Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Salient points – At A Glance
1. The word ‘Revolution’ means change. The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in the system of production. It was a transition from handmade goods to machine-made goods i.e., from cottage industries to ‘big industries. Before the Industrial Revolution, simple machines were used. Small quantities of goods could be produced which involved long hours of hard work. Due to the Industrial Revolution, huge quantities of goods could be produced with the help of machines in less time. The goods were of fine quality and cheap as well.
2. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the factory system. The people who had land, money or capital and were owners of factories were called capitalists. The workers in the factories were called labourers.
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3. Components of the Industrial Revolution are-
[1] Large-scale production of goods in factories.
[2] Marketing of the finished goods.
[3] The organisation of labour force and raw materials.
[4] Introduction of the modern transport system.
[5] Introduction of the banking system.
[6] Use of modern technology for production.
4. Thomas Newcomen was the first to use steam to do useful work. John Kaye invented the Flying Shuttle. Another important invention, the Spinning Jenny, was made by James Hargreaves. George Stephenson made the first locomotives which drew carriages over rails. James Watt successfully devised the system of using steam power to operate the machines. Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame.
5. England first witnessed Industrial Revolution for various reasons.
[1] England was politically stable and unified under a monarchy.
[2] The landless farmers, who migrated to towns in large numbers due to enclosure movement, provided cheap and abundant labour supply for the factories.
[3] England had accumulated vast profits through overseas trade which provided the necessary capital for investment. Raw materials were easily available from the colonies. Thus England had no dearth of the three basic ingredients for the industrial revolution-raw materials, labour and capital.
6. As a result of the Industrial Revolution two ‘isms’ grew. This were-Colonialism and Capitalism. Colonialism is a system whereby in an attempt to increase profits and control markets and raw materials, countries try to dominate and control weaker nations and turn them into their colonies.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the principal means of production, Industrial Revolution, Colonialism and Imperialism distribution and exchange lie in private hands and are operated for profit. Society is divided among owners of industries and wage earners.
7. Two basic requirements of industrialisation are-
[1] The regular supply of raw materials and
[2] Markets to sell finished goods. To meet their needs industrialised countries like Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan ‘started a scramble to establish colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
These colonies served both purposes i.e., as suppliers of raw materials and easy markets to sell finished goods. Industrialisation thus gave birth to imperialism.
8. Imperialist rivalry among different countries of Europe was one of the causes of the First World War. With the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution huge quantities of goods were produced in various countries of Europe. The establishment of industries and the accumulation of excess capital created the necessity of new markets for selling surplus goods and new areas of capital investment.
Countries like England, France, Russia, Spain, and Portugal had already established their colonies in different parts of Asia and Africa. Though Industrial Revolution came late in Germany, she became highly industrialised during the reign of Kaiser William II. Germany accepted an aggressive imperialist policy.
Different countries of Europe adopted a policy of aggressive imperialism to establish colonies in different countries of Europe which ultimately led to the outbreak of the First World War.
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Question 1. When did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution is a term used to describe those changes that occurred in Britain from the 1780s to the 1820s. But this view has been increasingly challenged by historians were: It is argued that it would be more appropriate to use the term to describe the changes in economy and society that occurred between 1850 to 1914. Sustained industrialisation started after the 1850s.
It is only from the 1850s that the number of people living in urban areas went up dramatically and most of them were workers in industries. Only 20% of Britain’s workers lived in rural areas. Based on the above observations many historians have argued that there are strong grounds for regarding the period 1850-1914 as the period of the Industrial Revolution.
Question 2. What were the inventions of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
Inventions Of The Industrial Revolution:-
The Industrial Revolution had far-reaching effects. Many new machines were invented. In 1733, John Kaye invented a new machine, known as the Flying Shuttle which brought a complete change in the weaving system. In 1764 Another important invention was the Spinning Jenny made by James Hargreaves. Some years later, Richard Arkwright brought further improvement in the method of spinning by introducing rollers that worked with water power (1769).
The yarn that these machines turned out was both finer and stronger than the yarn produced before. Ten years later, Samuel Crompton invented another machine by combining the devices of Hargreaves and Arkwright, called the mule. In 1781 James Watt successfully devised the system of using steam power to work the machines.
Question 3. What was the effect of industrialisation on transport?
Answer: There was a close relationship between industrialisation and improvement in transportation.
The effects of industrialisation on transport were:
[1] For rapid and safe transport of raw materials and manufactured goods from centres of production to consumption centres macadamized roads i.e.. pucca roads were constructed.
[2] Canals were dug primarily for cheap and easy shipment of coal from mines to industries. Canals were also used for the transportation of goods and passengers.
[3] Steam engines were used in railways to carry heavy loads and passengers; steamships were used to carry goods and passengers across oceans.
[4] Growth of transport promoted internal and external trade and led to economic integration and inter-dependence of nations.
Question 4. How did the factory system originate?
Answer:
Factory System Originate As Follows:-
The effect of scientific discoveries and inventions which happened after the French Revolution were revolutionary in character. They changed the entire face of England, both rural and urban. The ordinary workman could no longer live in a poverty cottage and weave cloth on his own loom. Now that machines were set up, he had to go where the machines were working and find a job. Their hundreds and even thousands of people worked under the same roof. They assembled together under a factory shed and worked with tools and machinery supplied by the factory owner. This gave rise to the factory system.
Question 5. What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the communication system?
Answer:
Effects Of The Industrial Revolution On The Communication System:-
The Industrial Revolution had a great impact on the communication system. The. means of communication improved greatly. Samuel Morse (1791-1872), an American invented the telegraph to send messages. The Trans-Atlantic undersea cable connecting the United States with Europe continent was laid by Cyrus W. Field in 1866.
Graham Bell invented the Telephone System in 1876. Guglielmo Marconi was the most important person in the application of radio waves into the industry. Marconi was the first to demonstrate the utility of wireless in saving life at sea. The wireless telegraph was invented which made it possible to send signals to any part of the world. Moreover, the radar was used as a means of land defence, as well as Moreover, the radar was also developed which in ships and planes during World War II.
Question 6. What were the effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world?
Answer: The effect of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world varied greatly.
[1] The effect of the railways was positive in imperialist countries e.g. Britain. The railways not only revolutionised the transport system, but it also spearheaded the industrial revolution in imperialist countries like Britain, France, Portugal and Spain.
[2] Railways provided better, cheaper, faster and easy means of transport; unified different areas and had a great impact on industries.
[3] Railways boosted activity in the construction and public works departments, provided employment, and accelerated trade and commerce.
[4] On the other hand, railways in countries like India resulted in further colonisation and underdevelopment of the economy.
[5] As a result of the introduction of railways, the colonisers were able to fully tap the untapped resources of the colonised country for raw materials and then send finished goods to the remote parts of the country.
Question 7. Why did the Industrial Revolution first start in Britain?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution first started in Britain due to the following reasons:
[1] Unlike other European countries such as France, Britain was politically stable with England, Wales and Scotland unified under a monarchy.
[2] Britain’s unrivalled power in overseas trade enabled the accumulation of vast profits, which provided the necessary capital for investment.
[3] In England Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Movement preceded Industrial Revolution. The landless farmers who migrated to towns in large numbers provided cheap abundant wage labour to work in factories.
[4] A single currency, common laws, a market not fragmented by local taxes, use of money as a medium of exchange, all worked to Britain’s advantage.
[5] Huge colonies in different parts of the world supplied raw materials for the industries and were ready markets for finished goods.
[6] The emergence of London as the centre of global trade.
[7] A good network of navigable rivers and an indented coastline enabled good and cheap modes of water transport.
[8] Natural resources like coal and the iron were available in plenty and technological inventions largely helped industrialisation.
Question 8. Why did industrialisation start late in France than in England?
Answer: While England was having rapid industrialisation France was lagging behind due to the following reasons:
[1] France was torn by revolution during the period 1789-1848. The socio-economic and political disorder was a major obstacle to industrialisation in France.
[2] Another hindrance to industrialisation was the non-availability of coal. Industrialisation made steady progress in the mid-eighteenth century when the coalfields were tapped.
[3] Another cause of late industrialisation was that France. suffered from a transport crisis. Raw materials could not be easily brought to the industrial towns for lack of transport, nor manufactured goods could be sent to the market.
[4] Moreover, the people of France had a medieval outlook. They had contempt for persons who earned money by their own labours, landholding and taking part in the administration were regarded as virtues. This medieval outlook of life was a hindrance to industrial growth.
[5] The industrialists of France were not encouraged by the rulers of France. Lack of capital, scarcity of coal, and undeveloped banking system slackened the process of industrialisation in France.
Question 9. Why did industrialisation start late in Germany?
Answer: Industrialisation started later in Germany than in other countries of Europe.
The reasons were:
[1] Germany was divided into numerous states which were often at war with each other. This political disunity slackened the growth of industrialisation in Germany.
[2] As the population in Germany did not increase tremendously there was a scarcity of cheap labour.
[3] When Napoleon of France conquered Germany the whole economic system of Germany broke down. Moreover, the banking system did not develop so as to help industrialisation.
[4] As there was not much demand of industrial goods in an agricultural country like Germany industries did not develop. As Germany had no colonies there was no opportunity of selling German goods in foreign markets.
[5] Both land and sea routes of Germany were underdeveloped. As a result there were great problems in the communication system.
Question 10. What were the steps taken by Bismarck to industrialise Germany?
Answer: Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany, took different steps to industrialise Germany.
These were:
[1] Reorganised the banking system in order to remove the scarcity of capital in Germany.
[2] He introduced a federal currency called Reichsmark, a standard tariff for internal trade and standard weights and measures which helped a lot in industrialisation.
[3] He granted protection to the developing German industries by imposing import tariffs on foreign goods. So German industries could quickly grow without competition from foreign manufacturers.
Question 11. What were the main constraints to industrialisation in Germany?
Answer: Industrialisation started rather late in Germany. This was due to many obstacles which Germany faced.
These obstacles were:
[1] Germany was divided into 39 states dominated by foreign powers. Each state followed its own tariff of export and import policies.
[2] Napoleonic wars had devastated Germany economically. Proper banking system did not develop. As a result there was a scarcity of capital necessary for industrialisation.
[3] Germany was mainly an agricultural country. As a result industrial goods were not in much demand in the market. Germany did not have colonies to sell her goods and from where she would draw raw materials and labour.
[4] The transport system in Germany was undeveloped. As a result transportation of goods from one place to another became difficult.
Question 12. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to colonial expansion?
Answer:
Industrial Revolution Lead To Colonial Expansion As Follows:-
As a result of the Industrial Revolution, huge quantities of finished goods were produced within a short time which was more than what was necessary for the domestic markets of the European countries. This ultimately led to the rise of colonial expansionism in the undeveloped countries of the world.
Industrialised countries like Britain, France and Germany found that their home markets were not enough to sell the huge production of the factories. So they sought new markets by capturing colonies where they could sell their finished goods. So they began to extend their colonial empire in industrially backward countries of Asia like India, China, Burma, Ceylon, Egypt and Congo.
Question 13. Explain why Indian industries declined in the 19th century.
Answer:
Indian Industries Declined In The 19th Century:-
The economic policies followed in India by the British were determined by the needs of the British economy which led to the ruin of Indian industries. The most destructive activity of the British in India was the deliberate ruin of native industries, especially traditional cottage industries.
The causes of the decline of Indian industries were:
[1] During the post-Industrial Revolution period, the Indian cotton textile industry and other indigenous industries like sugar, salt, pepper etc. were totally destroyed in the interests of the British capitalists and industrialists.
[2] The oppression of the craftsmen by the servants of the East India Company, high import duties and the restrictions imposed on the import of Indian goods into Britain and Europe led to the decline of Indian industries.
[3] Moreover, the influx of foreign goods into India after passing of the Charter Act of 1813, export of raw materials at cheap rates, absence of any inclination of protecting Indian industries on the part of the British government also led to the ruination of Indian industries. Indian nationalist historians describe this industrial decline in India as ‘deindustrialisation’.
Question 14. How was the life of the workers after the Industrial Revolution?
Answer:
Life Of The Workers After The Industrial Revolution:-
Evidence of British factory records reveals that the workers had miserable lives after the Industrial Revolution. The living conditions of the workers were far from satisfactory.
[1] The wages they were paid were extremely low.
[2] Their houses were in terrible slums and were dirty.
[3] The hours of their work were unlimited.
[4] They had to live in small rooms. child labourers
[5] Women and inhumanly treated. They were subjected to long monotonous hours of work in an unhealthy environments under strict discipline and cruel forms of punishment.
[6] The conditions in the mines were even worse. In the narrow passages, children pushed coal trucks along with the adults. They were paid meagre salaries.
[7] The crowded towns and damp factories were disastrous for the workers. This ruined their health. Several labourers were injured in the factories during working hours and these sick and injured workers were removed from their jobs and no compensation was paid to them.
Question 15. What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on different classes of women in society?
Answer: The Industrial Revolution had a varied impact on different classes of women in society.
[1] It made life of the women of upper and middle-class families more comfortable. These women had more time for leisure, entertainment, the pursuit of intellectual activities such as reading and writing of novels.
[2] Women from low-income families who were actively involved in domestic work and farms earlier sought employment in factories. They were employed by factory owners in large numbers and were mercilessly exploited. They worked for long hours and were paid very meagre wages.
[3] Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self-esteem from jobs but this was more than offset by the humiliating terms of work and the filthy urban slums that industrial work compelled them to live in.
Question 16. What is the ‘Peterloo Massacre’?
Answer:
Peterloo Massacre:-
In the early period of the Industrial Revolution the condition of the workers in factories was miserable. The worker’s organisations in England resorted to strikes and other forms of violence to improve their material conditions. The Tory government passed prohibitory acts against working-class meetings and denied them the right of Habeus Corpus. The workers could not be suppressed.
Thousands of workers started a march from Manchester towards the Parliament House in London in 1819 in order to put forward their demands they carried blankets on their shoulders for sleeping at night. This was ridiculed by Tory newspaper as ‘March of the Blanketeers’.
The army fired on these unarmed workers and killed eleven of them at St. Peters. Thousands of them were wounded. The press of London condemned this massacre and ridiculed it as the ‘Peterloo Massacre’, a name invented to rhyme with Waterloo. The government under pressure changed its attitude and withdrew the Combination Act and Anti-Trade Union Act.
Question 17. Give an account of the Chartist Movement in England.
Answer:
Chartist Movement In England:-
The Chartist Movement is an important chapter in the history of the working-class movement in England. The London Working Men’s Association was founded in 1836 by William Lovett. This organisation presented a large petition to the British Parliament which was known as the ‘People’s Charter’.
It said:
[1] Members of Parliament must be annually elected.
[2] There must be equal voting rights.
[3] Electoral areas must have equal populations.
[4] The property qualification for becoming a Member of Parliament should be abolished.
[5] Elected members of Parliament must be granted some allowances.
The association threatened the government that if the demands made in the Charter are rejected they will call a general strike all over the country and paralyse the government. The government tried to pacify the workers by passing a series of welfare acts in 1838. The Chartist movement left its influence and served as an inspiration to later workers’ movement.
Question 18. Write a short note on Robert Owen.
Answer:
Robert Owen:
Robert Owen was a socialist thinker. He upheld the view that capitalists should share a portion of his profit with his employee. He introduced a new doctrine known as ‘New Harmony.’ He believed that if the workers are satisfied and reasonably rewarded, they would work for the improvement of production in factories. He rejected any competition between employer and worker.
He himself was a factory owner. He introduced many benefits for his workers. The workers were given a share of his profit and received discounts when they bought things from the factory where they worked. The cooperative movement that he started spread over Britain and to other countries as well.
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution Mark True Or False
Question 1. The word Revolution means a change.
Answer: True
Question 2. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the second half of the 17th century.
Answer: False
Question 3. The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived.
Answer: True
Question 4. The Industrial Revolution made the Western nations rich and powerful.
Answer: True
Question 5. The Industrial Revolution gave birth to the factory system.
Answer: True
Question 6. The real beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Russia dates from 1871 after the Emancipation Statute of 1871 was passed.
Answer: False
Question 7. The Industrial Revolution came late in Britain.
Answer: False
Question 8. The most significant impact of the Industrial Revolution was on cotton textiles.
Answer: True
Question 9. The Industrial Revolution in England. brought about revolutionary changes in the method of production.
Answer: True
Question 10. Due to Industrial Revolution, cottage industries gained importance.
Answer: False
Question 11. Until the first half of the 20th century, things were made by people in their homes.
Answer: False
Question 12. After deindustrialisation India was transformed from an exporter to an importer.
Answer: True
Question 13. In 1835 in Liverpool (Germany) railway first started.
Answer: False
Question 14. General Ned Ludd gave leadership in the ‘Luddite riot’.
Answer: True
Question 15. Coal and iron are two important natural resources necessary for industrialisation.
Answer: True
Question 16. In England Agricultural Revolution and Enclosure Movement preceded Industrial Revolution.
Answer: True
Question 17. The most important economic event of the reign of Louis Philippe was the arrival in Paris of the railroad.
Answer: True
Question 18. Cartwright invented the Flying Shuttle in 1733.
Answer: False
Question 19. ‘Luddite riot’ was a protest movement of the aristocrats led by General Ned Ludd in Englad.
Answer: False
Question 20. Turnpike trusts were bodies set up for maintaining the principal roads in Britain.
Answer: True
Question 21. A Ghetto was an overcrowded urban slum where the factory workers lived in unhygienic conditions.
Answer: True
Question 22. Lenin founded the doctrine of scientific socialism.
Answer: False
Question 23. The Whigs Party supported the workers’ movement in England.
Answer: False
Question 24. The German Social Democratic Party was established in 1875
Answer: True
Question 25. Due to Industrial Revolution, economic equality was established between the factory owners and workers.
Answer: False
Question 26. Socialism does not admit of any private right or ownership in either capital or property.
Answer: True
Question 27. The Working Men’s Association of Germany presented a large petition to the Parliament known as the People’s Charter.
Answer: False
Question28. Karl Marx was the leader of the International Working Men’s Association.
Answer: True
Question 29. The Industrial Revolution started rather late in France due to the French Revolution.
Answer: True
Question 30. The industrialisation of Germany was hindered by Napoleonic warfare.
Answer: False
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution Fill In The Blanks
Question 1. The Bank of France established by ______(Louis Napoleon/Napoleon Bonaparte/Karl Marx) helped the process of industrialisation in France.
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte
Question 2.____(France/England/Germany) was known as the ‘workshop of the world’.
Answer: England
Question 3. _______(Lancashire/Norfolk/Birmingham) was the chief centre of the cotton industry.
Answer: Lancashire
Question 4. The real beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Germany was only after her unification in ________(1868/1869/1870).
Answer: 1870
Question 5. Kaiser William II was the emperor of __________(Austria/italy/Germany).
Answer: Germany
Question 6. _______ (Samuel Morse/Graham Bell/ Marconi) invented the telephone system.
Answer: Graham Bell
Question 7. ___________(James Watt/ Samuel Crompton/ Richard Arkwright) devised the system of using steam power to work machines.
Answer: James Watt
Question 8. The founder of the International Working men’s Association was________ (Stalin/Lenin/Karl Marx).
Answer: Karl Marx
Question 9. The famous Communist Manifesto was first published in__________(1830/1848/1849).
Answer: 1848
Question 10. The ________(Das Kapital/Communist Manifesto/Mein Kampf) is regarded as the ‘Bible of Socialism’.
Answer: Das Kapital
Question 11. __________(Communism/Communalism/Imperialism) was an important cause of the First World War.
Answer: Imperialism
Question 12. The ‘Grand Consolidated National Union’ was formed under the leadership of ________(Robert Owen/Wilfred Owen/Karl Marx).
Answer: Robert Owen
Question 13. The year of ‘Peterloo Massacre’ was _________ (1800/1812/1819).
Answer: 1819
Question 14. Auguste Blanqui used the term Industrial Revolution in ___________ (1847/1837/1857).
Answer: 1837
Question 15. England and Scotland was united in ___________ (1607/1707/1807).
Answer: 1707
Question 16._________(Karl Marx/Robert Owen/Lenin) said ‘Workers of the world unite.’
Answer: Lenin
Question 17.________(Robert Owen/Saint Simon/Engels) is known as the ‘Father of British Socialism’. Answers
Answer: Robert Owen
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic A Industrial Revolution Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. The Industrial Revolution started late in France.
1. Due to the July Revolution of 1830.
2. Due to the February Revolution of 1848.
3. Due to the Aristocratic Revolt in France.
Answer: 1. Due to the July Revolution of 1830.
Question 2. Industrial Revolution first started in England.
1. It was happened because of political and economic stability and national solidarity.
2. The people of England were educated.
3. There was demand of textile goods in England.
Answer: 1. It was happened because of political and economic stability and national solidarity.
Question 3. Industrial Revolution started rather late in Germany.
1. Germany was divided into numerous small states.
2. There was a lack of technical knowldege in Germany
3. Germany could not establish colonies in India.
Answer: 1. Germany was divided into numerous small states.
Question 4. During the Industrial Revolution people of the villages began to move to cities.
1. To take part in politics.
2. For education.
3. For employment.
Answer: 3. For employment.
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences
Question 1. What was Hobson’s view about The competition for the capture of colonies’ imperialism?
Answer: Hobson, an economic historian, theorised that capitalism led to imperialism which ultimately led to the First World War. According to him the industrialists of Britain, France and Germany accumulated an excessive amounts of capital.
These industrial capitalists forced their respective governments to establish colonies in order to have an abundant supply of raw materials and to invest surplus capital in the colonies. Capitalist governments of different countries entered into competition with each other to establish monopoly right on colonies which ultimately led to war.
Question 2. What was Lenin’s view about colonialism?
Answer:
Lenin’s View About Colonialism:-
Lenin in his pamphlet ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’ pointed out that in a capitalist economy the government has no control over the surplus production of goods. The industrial owners believe that they will earn more profits if they produce more.
When the market is full of goods there is no further demand for goods in the home market. In that case the industrial owners force the government to capture new colonies where they could get a monopoly market in order to sell surplus goods and also get cheap raw materials. The competition for the capture of colonies ultimately leads to imperialism.
Question 3. What is ‘drain of wealth’?
Answer:
Drain Of Wealth:-
The drain of wealth from India which started during the period following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 is an important feature of British imperialism. From the 18th century up to the middle of the 19th century, English East India Company and its servants collected a huge amount of wealth from India and sent the entire amount to England. This flow of wealth from India to England is known as the drain of wealth. Historians have observed that wealth was transferred from India to England in five ways,
These were:
[1] Presents.
[2] Collusive contracts.
[3] Private trade.
[4] Free merchants and
[5] Investment.
Question 4. What do you mean by ‘Plassey Plunder’?
Answer:
Plassey Plunder:-
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal and the English East India Company in which the English became victorious. The English victory marked the beginning of the plunder of Bengal’s economic resources.
The company extracted a sum of Rs. 17700000 from Mir Jafar as compensation and Robert Clive alone received over 2 million rupees from the new Nawab. During the post-Plassey period, the English drained so much of the wealth out of Bengal that her economy was completely shattered and this drain of wealth from Bengal is known as the ‘Plassey Plunder’.
Question 5. Write a note on Berlin Congress. e a note on B
Answer: The Eastern Question was not solved by the Crimean War (1854-56) and the Peace of Paris. During the nationalist movement in Bulgaria, the Turkish army killed many BulgariAnswer: Russia defeated Turkey and imposed the Treaty of San Stephano (1877) on Turkey.
England and other European powers opposed this Treaty of San Stephano. In the international conference convened at Berlin in 1878 known as Berlin Congress, Bismarck acted as President. The terms of the Treaty of San Stephano were altered and a new pact, Berlin Treaty (1878) was signed. According to it
[1] Serbia, Montenegro and Romania were declared free.
[2] Russia was given Bessarabia. She also got the provinces of Batum, Kars and Armenia.
[3] England got the island of Cyprus. England assured the safety of the Turkish empire.
[4] The Sultan of Turkey promised to grant full religious freedom.
[5] Serbia was to enjoy semi-independent status under nominal Turkish suzerainty.
[6] Moldavia and Wallachia were also to enjoy autonomy under nominal Turkish rule.
Question 6. What do you Chinese Melon’?
Answer:
Chinese Melon:-
In the mid-nineteenth century different European powers like Britain, France, and Russia made attempts to penetrate in to the Chinese empire. After 1860 the ambition of the European powers continued to grew. They now wanted more territories. In 1873 Russia, England and France obtained bases of territories or spheres of influence in China. Japan too followed their example and made war on China (1894-95) in which China was defeated.
The weakness of China stood more distinct than ever after her defeat at the hands of little-known Japan. This encouraged the western powers to make fresh bids for territorial gains in China. But it was soon found that the gains obtained by one power at China’s expense made other powers jealous. In other words, many powers wanted to cut China into slices, as if it were a melon. European powers like Britain, Russia, Germany and France were the main contenders for the partition of China.
Question 7. What is ‘Open Door Policy’?
Answer:
Open Door Policy:-
In the Sino-Japanese War (1894) China was defeated by Japan which inaugurated the process of dismemberment of China. Countries like Russia, Britain, France and Germany were the main contenders for the partition of China. Russia occupied North China and obtained permission to build a railway line. Germany landed an army in China and took possession of some important territories.
France acquired Kwangchow. Britain got Hong Kong and some concessions. Thus the economically important areas of China passed into foreign hands. At this juncture, Sir John Hay, the US Secretary of State, issued the famous Open Door Policy (1899) according to which no Chinese port was to be considered exclusive property of any particular foreign power.
Question 8. What is ‘Dreikaiserbund’?
Answer:
Dreikaiserbund:-
Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany, was eager to have friendly relations with different countries. He had a good relations with Austria but the problem was that the relations between Austria and Russia generally remained strained over to the Eastern Question. Therefore, Bismarck concluded a friendly alliance with Russia and Austria.
His chief aim was not only to secure the friendship of Russia but also to improve the relations between Austria and Russia. This alliance of three emperors of Germany, Austria and Russia is known as ‘Dreikaiserbund’. It was neither a definite treaty nor an alliance. It was only a compromise among the three emperors. It is also known as the ‘Three Emperors’ League’ (1873).
Question 9. Write a note on Entente Cordiale (1904).
Answer:
Entente Cordiale (1904):-
After concluding the Anglo-Japanese alliance in 1902 Britain turned towards France, the enemy of Germany. France also wanted Britain as her ally so that she could concentrate against Germany. In 1904 Britain and France reached a series of agreements. These agreements settled their old colonial disputes in Siam, Madagascar and West Africa, New Hebrides and fighting rights in Newfoundland.
Moreover, France recognised Egypt and Sudan as British spheres of influence. Britain recognised Morocco as the French sphere of influence, It was also decided that both England and France would recognise their spheres of influence. This Entente Cordiale (friendly agreement) was signed in 1904.
Question 10. What were ‘Triple Alliance’ and ‘Triple ripple Alliance’ an Entente’?
Answer: Before War World I, two opposite alliances developed due to Bismarck’s diplomacy. These two opposite alliances were-Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
[1] Triple Alliance (1882):
In 1879 Germany entered into an alliance with Austria- Hungary. In 1882 Italy joined Austria- German alliance. As a result, the alliance came to be known as the Triple Alliance.
[2] Triple Entente (1907):
German foreign policy changed after Bismarck’s death. Germany ignored Russia and so, Russia began to lean towards France. Meanwhile, England tried to enter into an alliance with Germany but failed. So, in 1904, England made an alliance with France. At last with the signing of the Anglo-Russian convention, the Triple Entente came into existence.
Question 11. To what extent did imperialist rivalry lead to the outbreak of the First World War?
Answer: Imperialist rivalry among different countries of Europe was an important cause of the outbreak of the First World War. The Industrial Revolution led to the production of huge surplus goods in various countries of Europe. The growth of industries and the accumulation of excess capital created the necessity of finding new markets and new areas for capital investment. The industrialists put pressure on the governments of their respective countries to adopt a policy of colonial expansion.
The industrially developed countries like England, France, Russia, Spain. and Portugal had already established their colonial empires in Asia and Africa. The Industrial Revolution came late to Germany but she became a highly industrially developed country during the reign of Kaiser William II.
The German industrialists pressed the German government to adopt an aggressive imperialist policy. Colonial rivalry among different countries compelled them to adopt a policy of aggressive imperialism. This was one of the causes for the outbreak of the First World War. Questions Marks 2
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism Mark True Or False
Question 1. By the 15th century, the British had several colonies all over the world.
Answer: False
Question 2. Africa is famous for its mines which are rich in gold, diamonds and rubies.
Answer: True
Question 3. In 1895 Ethiopia and Liberia were the only two independent countries in Africa.
Answer: True
Question 4. The Bank of France was recognised by the French emperor Napoleon III.
Answer: True
Question 5. By the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Hong Kong was ceded to the British.
Answer: False
Question 6. The weakness of China encouraged the western powers to make a territorial gain in China.
Answer: True
Question 7. Italy was one of the contending parties in the partition of China.
Answer: False
Question 8. In 1945 Mussolini attacked Ethiopia.
Answer: False
Question 9. Radar was used a means of land defence, as well as in ships and planes during World War II.
Answer: True
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism Fill In The Blanks
Question 1. After the opening of the Suez Canal in ________(1865/1868/1869) distance between China. and Europe reduced considerably.
Answer: 1869
Question 2. The dismemberment of _______ (Africa/China/ Indo-China) by the foreign powers is commonly known as ‘the cutting of the Chinese melon’.
Answer: China
Question 3. The First World War ended in ___________(1918/1919/1920).
Answer: 1918
Question 4. The Treaty of Nanking was signed between Britain and ___________(Japan/Chinna/France).
Answer: Chinna
Question 5. The Treaty of Tientsin was signed in___________(1860/1861/1863).
Answer: 1861
Question 6. Ethopia was formally annexed to Italy in _____________(1919/1936/1946).
Answer: 1936
Question 7. The Nawab of Bengal during the Battle of Plassey was ________(Mir Jafar/Mir Kasim/Siraj-ud-daula).
Answer: Siraj-ud-daula
Question 8. The Entente Cordiale was signed in ___________ (1904/1906/1908).
Answer: 1904
Question 9. The First Balkan War came to an end with the signing of the treaty of ________(London/Peking/Nanking).
Answer: London
Question 10. ___________(America/Africa/Australia) is called the ‘Dark Continent’.
Answer: Africa
Question 11. The English General in the Battle of Plassey was _________ (Arthur Wellesley/Vansittart/Robert Clive).
Answer: Robert Clive
Question 12. The direct cause of the First World War was ___________(Sarajevo murder/Morocco crisis/Agadir Crisis).
Answer: Sarajevo murder
Question 13. The ________(Portuguese/British/French) established their colony in Angola.
Answer: Portuguese
Question 14. Russia imposed the Treaty of San Stephano on ____________ (France/Turkey/China).
Answer: Turkey
Question 15. The English East India Company got the Dewani right in the year __________(1757/1764/1765).
Answer: 1765
Question 16. By the Treaty of Nanking China was forced to open ____________(Four/Five/Seven) ports to the foreigners.
Answer: Five
Question 17. Before the Treaty of Nanking (1842) foreigners could carry on trade only in the port of _________(Shanghai/Canton/Shantou).
Answer: Canton
Question 18. Algeria was the colony of ____________(Britain/ Italy/France).
Answer: France
Question 19. The jewel in the crown of the British empire was _________ (Africa/India/Togoland).
Answer: India
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic B Colonialism and Imperialism Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. Different countries of Europe adopted a policy of aggressive imperialism.
1. To establish colonies in different countries of Europe.
2. To conquer those countries.
3. To establish industries, mills and factories in those countries.
Answer: 3. To establish industries, mills and factories in those countries.
Question 2. France dug Suez Canal.
1. The purpose of digging the Suez canal was to establish dominance over Egypt.
2. Egypt asks France to dig the Suez Canal.
3. Communication with the East was facilitated through the Suez Canal.
Answer: 3. Communication with the East was facilitated through the Suez Canal.
Question 3. US secretary Sir John Hay issued the Open Door Policy.
1. As different European power established dominance over a different parts of China, America feared that it may not get a chance in China.
2. America felt that China needed to be kept open for everyone.
3. America wanted to bring China closer to Europe.
Answer: 1. As different European power established dominance over different part of China, America feared that it may not get a chance in China.
Question 4. Austria blamed Serbia for Sarajevo’s Assassination.
1. Serbia has directly involved assassination in this assassination.
2. Serbia had a good relations with Bosnian Serbs and Serbia supported the anti-Austrian movement.
3. The assassin was a Serb.
Answer: 2. Serbia had a good relation with Bosnian Serbs and Serbia supported the anti-Austrian movement.
Question 5. Serb terrorist Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian prince Ferdinand.
1. Austria captured Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2. Austria attacked Serbia.
3. Austria led the Slav movement.
Answer: 1. Austria captured Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic C Miscellaneous
Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions Answer in 7 to 8 sentences
Question 1. What were the reasons responsible for the non-entry of the Europeans in the try of the Eu African region?
Answer: Africa is a big continent. Before the 19th century it was famous in the world as the ‘Dark Continent’. Inspite of being very near to Europe, the Europeans had no knowledge of it.
The following reasons were responsible for the non-entry of the Europeans in the African region:
[1] The climate of Africa was uncongenial. Its geographical features were unfavourable. Most of the provinces of Africa were infertile except Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
[2] The desert of the Sahara which was in the north of Africa was extremely hot.
[3] There was a great scarcity of water and vegetables. Dense forests existed in the south of the Sahara
desert where fierce animals abounded.
[4] There were many marshy lands in Africa. A great number of streams were there which were the greatest hindrance to the means of communication.
Question 2. Why did socialism attain great popularity with the working class?
Answer:
Socialism Attain Great Popularity With The Working Class:-
The conflict and contradiction between the workers and capitalists led to frequent lockouts and strikes. It was under this condition that socialism took its birth. Socialism advocated the levelling of the difference between the poor and the rich by improving the condition of the workers.
It was after Karl Marx, the German philosopher that socialism became popular. In the ‘Communist Manifesto’, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels gave a clarion call to the workers of the world to unite and struggle to get their rights.
Later on Marx wrote ‘Das capital’ in which he talked about the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class, the class war, and labour theory of value and spoke in favour of the establishment of the socialist state. He asked the workers to remain united everywhere, take over the charge of government by force and establish a socialist state which would be run by the working class. This made a great appeal to the workers and socialism attained great popularity with the working class.
Chapter 4 Industrial Revolution, Colonialism And Imperialism Topic C Miscellaneous Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions
Match the columns
| 1. Column I | Column II |
| 1. Saint Simon | (A) Author of Das Capital |
| 2. Auguste Blanqul’ | (B) Invented the telegraph |
| 3. Karl Marx | (C) Utopian socialist |
| 4. Samuel Morse | (D) French economist |
Answer: 1.-c, 2.-D, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 2. Column I | Column II |
| 1. 1914 | (A) Telephone system invented |
| 2. 1876 | (B) Formation of Triple Alliance |
| 3. 1882 | (C) Formation of Triple Entente |
| 4. 1907 | (D) First World War started |
Answer: 1.-D, 2.-A, 3.-B, 4.-C
| 3. Column 1 | Column II |
| 1. Sarajevo | (A) A Terrorist organisation |
| 2. German submarine | (B) Heir to Austrian Throne |
| 3. Archduke Francis Ferdinand | (C) Bosnia |
| 4. Black Hand | (D) U-boat |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-D, 3.-B, 4.-A
| 4. Column 1 | Column II |
| 1. Robert Owen | (A) Spinning Jenny |
| 2. Samuel Crompton | (B) Waterframe |
| 3. Richard Arkwright | (C) Invented the steamship |
| 4. Robert Fulton | (D) Cooperative movement |
Answer: 1.-D, 2.-A, 3.-B, 4.-C
| 5. Column 1 | Column II |
| 1. Britain | (A) Producer of rubber |
| 2. Michigan | (B) Rich coal field |
| 3. Brazil | (C) Mistress of the seas |
| 4. Belgium | (D) Iron ore deposit |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-D, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 6. Column 1 | Column II |
| 1. Industrial Revolution first started | (A) Germany |
| 2. British colony | (B) England |
| 3. Zollverein | (C) India |
| 4. Serfdom | (D) Russia |
Answer: 1.-B, 2.-C, 3.-A, 4.-D
| 7. Column I | Column II |
| 1. Algeria | (A) British Colony |
| 2. Indonesia | (B) Spain Colony |
| 3. Malay | (C) Portuguese Colony |
| 4. Philippines | (D)French Colony |
Answer: 1.-D, 2.-C, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 8. Column I | Column II |
| 1. 1873 | (A) Triple Entente |
| 2. 1882 | (B) Triple Alliance |
| 3. 1904 | (C) Dreikaiserbund |
| 4. 1907 | (D) Entente Cordiale |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-B, 3.-D, 4.-A
| 9. Column I | Column II |
| 1. Drain of wealth | (A) 1894-95 |
| 2. Manchu Government | (B) 1936 |
| 3. Sino-Japanese | (C) PrivateTrade |
| 4. Ethiopia annexed | (D) China |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-D, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 10. Column I | Column II |
| 1. Canton | (A) Germany |
| 2. Zollverein | (B) Emperor of Ethiopia |
| 3. League of Nations | (C) China |
| 4. Haile Selassie | (D) Peace Organisation |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-B
| 11. Column I | Column II |
| 1. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism | (A) John Hay |
| 2. White Man’s Burden | (B) Lenin |
| 3. King of Belgium | (C) Kipling |
| 4. Open Door Policy | (D) Leopold II |
Answer: 1.-B, 2.-C, 3.-D, 4.-A
