmont. Cavour concluded the Pact of Plombieres (1858) with the king of France, Napoleon III for the liberation of Italy from Austrian rule. By the Peace of Villafranca (1859) Austria ceded Lombardy to Piedmont.

[4] In the next stage Garibaldi, a great patriot and a follower of Mazzini occupied Sicily and Naples and these were joined to Piedmont.

[5] At last Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870 were joined to Italy and the Italian unification was complete.

Question 2. What was the contribution of Count Cavour in the unification of Italy?
Answer: Count Cavour took a leading part in the unification of Italy.

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The main elements of his policy were:

[1] Austria should be driven away from Italy.
[2] The Italian unification to be made under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel, the king of Piedmont.
[3] It was impossible to unite Italy without seeking help from any foreign country.

Cavour was appointed Prime Minister of Piedmont in 1852 by Victor Emmanuel. He concluded the Pact of Plombieres (1858) with the king of France Napoleon III for the liberation of Italy from Austrian rule. He induced the French emperor to come to the aid of the Sardinians when Austrian troops marched against Sardinia.

In the Battles of Magenta and Salferino, the Austrians were defeated by the armies of Piedmont-Sardinia and the cities of Lombardy and Milan (1859) were occupied. Thereafter when Cavour was about to attack Venice, the French emperor suddenly withdrew from the war, leaving Sardinia to fight alone.

Cavour thought it would be an act of extreme risk to continue to fight alone and preferred to come to terms by which Sardinia was allowed to rule over the enlarged kingdom of Italy, comprising its northern and central states. This marked a great step forward towards a united Italy.

Question 3. What was the contribution of Garibaldi to the unification of Italy?
Answer: Garibaldi was a famous patriot of Italy. He was influenced by the ideas of Mazzini and he joined Young Italy. In 1860 the people of Sicily rose in revolt against their king Francis II of Naples. The rebels requested Garibaldi to help them.

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Garibaldi decided to come ahead to help the Sicilians. An army of volunteers was organized at Genoa with one thousand of them wearing red shirts. Therefore, they were called the ‘Red Shirts’.

On 5 May 1860, the Red Shirts under the leadership of Garibaldi went to Sicily. It was called ‘Expedition of the thousands. It seemed that the campaign would fail, for the king of Naples had 24,000 troops in Sicily and about 100,000 in Naples. But fortune favored Garibaldi.

The army of Sicily was badly defeated by the soldiers of Garibaldi. Now he decided to take Naples also. In spite of a big army, the king of Naples could not fight with Garibaldi and fled. Garibaldi took possession over Naples.

After freeing Sicily and Naples from the autocracy of Francis II, Garibaldi decided to attack Rome in order to complete the unification of Italy. But Cavour did not allow this because he apprehended that Garibaldi’s increased strength would be an impediment to Italian unification under the leadership of Piedmont-Sardinia. Garibaldi accepted the proposal and gave up all the conquered provinces in favour of Victor Emmanuel II.

WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany

 Question 1. How did Bismarck unify Germany?
Answer: Germany was divided into many small kingdoms for a long time. Each state was a separate unit and the rulers, whether foreign or German, were despots.

In Germany, the movement towards a united Germany started among the German youths and students, but the movement failed to make any headway owing to Austria’s opposition. Germany found a leader who wanted to unite Germany. He was Otto von Bismarck who became the Prime Minister of Prussia in 1861.

“The great question of the day,” he said, “would be decided not by speeches and majority resolutions… but by blood and iron”. According to him, the greatest obstacle to German unity was the presence of Austria in Germany. So expulsion of Austria was the first condition for the achievement of German unity.

Bismarck accordingly prepared the ground, strengthened the Prussian army, and then forced a war with Austria which is known as the Battle of Sadowa (1866). It ended Austria’s power over Germany and gave Prussia the power to reorganize the German states. Prussia lost no time in organizing the whole of northern and central Germany into a single kingdom under her leadership.

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Within four years, Prussia waged war on France whose ruler, Emperor Napoleon III was the friend and protector of the Catholic states of South Germany. The war ended in the defeat and capture of the French emperor in the Battle of Sedan (1870). This paved the way for the absorption of the Catholic states of the south enabling the unification of Germany under Prussia’s leadership. The king of Prussia now took the title of Kaiser, the emperor of Germany and the whole country stood united.

Question 2. What were the steps through which Germany was unified?
Answer: Like Italy Germany was divided into numerous small kingdoms.

[1] The first step to unify Germany was taken by Napoleon Bonaparte. After conquering Germany, Napoleon reduced the number of states to 39.

[2] The second step in the unification of Germany was the creation of Zollverein, or the customs union of the German kingdoms through which all the German states agreed to follow a uniform tariff policy and complete free trade among different states.

Class 9 History Book West Bengal Board WBBSE

[3] The next step towards unification of Germany was Frankfurt Parliament (1849). The main function of this Parliament was to frame a constitution for Germany to achieve political unity and liberty and establish a popular government in place of the government of absolute monarch.

[4] The next step was taken by Otto von Bismarck, the leader of Germany, who was determined to unite all the kingdoms of Germany. He successfully waged war against Denmark in 1864 by which he obtained two German provinces-Schleswig and Holstein.

[5] Next, the Prussian army defeated Austria in the Battle of Sadowa (1866). It ended Austria’s leadership in Germany.

[6] Next, Germany defeated France in the Battle of Sedan in 1870. This paved the way for the absorption of the Catholic States of the south enabling the unification of Germany under Prussia’s leadership. Thus emerged a unified Germany. William, I was the first emperor of Germany.

Question 3. What is Ems Telegram?
Answer: In 1869 the Spanish throne became vacant. Leopold of the Prussian Hohenzollern family was invited by the Spaniards to become the king of Spain. With the possibility of both Prussia and Spain coming under the rule of the Hohenzollern family, the balance of power in. Europe was threatened.

In these circumstances, France put tremendous pressure on Spain as a result of which Leopold declined the offer. Not satisfied with this Napoleon III, the French king, sent his ambassador Count Benedetti to the Prussian emperor William I to get an assurance that none of the Hohenzollern dynasty would ever lay claim to the throne of Spain.

The Prussian emperor William I was enjoying his holiday at Ems. He politely refused to make such a promise to Benedetti. A report on the whole matter was sent to Bismarck by telegram (13th July 1870). Bismarck immediately found an opportunity after reading this famous ‘Ems Telegram’.

Bismarck abridged the telegram in such a way that it appeared to the French that their ambassador Benedetti was insulted and it appeared to the Prussians that their king was insulted. Bismarck had the abridged telegram published in the newspaper. This infuriated the French. An outcry for a war against Prussia grew and war was declared by France on 19th July 1870.

History Class 9 Question Answers WBBSE  Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia

Question 1. What were the causes of the Crimean War? How did the Crimean War lay the foundation of the unification of Italy?
Answer:

Causes Of The Crimean War:-

The Crimean War was an important event in the history of Europe. Nicholas I the Czar of Russia followed a policy of expansionism in Turkey. The increasing Russian dominance in Turkish affairs roused suspicion among European powers like England, Austria, and France.

All the three powers had an anti-Russian attitude. They followed a policy of containing Russian expansionism in the Turkish empire: Russia, England, France, and Austria met at Vienna and prepared a note in order to avoid the possibilities of war and to maintain peace in the Turkish empire.

In the Vienna Note, Russian guardianship over the orthodox Greek Church in Turkey was accepted while Russia was asked to withdraw all other claims on Turkey. But the proposals of the Vienna note was rejected by Russia. So England and France declared war against Russia in support of Turkey which is known as the Crimean War (1854).

The Crimean War (1854) laid the foundation of the unification of Italy. Cavour, the Prime Minister of Piedmont, was a great diplomat. He wanted to unify Italy but at the same time he knew that Italy could not be unified without driving out Austria from Italy and that was quite impossible without foreign help.

He wanted to put the ‘Italian question’ on an international platform. He, therefore, sent his soldiers to the Crimean War in support of the Allies. He soon achieved success in his object when he was invited to the Treaty of Paris. He succeeded in gaining the sympathy of the Allies.

History Class 9 Question Answers WBBSE

Question 2. How did the Greeks achieve their independence?
Answer:

Greeks Achieve Their Independence As Follows:-

Greece, the cradle of ancient European civilization, was conquered by Turkey. In the 18th century, there was a revival of Greek learning, history, and culture which inspired them with a spirit of nationalism. Moreover, the nationalist and democratic ideals of the French Revolution inspired them with the ideas of freedom.

The struggle of the Greeks originated in the activities of the Philke Hetaire (a secret society for friendly brotherhood) formed in Odessa (now in Ukraine) in 1814. Its main objective was to spread the doctrine of liberty and expel the Turks from Europe.

Uprisings first started in Moldavia and Wallachia in 1821 under the leadership of Alexander Ypsilanti but were suppressed by the Turkish government. Meanwhile, a rebellion broke out in Morea in South Greece and in the Aegean islands. Russia, with the aim of occupying some parts of Turkey, came to help the Greek rebels. In order to curb Russian influence in Greece both England and France joined the war.

The combined Anglo-French-Russian navy destroyed the Turkish navy in the Battle of Navarins. While the English and French fleet withdrew, Russian army totally routed the Turks and forced Turkey to sign Treaty of Adrianople in 1829. By this treaty Greece became independent under Russian protection.

Question 3. Give a pen picture of the life of the serfs in Russia. Who was known as ‘Czar the Liberator’ and why?
Answer: There were about 45 million serfs in Russia comprising 50% of the total population. The condition of the serfs was miserable. They were treated like animals by their masters. They could be auctioned. They were subjected to physical punishment. The serfs were tied to the lords for everything and had no freedom. The law did not recognize or protect their rights.

Czar Alexander II abolished serfdom and came to be known as ‘Czar the Liberator’. The serf system was detrimental to Russia’s progress. The unskilled, illiterate serfs were unfit to work in the factories or in the modern agricultural farms. The serf system lost its utility and became a barrier to the economic progress of Russia. By the Emancipation Statute of 1861, the Russian serfs were declared free.

They were granted civil rights equal to those of the free peasants. All the rights of the lords on the serfs ceased to exist. They were granted full freedom. The liberated serfs could own property, engage in business, and were free to marry at their will. The land to be received by the serfs was to be fixed by magistrates called Arbiters of Peace.

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Question 4. What were the main features of Czar Alexander II’s Emancipation Statute?
Answer: There were about 45 million serfs in Russia comprising 50% of the total population. The condition of the serfs was miserable. They were treated like animals by their masters. Czar Alexander II passed the ‘Emancipation Statute’ in 1861 and abolished serfdom.

The main features of the ‘Emancipation Statute’ were as follows:

[1] The Russian serfs were declared free. They were granted civil rights equal to that of the free peasants.

[2] All the rights of the lords on the serfs ceased to exist.

[3] The serfs were granted full freedom. The liberated serfs could own property. engage in business and were free to marry at their will.

[4] The landed estates of the lord were to be divided into two parts. The serfs would get 50% of the land they used to cultivate under the lords.

[5] The serfs must pay the landlord for the land received from him. Since the serfs had no money to pay, the government would advance the money to the lords on behalf of the serfs. The serfs were to pay back to the government in 49 installments.

[6] The land was not vested with individual serfs, but the village mirs got the land and controlled it.

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System MCQs

Question 1. The Congress of Vienna was held in the year-
1. 1814
2. 1815
3. 1816
4. 1817

Answer: 2. 1815

Question 2. The most important person of the Vienna settlement was-
1. Lafayette
2. Metternich
3. Louis Philippe
4. St. Simon

Answer: 2. Metternich

Question 3. The decision of the leaders of the Vienna Congress was to divide Poland into-
1. One division
2. Three divisions
3. Two divisions
4. Four divisions

Answer: 2. Three divisions

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Multiple Choice Questions

Question 4. Nationalism means-
1. Strong love for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations
2. Strong devotion for one’s own country and hatred for others
3. Strong love for all the countries of the world
4. strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.

Answer: 1. Strong love for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations

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Question 5. Liberal nationalism stands for-
1. Freedom of all and equality before law
2. Freedom of only male members of the society
3. Freedom only for senior citizens
4. Freedom of the monarch to rule the people

Answer: 1. Freedom of all and equality before law

Question 6. In Europe and in different parts of the world the concept of nationalism developed in full form in-
1. 16th century
2. 20th century
3. 18th century
4. 19th century

Answer: 4. 19th century

Question 7. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
1. Prussia
2. Switzerland
3. Britain
4. Russia

Answer: 2. Switzerland

Question 8. The Carlsbad Decree was declared in the year-
1. 1848
2. 1819
3. 1856
4. 1861

Answer: 2. 1819

Question 9. The Carlsbad Decree was declared in-
1. Germany
2. Russia
3. France
4. Italy

Answer: 1. Germany

Class 9 History Book West Bengal Board

Question 10. The Carlsbad Decree was declared by-
1. Talleyrand
2. Louis VII
3. Metternich
4. Charles X

Answer: 3. Metternich

Question 11. In 1815 the Prime Minister of Austria was-
1. Alexander I
2. Louis XV
3. Metternich
4. Castlereagh

Answer: 3. Metternich

Question 12. Metternich was the Chancellor of-
1. Austria
2. Russia
3. Italy
4. Britain

Answer: 1. Austria

Question 13. The father of European conservatism was-
1. Alexander I
2. Cavour
3. Metternich
4. Louis XV

Answer: 3. Metternich

Question 14. The period of the Age of Metternich was-
1. 1816-1849
2. 1850-1858
3. 1815-1848
4. 1810-1828

Answer: 3. 1815-1848

Question 15. The ‘Coachman of Europe’ was-
1. Talleyrand
2. Louis XVIII
3. Castlereagh
4. Metternich

Answer: 4. Metternich

Question 16. The representative of defeated France in the Vienna Conference was-
1. Castlereagh
2. Metternich
3. Cavour
4. Talleyrand

Answer: 4. Talleyrand

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Question 17. The representatives of the Vienna Congress wanted to reestablish the dynasties which reigned in various states prior to Napoleonic wars according to the Principle of-
1. Compensation
2. Legitimacy
3. Balance of Power
4. Combination

Answer: 2. Legitimacy

Question 18. According to the Carlsbad Decree of 1819 restrictions were imposed on-
1. Social institutions of Germany
2. Business organizations of Germany
3. German universities and other educational institutions
4. Political institutions of Germany

Answer: 3. German universities and other educational institutions

Question 19. Metternich to curb all forms of liberalistic ideas in the German universities imposed the-
1. Carlsbad Decree
2. Milan Decree
3. Pedlar Decree
4. Lyon Decree

Answer: 1. Carlsbad Decree

Question 20. Who said Italy is ‘only a geographical expression’?
1. Cavour
2. Metternich
3. Talleyrand
4. Louis XVIII

Answer: 2. Metternich

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. The July Revolution broke out in-
1. 1820
2. 1840
3. 1830
4. 1850

Answer: 3. 1830

Question 2. The king of France during the July Revolution was-
1. Napoleon
2. Louis XVI
3. Charles X
4. Louis Philippe

Answer: 3. Charles X

Question 3. Polignac was appointed minister by-
1. Charles X
2. Louis Philippe
3. Napoleon
4. Francis II

Answer: 1. Charles X

Question 4. The leadership in July Revolution was provided by-
1. Thiers
2. Simon Bolivar
3. Polignac
4. Metternich

Answer: 1. Thiers

Question 5. The task of the French Revolution of 1789 which remained completed by the-
1. French Revolution
2. February Revolution
3. July Revolution
4. Industrial Revolution

Answer: 3. July Revolution

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 6. July Revolution broke out in-
1. Italy
2. France
3. Germany
4. Britain

Answer: 2. France

Question 7. The July Revolution of 1830 sparked off on-
1. 29 July
2. 21 July
3. 30 July
4. 27 July

Answer: 4. 27 July

Question 8. July monarchy was established in France in-
1. 1815
2. 1848
3. 1828
4. 1830

Answer: 4. 1830

Question 9. July monarchy was established in France by-
1. Louis Philippe
2. Louis XVIII
3. Francis Ferdinand
4. Charles X

Answer: 1. Louis Philippe

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 10. After the July Revolution the ruler who sat on the throne of France was-
1. Louis XVIII
2. Cavour
3. Leopold
4. Louis Philippe

Answer: 4. Louis Philippe

Question 11. The ruler of France who was dethroned after the July Revolution was-
1. Louis Philippe
2. Louis XVIII
3. Charles X
4. Metternich

Answer: 3. Charles X

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848

Question 1. The February Revolution broke out in France against the autocracy of-
1. Metternich
2. Napoleon
3. Napoleon III
4. Louis Philippe

Answer: 4. Louis Philippe

Question 2. The king of France during the February Revolution was-
1. Charles X
2. Louis Napoleon
3. Louis XVI
4. Louis Philippe

Answer: 4. Louis Philippe

Question 3. The third French Republic was established in-
1. 1792
2. 1830
3. 1848
4. 1870

Answer: 4. 1870

Question 4. The most influential Prime Minister of Louis Philippe was-
1. Guizot
2. Turgo
3. Von Bulow
4. Count Caprivi

Answer: 1. Guizot

Question 5. “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”-who said this?
1. Napoleon III
2. Bismarck
3. Metternich
4. Cavour

Answer: 3. Metternich

Question 6. The socialists in France were eager to end the French Monarchy under the leadership of-
1. Karl Marx
2. Robert Owen
3. Louis Blanc
4. Charles Fourier

Answer: 3. Louis Blanc

Question 7. A movement demanding the enlargement of franchise started in France under the leadership of-
1. Louis Blanc
2. Cavour
3. Guizot
4. Thiers

Answer: 4. Thiers

History Ch 3 Class 9 WBBSE

Question 8. After having declared his grandson heir to the throne, Louis Philippe sought asylum in-
1. Austria
2. Russia
3. Prussia
4. England

Answer: 4. England

Question 9. Louis Napoleon in 1852 declared himself as the ‘Emperor’ with the title of-
1. Charles X
2. Napoleon
3. Napoleon I
4. Napoleon III

Answer: 4. Napoleon III

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. Garibaldi’s men were called-
1. Red Shirts
2. Brown Shirts
3. Black Shirts
4. Blue Shirts

Answer: 1. Red Shirts

Question 2. Napoleon III was the ruler of-
1. Piedmont-Sardinia
2. France
3. Germany
4. Austria.

Answer: 2. France

Question 3. Carbonari was a secret society of-
1. Italy
2. Russia
3. France
4. Austria

Answer: 1. Italy

Question 4. Garibaldi, a great patriot of Italy occupied-
1. Sicily and Naples
2. Venetia
3. Rome
4. Austria

Answer: 1. Sicily and Naples

Question 5. Before unification, Central Italy was ruled by-
1. Austria
2. Poland
3. Pope
4. France

Answer: 3. Pope

Question 6. In 1860, the Red Shirts under the leadership of Garibaldi went to-
1. Sicily
2. Tuscany
3. Lombardy
4. Modena

Answer: 1. Sicily

Question 7. The ‘Young Italy’ organization was established by-
1. Mazzini
2. Garibaldi
3. Cavour
4. Napoleon III

Answer: 1. Mazzini

Question 8. The Journal ‘Risorgimento’ was edited by-
1. Mazzini
2. Garibaldi
3. Cavour
4. Leopold

Answer: 3. Cavour

Question 9. The greatest impediment to Italian unification was-
1. Russia
2. Spain
3. Germany
4. Austria

Answer: 4. Austria

History Ch 3 Class 9 WBBSE

Question 10. The first king of united Italy was-
1. Cavour
2. Napoleon III
3. Victor Emmanuel II
4. Garibaldi

Answer: 3. Victor Emmanuel II

Question 11. The brain of unification of Italy was-
1. Garibaldi
2. Mazzini
3. Cavour
4. Bismarck

Answer: 3. Cavour

Question 12. The leadership in the Italian unification movement was given by-
1. Venice
2. Lombardy
3. Piedmont-Sardinia
4. Rome

Answer: 3. Piedmont-Sardinia

Question 13. The leadership in Naples and Sicily was given by-
1. Mazzini
2. Garibaldi
3. Cavour
4. Louis XVI

Answer: 2. Garibaldi

Question 14. The main center of Carbonari was-
1. Naples
2. Lombardy
3. Piedmont
4. Genoa

Answer: 1. Naples

Question 15. Count Cavour was appointed as the Prime Minister of-
1. Perma Modena
2. Rome
3. Tuscany
4. Piedmont-Sardinia

Answer: 4. Piedmont-Sardinia

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. How many wars did Bismarck fight to unify 10 The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in Germany.
1. Three
2. Four
3. Five
4. Six

Answer: 1. Three

Question 2. Bismarck successfully waged war against Denmark in-
1. 1862
2. 1861
3. 1864
4. 1868

Answer: 3. 1864

Question 3. The main function of Frankfurt Parliament was to frame a constitution for-
1. Italy
2. France
3. Germany
4. Russia

Answer: 3. Germany

Question 4. According to the decisions of Frankfurt Parliament, the crown of a united Germany was offered to-
1. Alexander I
2. Frederick William
3. Francis II
4. Louis Philippe

Answer: 2. Frederick William

Question 5. The leader of movement was-
1. Hitler
2. Mazzini
3. Mussolini
4. Bismarck

Answer: 4. Bismarck

Question 6. Germany defeated France in the battle of-
1. Sadowa
2. Jena
3. Sedan
4. Trafalgar

Answer: 3. Sedan

History Ch 3 Class 9 WBBSE

Question 7. The Battle of Sadowa was fought between-
1. Denmark and Russia
2. France and Russia
3. Austria and Prussia
4. Prussia and Russia

Answer: 3. Austria and Prussia

Question 8. Which treaty ended the Battle of Sadowa?
1. Treaty of Plombieres
2. Treaty of London
3. Treaty of Prague
4. Treaty of Villafranca

Answer: 3. Treaty of Prague

Question 9. The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in-
1. Russia
2. Italy
3. Germany
4. England

Answer: 3. Germany

Question 10. The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the year-
1. 1830
2. 1848
3. 1861
4. 1862

Answer: 2. 1848

Question 11. A master of political and diplomatic juggling-
1. Bismarck
2. Napoleon III
3. Cavour
4. William I

Answer: 1. Bismarck

Question 12. The Zollverein was formed under the leadership of-
1. Austria
2. Savoy
3. Italy
4. Prussia

Answer: 4. Prussia

Question 13. Who was the first emperor of unified Germany?
1. Napoleon III
2. Bismarck
3. William I
4. Cavour

Answer: 3. William I

Question 14. The first stage in the unification of Germany was the creation of-
1. Zollverein
2. Confederation of the Rhine
3. Frankfurt Parliament
4. Bundestag

Answer: 1. Zollverein

Question 15. Who took the first step to unify Germany?
1. Bismarck
2. Napoleon Bonaparte
3. Count Cavour
4. Hitler

Answer: 2. Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 16. Ems Telegram was published on-
1. 13th July 1870
2. 19th July 1870
3. 10th July 1870
4. 17th July 1870

Answer: 1. 13th July 1870

Question 17. According to Bismarck the greatest obstacle to German unity was-
1. Austria
2. Russia
3. Poland
4. France

Answer: 1. Austria

Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question 1. Philke Hetaira was a secret society of-
1. Germany
2. Turkey
3. Italy
4. Greece

Answer: 4. Greece

Question 2. Nicholas, I was the ruler of-
1. Austria
2. Russia
3. Italy
4. Prussia

Answer: 2. Russia

Question 3. Moldavia and Wallachia was invaded by-
1. Britain
2. Russia
3. Italy
4. Germany

Answer: 2. Russia

Question 4. Greece was under the subjugation of-
1. Turkey
2. Germany
3. Russia
4. Italy

Answer: 1. Turkey

Question 5 The ‘Sick Man of Europe’ was-
1. France
2. Italy
3. Greece
4. Turkey

Answer: 4. Turkey

Question 6. In the famous Vienna, Note Russia was asked to withdraw her claims in-
1. Egypt
2. Italy
3. Turkey
4. France

Answer: 3. Turkey

Question 7. The secret society associated with the Greek War of Independence was-
1. Hetaira Philka
2. Carbonari
3. Young Italy
4. Zollverein

Answer: 1. Hetaira Philka

Question 8. The Crimean War ended with-
1. Treaty of Pressburg
2. Treaty of Paris
3. Treaty of Prague
4. Treaty of Gastein

Answer: 2. Treaty of Paris

Question 9.”The Crimean War was the only perfectly useless war that has been waged” was said by-
1. Adam Smith
2. Vincent Smith
3. EH Carr
4. Sir Robert Morier

Answer: 4. Sir Robert Morier

Question 10. The Kulaks were-
1. Serfs
2. Factory owners
3. Well-to-do peasants
4. Mahajans

Answer: 3. Well-to-do peasants

Question 11. Who adopted the Czar title first?
1. Alexander II
2. Nicholas I
3. Ivan IV
4. Bakunin

Answer: 3. Ivan IV

Question 12. The organ of rural self-government in Russia-
1. Duma
2. Parliament
3. Zemstvo
4. Reichstag

Answer: 3. Zemstvo

Question 13. The Czar remembered for abolition of serfdom
1. Alexander I
2. Alexander II
3. Alexander III
4. Alexander IV

Answer: 2. Alexander II

Question14. The Czar known as ‘Czar the Liberator’-
1. Alexander II
2. Peter the Great
3. Alexander I
4. Nicholas I

Answer: 1. Alexander II

Question 15. Czar Alexander II died on-
1. 2 January 1890
2. 14 February 1885
3. 14 March 1883
4. 13 March 1881

Answer: 4. 13 March, 1881

Question16. Czar Alexander II was assassinated by-
1. Black Hand
2. General Will
3. People’s Will
4. Carbonari

Answer: 3. People’s Will

Question 17. The First Balkan War was fought in the year-
1. 1911
2. 1913
3. 1912
4. 1914

Answer: 3. 1912

Question 18. Who ascended the throne after Alexander III?
1. Nicholas I
2. Ivan IV
3. Alexander IV
4. Nicholas II

Answer: 4. Nicholas II

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic A Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, France under the Consulate and His Administrative Reforms Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

Question 1. Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio in the island of Corsica.

Question 2. What was the period of rule of the Consulate in France?
Answer: The period of rule of the Consulate in France was 1794-1799.

Question 3. Who is known as Justinian II and why?
Answer: Napoleon’s most important contribution was the Code Napoleon. It incorporated the noble principles of the French Revolution. For this progressive code, he was known as Justinian II.

Question 4. Who established the Bank of France?
Answer: Napoleon established the Bank of France.

Question 5. Who remarked, “I am the Revolution and I destroyed the Revolution”?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte, the ruler of France remarked, “I am the Revolution and I destroyed the Revolution”.

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Very Short Answer Questions

Question 6. Into how many parts was Code Napoleon divided?
Answer: Code Napoleon was divided into five parts-the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Penal Code, the Commercial Code, and other codes.

Question 7. What is known as the ‘Bible of the French’?
Answer: ‘Code Napoleon’ is known as the Bible of the French.

Question 8. What are Lyces?
Answer: Lyces are residential semi-military schools of France where boys of the noble and aristocratic families used to study to become officers in the army.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE

Question 9. When was Napoleon born?
Answer: Napoleon was born in 1769.

Question 10. When did the French Revolution break out?
Answer: The French Revolution broke out in 1789.

Question 11. When was the Treaty of Campo Formio signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Campo Farmio was signed in 1797.

Question 12. In which year Napoleon launched campaign against Egypt?
Answer: Napoleon launched campaign against Egypt in 1798.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 13. Who was the first Consul of France?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte was the first Consul of France.

Question 14. What do you mean by a Republic?
Answer: A Republic is a state in which power is held by the people’s representatives and the head of the state is not a monarch.

Question 15. What is the meaning of Code?
Answer: Code means a systematic set of laws.

Question 16. What was the Legion of Honour?
Answer: Napoleon introduced a special title of honour for eminent citizens called the legion of Honour.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic B Emperor Napoleon and the European Powers (1804-1807), Treaty of Tilsit Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

Question 1. In which year did Napoleon become the Emperor of France?
Answer: Napoleon became the Emperor of France in 1804.

Question 2. When and against whom did the Battle of 11 According to which treaty France and Trafalgar take place?
Answer: The Battle of Trafalgar took place in 1805 against Napoleon.

Question 3. When and between whom was the Battle of Ulm fought?
Answer: The Battle of Ulm was fought in 1805 between France and Austria.

Question 4. Which two countries of Europe did Napoleon reconstitute?
Answer: Napoleon reconstituted Italy and Germany.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE

Question 5. Which nation was called the ‘Nation of Shopkeepers’ and by whom?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte called the English ‘the Nation of Shopkeepers’.

Question 6. When and between whom was the Treaty of Tilsit concluded?
Answer: The Treaty of Tilsit was concluded in 1807 between Napoleon Bonaparte, the ruler of France, and Alexander I, the Tsar of Russia.

Question 7. When was monarchy re-established in France?
Answer: In 1804 Napoleón declared himself the emperor of France and a monarchy was re- established in France.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 8. Who was Nelson?
Answer: Nelson was the naval chief of England.

Question 9. Who routed the French navy in the historic naval Battle of Trafalgar?
Answer: Admiral Nelson of England routed the French navy in the historic naval Battle of Trafalgar.

Question 10. What were the two major incidents of the year 1807?
Answer: In the year 1807 the Battle of Jena was fought between Prussia and France and the Treaty of Tilsit was signed between Napoleon and Alexander I of Russia.

Question 11. According to which Treaty France and Russia promised to remain neutral against each other?
Answer: According to the Treaty of Tilsit France and Russia promised to remain neutral against each other.

Question 12. Who established the Duchy of Warsaw?
Answer: Napoleon established the Duchy of Warsaw.

Question 13. When was the Duchy of Warsaw established?
Answer: The Duchy of Warsaw was established in 1807.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic C Continental System and the Downfall of Napoleon Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What was the year of the Peninsular War?
Answer: The year of the Peninsular War was 1808.

Question 2. Which nation was called the ‘Nation of Shopkeepers’ and by whom?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte called the English ‘The Nation of Shopkeepers’.

Question 3. Who introduced the Continental System?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte introduced the Continental System.

Question 4. When was the Continental System introduced?
Answer: The Continental System was introduced in 1806.

Question 5. What was the Continental System?
Answer: Napoleon introduced the Continental System in 1806 which was an economic strategy in Europe intended to cripple and prevent Great Britain from trading with. other European powers.

Question 6. When and by whom was the Berlin Decree introduced?
Answer: The Berlin Decree was introduced by Napoleon in 1806.

Question 7. What was the Berlin Decree?
Answer: The Berlin Decree issued by Napoleon in 1806 declared naval blockade against England i.e., the countries allied to Napoleon would have to stop trade with England.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 8. When and by whom was the Milan Decree introduced?
Answer: The Milan Decree was introduced by Napoleon in 1807.

Question 9. What was the Milan Decree?
Answer: The Milan Decree issued by Napoleon in 1807 was that any ship of any country trying to reach England would be caught and confiscated.

Question 10. When did Napoleon invade Russia?
Answer: Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812.

Question 11. Which country followed the ‘scorched earth policy’ against France?
Answer: Russia followed the ‘scorched earth policy’ against France.

Question 12. When did the Battle of Waterloo take place?
Answer: The Battle of Waterloo took place in 1815.

History Class 9 WBBSE

Question 13. When and against whom did the Battle of Nations take place?
Answer: In 1813 the Battle of Nations took place against Napoleon Bonaparte.

Question 14. Who was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo?
Answer: Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 15. Name the final battle that sealed Napoleon’s fate.
Answer: The final battle that sealed Napoleon’s fate was the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 16. Name the islands where Napoleon was banished.
Answer: Napoleon was banished to the islands of Elba and St. Helena.

Question 17. Mention the period of ‘Hundred Days Rule’.
Answer: The period of Hundred Days Rule was from 20 March to 29 June 1815.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic A Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, France under the Consulate and His Administrative Reforms

Question 1. The ‘Child of the French Revolution was-
1. Charles IV
2. Arthur Wellesley
3. Napoleon
4. Louis XVI

Answer: 3. Napoleon

Question 2. Napoleon invaded Milan in-
1. 1795
2. 1796
3. 1797
4. 1798

Answer: 2. 1796

Question 3. The currency system in France was reformed by-
1. Louis XVI
2. Napoleon
3. Calonne
4. Louis XVIII

Answer: 2. Napoleon

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Multiple Choice Questions

Question 4. Conferring of the Legion of Honour on men of eminence was an important reform introduced by-
1. Montesquieu
2. Napoleon
3. Voltaire
4. Charles II

Answer: 2. Napoleon

Question 5. The number of departments into which Napoleon divided France-
1. 80
2. 82
3. 83
4. 93

Answer: 3. 83

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 6. Napoleon by the Concordat of 1801 solved the question of conflict between-
1. The First Estate and the Third Estate
2. The French government and the army
3. The French government and the clergy
4. The French government and the Pope

Answer: 4. The French government and the Pope

Question 7. The greatest achievement of Napoleon’s financial system was the foundation of the-
1. Heavy industries
2. Rationing system
3. Bank of France
4. Employment exchange

Answer: 3. Bank of France

Question 8. Napoleon was born in-
1. Elba island
2. Spain
3. Britain
4. Corsica island

Answer: 4. Corsica island

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 9. After the Reign of Terror in France, a new government known as the Directory came into power in-
1. 1795
2. 1792
3. 1789
4. 1804

Answer: 1. 1795

Question 10. Napoleon overthrew the Directory and assumed supreme power as the First consul in-
1. 1795
2. 1796
3. 1799
4. 1800

Answer: 3. 1799

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 11. The University of France was established by-
1. Metternich
2. Louis X
3. Napoleon
4. Guizot

Answer: 3. Napoleon

Question 12. The French Art Gallery was established by-
1. Leopold
2. Talleyrand
3. Louis XVI
4. Napoleon

Answer: 4. Napoleon

Class 9 History Chapter 2 West Bengal Board Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic B Emperor Napoleon and the European Powers (1804-1807), Treaty of Tilsit Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

Question 1. Napoleon was totally defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar by the naval chief of-
1. Russia
2. England
3. Prussia
4. Italy

Answer: 2. England

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 2. In the Battle of Austerlitz Napoleon defeated the joint army of –
1. Austria and Russia
2. Austria and Spain
3. Austria and Prussia
4. Spain and Russia

Answer: 1. Austria and Russia

Question 3. The Confederation of the Rhine was created in the year-
1. 1807
2. 1806
3. 1802
4. 1808

Answer: 2. 1806

Question 4. The kingdom of Westphalia was created in-
1. 1802
2. 1805
3. 1807
4. 1811

Answer: 3. 1807

Question 5. The treaty by which Russia promised to help France against England was the-
1. Treaty of Pressburg
2. Treaty of Portsmouth
3. Treaty of Tilsit
4. Treaty of Paris

Answer: 3. Treaty of Tilsit

Class 9 History Chapter 1 West Bengal Board

Question 6. The kingdom of Westphalia was carved out of the territory of-
1. Prussia
2. Russia
3. Austria
4. Spain

Answer: 2. Russia

Question 7. The kingdom of Westphalia was entrusted to Napoleon’s brother-
1. Jerome
2. Francis Ferdinand
3. Louis XIV
4. Charles IV

Answer: 1. Jerome

Class 9 History Chapter 2 WBBSE Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic C Continental System and the Downfall of Napoleon

Question 1. Napoleon was a supporter of-
1. Liberty
2. Colonialism
3. Democracy
4. Slavery

Answer: 1. Liberty

Question 2. Who is called the ‘Destroyer of the Revolution’?
1. Alexander II
2. Napoleon
3. Nelson
4. Charles II

Answer: 2. Napoleon

Question 3. The French blockade was a paper blockade because France did not have adequate-
1. Arms
2. Navy
3. Cavalry
4. Soldiers

Answer: 2. Navy

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 4. The Pope was imprisoned for his refusal to accept the Continental System by –
1. Michel Ney
2. Gabriel
3. Napoleon
4. Nicholas

Answer: 3. Napoleon

Question 5. Napoleon made the most daring adventure in his life by launching the invasion of-
1. Spain
2. China
3. Germany
4. Russia

Answer: 4. Russia

Question 6. The ‘Scorched Earth Policy’ was followed by –
1. England
2. Russia
3. Spain
4. Portugal

Answer: 2. Russia

Question 7. After the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was sent to-
1. Elba
2. Sporta
3. St. Helena
4. Corsica

Answer: 3. St. Helena

Question 8. In the Battle of Waterloo, Napoléon was defeated by-
1. Nelson
2. Alexander II
3. Talleyrand
4. Duke of Wellington

Answer: 4. Duke of Wellington

Question 9. The fate of Napoleon was sealed forever in the fierce battle of-
1. Trafalgar
2. Leipzig
3. Austerlitz
4. Waterloo

Answer: 4. Waterloo

Question 10. Napoleon issued the Milan Decree in-
1. 1807
2. 1808
3. 1809
4. 1810

Answer: 1. 1807

 

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Class 9 History WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic A Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, France under the Consulate and His Administrative Reforms Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What was the first military success of Napoleon?
Answer:

First Military Success Of Napoleon:-

Napoleon removed the English from the port of Toulon in 1793 as an employee of the French army and curbed the counter-revolutionaries there. This was the first military success of Napoleon.

Question 2. Which incident is known in France as the 13th Vendemiaire? Or, What was the incident of October 5, 1795?
Answer:

13th Vendemiaire:-

The incident of 5 October 1795 is an important stage in the rise of Napoleon to power who got the responsibility of commanding the French army in Italy. At that time the Reign of Terror was going on in France. On 5 October 1795, the members of the National Convention were attacked by a rowdy mob.

Napoleon with the help of his soldiers resisted the attack and thus saved the National Convention. This incident is known in history as the 13th Vendemiaire.

Read and Learn More WBBSE Class 9 History Short Answer Questions

Question 3. In which year and between whom was the Battle of Nile fought? Who was defeated?
Answer:
1. The Battle of Nile was fought in 1798 between England and France.
2. France was defeated in the Battle of Nile.

Class 9 History WBBSE

Question 4. Give an account of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt.
Answer:

Napoleon’s Invasion Of Egypt:-

In 1798 Napoleon launched a campaign against Egypt. On his way to Egypt, he conquered Malta and Alexandria and achieved victory in the Battle of Pyramid. The Egyptian army was defeated by him and he entered Cairo, the capital of Egypt.

Question 5. In which year and between whom was the Battle of Pyramid fought? Who was defeated?
Answer:
1. The Battle of Pyramid was fought between France and England in 1798.
2. England was defeated in the Battle of Pyramid.

Question 6. What do you mean by the rule of the ‘Consulate’?
Answer:

Consulate:-

In 1799 Napoleon took away the powers of the Directory, concentrated power in his own hands and himself became the ruler of the country. At this time he introduced an administration popularly known as the ‘Consulate’. Under the Consulate France was ruled by a council which consisted of three members.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 7. What is the importance of Code Napoleon?
Answer:

The importance of Code Napoleon introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte is as follows:

It protected the interests of the rising middle class.
It guaranteed civil liberties.
It preserved the social aims of the revolution.

Question 8. When and between whom was the Treaty of Luneville signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Luneville was signed between France and Austria in 1801.

Question 9. When and between whom was the Treaty of Amiens signed?
Answer: The Treaty of Amiens was signed in 1802 between France and England.

Question 10. What is ‘Legion of Honour’?
Answer:

Legion Of Honour:-

Napoleon introduced a special title of honour for eminent citizens called the Legion of Honour in 1802. Those who could show their ability, courage or any other work of outstanding ability were given the title of Legion of Honour. Its inductees received the Legion’s small white enameled cross which hung on a red silk ribbon, as a public show of gratitude.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic B Emperor Napoleon and the European Powers (1804-1807), Treaty of Tilsit Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. What is the importance of the year 1804 in France?
Answer: In 1804 Napoleon declared himself to be the emperor of France. In this year the legal veil of republicanism was dropped and the monarchy was re-established in France.

Question 2. Against whom was the Third European Coalition formed? Who were the members of the Third Coalition?
Answer:
1. The Third European Coalition was formed against France.
2. Under the leadership of England, Austria and Russia united against France, and the Third European Coalition was formed.

Question 3. What is the importance of the Battle of Trafalgar?
Answer: The Battle of Trafalgar was fought in 1805 between Nelson, the naval chief of England, and Napoleon. Napoleon was totally defeated in this battle. This battle indirectly paved the way for the downfall of Napoleon.

Question 4. In which year was the Treaty of Tilsit signed? What were the countries which signed the treaty?
Answer:
1. The Treaty of Tilsit was signed in the year 1807.
2. It was signed between Czar Alexander of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte of France.

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Question 5. What is the importance of the Battle of Austerlitz?
Answer: The Battle of Austerlitz was fought between France on one side and the joint army of Austria and Russia on the other. Austria and Russia were totally defeated by France and was forced to sign the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805.

Question 6. Between whom was the Battle of Jena fought? Who was defeated?
Answer:
1. The Battle of Jena was fought between Prussia and France.
2. Prussia was defeated in this battle.

Class 9 History Solution WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic C Continental System and the Downfall of Napoleon Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

 Question 1. Why did Napoleon annex Portugal?
Answer: Napoleon introduced the Continental System. When Portugal, an ally of the British, rejected the Continental System Napoleon sent the French army to Portugal through Spain without caring to take the consent of the Spanish king. Portugal was annexed in 1807.

Question 2. What was the ‘Peninsular War’ (1808)?
Answer: Portugal suffered greatly because of the Continental System introduced by Napoleon and naturally began to flout it. Napoleon, therefore, attacked Portugal and occupied it. The French army on their way back to France occupied Spain. At this time Portugal joined Spain and declared war against Napóleon which is known as the Peninsular War (1808).”

Question 3. “The Spanish Ulcer ruined me”-Who said this and why?
Answer: Napoleon came to know through his agencies that Spain was not following his Continental System. He, therefore, launched an attack on Spain in 1808 but his so far invincible army was defeated by Spain with the help of the English army in 1808. The Spanish attack proved disastrous and ultimately Napoleon himself accepted it to be an ‘ulcer’ for him.

Question 4. What was the Fontainebleau Decree?
Answer: To make his Continental System successful! Napoleon issued the Fontainebleau Decree in 1810. It was declared that those found guilty of violating the commercial rules of France would be punished. By this decree, it was declared that the goods confiscated would be burnt publicly. A court of law was also established for those found guilty.

Question 5. Write a short note on the Battle of Leipzig (or Battle of Nations), in 1813.
Answer: The European nations were annoyed by Napoleon’s expansionist policy and the dissatisfied nations like Prussia, Russia, Sweden, England, and Austria formed a coalition against Napoleon. A fierce battle which is known as the Battle of Leipzig between Napoleon and the allied countries was fought in 1813. In this battle also known as the ‘Battle of Nations’, Napoleon was defeated.

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Question 6. Why is the Battle of Leipzig also known as the ‘Battle of Nations’?
Answer: The Battle of Leipzig (1813) was fought between Napoleon and dissatisfied nations like Prussia, Russia, Sweden, England, and Austria. This battle is also known as the Battle of Nations because in this battle soldiers of all nations excepting Turkey fought against Napoleon.

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Question 7. Why was Napoleon banished to the island of Elba?
Answer: The European nations were threatened by Napoleon’s expansionist policy and dissatisfied nations like Prussia, Russia, Sweden, England, and Austria formed a coalition against Napoleon. A fierce battle was fought at Leipzig between Napoleon and the allied countries in 1813. In this battle, Napoleon was defeated. Napoleon could not defend France from the violent invasion of the European powers. By the treaty of Fontainebleau, he resigned the crown of France. He was banished to the island of Elba, a small island in Corsica.

Question 8. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? Can he be called a Liberator?
Answer:
1. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself the emperor of France and reintroduced monarchy in France. He. conquered his neighboring countries and created kingdoms, where he placed his own family members.

2. Initially, people believed that Napoleon was a liberator who would bring freedom to the people, but soon his army was viewed as an invading force. So he was finally defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.

Question 9. Why is Napoleon called a modernizer of Europe?
Answer: Napoleon is called a modernizer of Europe because he introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a uniform system of weights and measures as provided by the decimal system.

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Class 9 History Solutions WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic A Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, France under the Consulate and His Administrative Reforms

Question 1. What were the causes of Napoleon’s rise to power?
Answer: After the Reign of Terror (1793-94) in France a new government known as the Directory came into power in 1795. From the very beginning, the Directory rule was in danger. The task of meeting the danger was entrusted to Napoleon Bonaparte, a very able military officer.

The causes of his rise to power are as follows:

[1] The people of France were tired of lawlessness, disorder, and bloodshed and were keenly looking forward to see the reins of the government in some powerful hands. The people of France found in him a ‘messiah’ as they believed that he could bring them out of their critical days.

[2] Napoleon was a skillful soldier, a grand tactician, and a military genius which helped him to rise to power.

[3] The new technique of warfare that he adopted brought him tremendous success.

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[4] Another aspect that helped him to rise to power was that he was unscrupulous in his ambitions. He was willing to go to any extent to achieve his goal. He did not bother about theories and principles. He did not have fear of God or man nor was he averse to any brutality, as such, nothing could stop him from striving to excel in his ambitions.

[5] His marriage with Josephine Beauharnais, the widow of a revolutionary general and the mistress of one of the Directors, further boosted his image among the French people.

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Question 2. Can Napoleon be called the ‘Child of the Revolution’?
Answer:

Child Of The Revolution:-

Napoleon called himself the ‘Child of the Revolution’. He was a supporter of the principles of the Revolution viz. liberty, equality, and fraternity. He laid great stress on equality but destroyed liberty. He provided equality to every individual in the country by implementing the Code Napoleon. Everybody was taxed irrespective of occupation to all.

The civil code aimed to protect some of and social status and equal justice was awarded the basic principles of the Revolution like legal and social equality, and equal rights of property among children of the same father. It asserted freedom of thought, religion and individual liberty, and freedom to work. Every individual, however, low born could attain high posts on the basis of merit and qualification.

Though Napoleon provided equality to his people, he took away their liberty. He believed in absolute monarchy and established his empire on the strength of his autocratic personality. The administration was centralized completely. He captured the real power of the provincial government by placing all the officials under the central government.

With all the rights of the judiciary and executive vested in him, he used to live in the palace of Tuileries like the Bourbon kings. He established full control over education and destroyed individual freedom, rule of law, freedom of speech, and the press. He sent honest critics arbitrarily to prison. Thus he killed the principles of the Revolution keeping in view the necessity of his times.

Question 3. Can Napoleon be called the ‘Destroyer of the Revolution’?
Answer:

No, Napoleon Can’t Be The Destroyer Of The Revolution:-

Napoleon was a supporter of the principles of the French Revolution viz, liberty, equality, and fraternity. He provided equality to every individual in the country by implementing his code. Though he provided equality to his people he took away their liberty. He believed in absolute monarchy and established his empire on the basis of his personality. The administration was centralized completely.

He captured the real power of the provincial government by placing all the officials under the central government. With all the rights of the judiciary and executive vested in him, he used to live in the palace of Tuileries like the absolute Bourbon kings.

He established full control on education and destroyed individual freedom, rule of law, freedom of speech, and the press. He sent honest critics arbitrarily to prison. Thus he killed the principles of the revolution keeping in view the necessity of the time. He is thus called ‘the destroyer of the Revolution’.

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Question 4. Discuss the administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer:

Reforms Of Napoleon Bonaparte:-

France was under the Consulate between 1799 and 1804. Napoleon was the First Consul. It was as the First Consul that Napoleon introduced important reforms in all branches of administration.

[1] Administrative reforms:
Napoleon divided the country into 83 departments. The officers of each department were called Prefect, Sub-Prefect, Judge, Mayor, etc.

[2] Economic reforms:
Napoleon reformed the currency system of France. He undertook various plans to solve the problem of unemployment. He established the Bank of France to encourage trade and commerce.

[3] Code Napoleon:
The most important of Napoleon’s contributions was the Code Naponeon-the french civil code instituted by him in the year 1804 which aimed to protect some of the basic principles of the French Revolution, like legal and social equality, freedom of thought, individual liberty, secular laws, equal taxation, etc.

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[4] Concordat of 1801:
Napoleon entered into an agreement with the Pope in 1801 by which Catholicism became the state religion.

[5] Other reforms:
Napoleon established a banking system and set up a Network of museums and libraries. He repaired and constructed a large number of roads and bridges and also dug canals. He abolished serfdom and introduced new taxes.

[6] Assessment:
Though Napoleon provided equality to his people, he took away their liberty. He destroyed individual freedom, rule of law, freedom of speech, and the press Thus he killed the principles of the Revolution keeping in view the necessity of his times.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic B Emperor Napoleon and the European Powers (1804-1807), Treaty of Tilsit

Question 1 How did Napoleon reorganize Germany taken back from her? The Grand Duchy of  Italy?
Answer: Reorganisation of Germany: Napoleon virtually became the master of Germany after the defeat of Austria and Russia. His most significant work was the reorganization of Germany. He organized 150 small states of Germany and established Federal Diet for their administration. His aim was to create 39 kingdoms as satellites of France.

He formed:

[1] The Confederation of Rhine and declared himself the President of this confederation.
[2] A part of Poland which was with Prussia was Warsaw was given to Napoleon’s friend, Duke of Saxony;
[3] A new state named Westphalia was created by taking the provinces of Rhine from Prussia. A brother of Napoleon called Jerome was given this state later on. He introduced Code Napoleon and his land was reformed in Germany. Though he undertook all these activities for his own advantage, indirectly it contributed a lot towards the unification of Germany.

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Reorganization of Italy:

Napoleon reorganized Italy in many ways, such as-
[1] In Italy, Napoleon carried the reorganization by virtue of the Treaties of Campo Formio (1798) and Pressburg (1805).

[2] He assumed the title of the king of Italy and he appointed his stepson Prince Eugine as the governor of North Italy.

[3] He appointed his brother Joseph as the king of Naples.

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[4] He created uniformity in different laws, taxes, educational systems, coins and weights, and measures. His acts created a feeling of unity in Italy and paved the way for its ultimate unification.

Question 2. Describe the growth of the Napoleonic empire from 1804 to 1807 (Treaty of Tilsit).
Answer: Napoleon became the emperor of France in 1804. He pursued a vigorous foreign policy.

[1] Formation of Third Coalition:
To counteract the ambition of Napoleon, the Third European Coalition against France took place. Alexander I of Russia was the architect of this coalition and treaties were concluded with Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Great Britain.

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[2] Battle of Trafalgar:
The Battle of Trafalgar was fought in 1805. The British won the naval battle at Trafalgar over Napoleon. Napoleon was totally defeated in the battle.

[3] Battle of Ulm:
The Battle of Ulm was fought between France and Austria. Napoleon made a lightning attack upon Austria and the unprepared Austrians were defeated.

[4] Battle of Austerlitz:
The Battle of Austerlitz was fought between France on one side and the joint army of Austria and Russia on the other. Austria and Russia were totally defeated by the French and was forced to sign the treaty of Pressburg in 1805.

[5] Battle of Jena:
The battle of Jena was fought between Prussia and France. The French troop defeated Prussia in this battle. So all the major European powers came under the control of France except England.

[6] Treaty of Tilsit:
The Treaty of Tilsit was signed in 1807. It was signed between Czar Alexander of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte of France. According to this treaty Russia promised to help France against England. The Treaty of Tilsit marked the highest watermark of Napoleon’s glory.

History Class 9 WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Topic C Continental System and the Downfall of Napoleon

Question 1. What do you mean by Continental System? How did it contribute to the downfall of Napoleon?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of France, made several attempts to defeat England in direct wars, but he was unsuccessful due to a lack of naval force. So Napoleon introduced the Continental System in order to defeat England in an indirect war. By this system of economic warfare, he wanted to destroy the trade and commerce of England.

Through the Berlin Decree in 1806, he declared a naval blockade against England. He asked his vassal countries to stop the entry and movement of British ships around their ports. Through the Milan Decree, he proclaimed that any ship of any country trying to reach England would be confiscated. He compelled the European countries to take an active part in this scheme.

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Napoleon adopted a high-handed policy to implement the Continental System. As a result, prices of various commodities shot up. The people began to suffer hardships even with regard to their daily necessities. Various countries gradually started flouting the Continental System.

So Napoleon waged wars against Russia, Spain, Portugal, and Holland. The Pope of Rome also rejected the Continental System and Napoleon captured Rome. The whole of Europe was disturbed by his scheme and various countries began to conspire against France. Thus the Continental System failed and led to Napoleon’s downfall.

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Question 2. What were the causes of the failure of the Continental System?
Answer:

The Continental System introduced by Napoleon failed due to various reasons:

[1] Most of the European countries depended on British goods, but when the supply of these articles was stopped, people had to face great difficulties and they began to oppose the Continental System.

[2] It was impossible for France to control the vast sea without a powerful fleet.

[3] British goods were smuggled to different parts of Europe and Napoleon could not check it due to his weak navy.

[4] Spain and Portugal did not join this scheme and extended their cooperation to England.

[5] Napoleon lost the sympathy of the people. He was hated by the people for his selfish and tyrannical rule.
In fact, Napoleon’s Continental System was a total failure and proved suicidal for him.

Question 3. Describe the Russian campaign of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Answer: Napoleon made the most daring decision of his life by launching the invasion of Russia in 1812 with 600,000 French soldiers. The Russians deserted all the towns and villages which fell in Napoleon’s path. Only in Borodin, the Russian troops were defeated by Napoleon but he lost thousands of his own soldiers.

Napoleon next marched to Moscow where the Russian general Kutuzov followed a new military tactic. Kutuzov adopted direct battle and forced Napoleon to chase the Russian army deep into the interior of Russia. Meanwhile, the roads to return. were destroyed by the Russians. Bridges were demolished and towns were destroyed. The Russians adopted the ‘scorched earth policy’.

It was winter and bitterly cold. Napoleon could not procure any food for his soldiers. He and his army marched back to France. Of the 600,000 soldiers, less than 10000 were left. Napoleon lost his grand army in Russia. His Russian campaign ended in a major disaster.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 4. Give an account of the nationalist reactions of the people of the Iberian Peninsula against the Napoleonic empire.
Answer: As soon as Napoleon became the emperor of France in 1804 he started warfare against the European powers.

Invasion of the Iberian Peninsula:
Napoleon set his armies for the control of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). The French army occupied Portugal and Spain. Napoleon set his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne. This was a national dishonor for the Spanish people.

Peninsular War (1808):
The military conflict fought by Spain and Portugal assisted by the United Kingdom against the invasion of France for the control of the Iberian Peninsula, during the Napoleonic Wars is known as the Peninsular War.

Nationalist reactions of the people of the Iberian Peninsula:
Most Iberians rejected French rule and fought to oust them. Madrid and other cities throughout the Peninsula rose up against the French. Revolutionary councils and national guards were organized. Provincial insurrection took place throughout Spain and the Spaniards showed great capacity for guerilla warfare. The proclamation of Joseph as the new king of Spain led to a general anti-French revolt across the Iberian peninsula.

Irregular bands of troops sprang up, mob violence visited upon those accused of being pro-French. The uprising of the Spanish people and the guerillas prevented Napoleon from being able to deploy troops sufficient to win the battles against the Spanish and British armies. The ‘Spanish ulcer’ ruined Napoleon.

Question 5. Describe the nationalist reactions against the Napoleonic empire.
Answer: Napoleon declared himself the ‘Emperor of French’ in 1804 and he established a vast empire. He conquered Italy, Germany, Prussia, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, and Naples. But his empire did not last long and there were nationalist reactions against his empire.

[1] He was regarded as a foreigner by the people of the vanquished nations. Gradually, the spirit of nationalism grew powerful and people began to oppose him.

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

[2] The people of Spain began to organize revolutionary councils and national guards. All of Spain stood as one man against Napoleon.

[3] The spirit of nationalism which developed in Spain gradually spread to other European countries and initiated a formidable liberation struggle. The nationalist spirit of the Dutch, Belgians, German, Italians, Swiss, and Poles was provoked when they found that the French formed a ruling class over them.

[4] When Napoleon was trying to consolidate at home, Germany started their war of liberation under the leadership of Prussia to which Austria and Russia also joined.

[5] Students, teachers, peasants, clergy, and nobles of Germany joined hands against Napoleon. Thus Napoleon had to face people imbued with the spirit of nationalism.

Class 9 History Chapter 2 Questions And Answers WBBSE

Question 6. Give an account of the reactions of the people against the Napoleonic empire.
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor, pursued a vigorous foreign policy with a view to rebuild the French colonial empire that resulted in acquiring for France a large number of territories. He conquered most of Europe and Egypt for France. There were reactions of the people against the Napoleonic empire.

[1] The Battle of Leipzig was a battle of nations and nationalities. Students, teachers, peasants, clergy, and nobles of Germany joined hands against Napoleon.

[2] Napoleon’s empire became very vast. There were Dutch, Belgians, Germans, Italians, Swiss, and Poles in his empire. The nationalist spirit of the people was provoked when they found that the French formed a ruling class over them and brought no new message.

[3] The people of Holland enthroned the Prince of Orange against the wishes of Napoleon.

[4] The Italian provinces rose in revolt against Napoleon.

[5] Even in France people began to oppose Napoleon. They were against the policy of forced recruitment.

[6] He lost the support of the people of Europe. When he captured the Papal kingdom and imprisoned the pope for the latter’s refusal to accept the Continental System, the whole of the Christian world blamed him as a high-handed man.