WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives From Mid 19th Century To The Early 20th Century Characteristics And Observations

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Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Salient Points At A Glance

1. The cause of Indian nationalism was largely promoted by the Indian press. The first newspaper in India was started by James Augustus Hicky. To the Serampore Missionary goes the credit for publishing the first Bengali monthly, ‘Digdarshan’.

2. In 1818, there appeared ‘Samachar Darpan’ with J C Marshman as its editor. Several other newspapers were published during this period. Among them, mention may be made of ‘Sambad Kaumudi’, ‘Samachar Chandrika’, ‘Sambad Prabhakar’, ‘Jnananweshan’, ‘Sambad Bhaskar’, ‘Saptahik Bartabaha’ etc. These newspapers helped in spreading knowledge and awareness among the people.

3. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of India were largely illiterate. With the introduction of the printing of textbooks, the dissemination of knowledge became easy. The Baptist Mission Press started to print books in Bengali and other provincial languages. In 1800, Lord Wellesley founded Fort William College to give training to the newly recruited young civilians in India.

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4. Upendrakishore Raychowdhury was a pioneer of the printing industry. He is remembered in India and abroad for the new method he developed for printing both books and photographs in black and white as well as in color. In 1913, he started one of the best publishing houses at Garpar in North Calcutta. He invented several techniques related to halftone block making.

5. During this phase, research was also carried on in different fields of science. Mahendralal Sircar established the ‘Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science’. In this context, the name ‘Basu Bigyan Mandir’, which is a research institute in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Plant Biology, and Bioinformatics, might be mentioned. The ‘University College of Science and Technology’ also deserves to be mentioned here.

6. Towards the end of the 19th century, the nationalists felt that since the existing system of education was inadequate, the ‘National Educational Institution’ could not meet the educational needs of the society. So the ‘National Council of Education’ was founded with the objective of organizing an elaborate system of education on national lines and under national control.

7. Another group of educationists set up the ‘Society for Promotion of Technical Education in Bengal’, whose objective was to promote technical education among the masses.

8. Rabindranath’s ideas of education materialized through his ashram school at Santiniketan. Teaching-learning in Santiniketan was conducted under the open sky because Rabindranath himself disliked keeping students confined within four walls of a classroom. Pupils participated in various forms of creative activities and social development schemes for spiritual and social development.

9. Rabindranath wanted to harmonize and integrate Eastern and Western cultures at ‘Visva Bharati’. According to him, “the foundation of the relationship in which awaits dissemination all over the world will be established here.” While explaining the aims and functions of the institution, he said that being strongly impressed by need and responsibility, he had formed a nucleus of an International University for the promotion of mutual understanding between the East and the West.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic A Development Of Printing Press In Bengal Analytical Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Who was James Augustus Hicky? Why were several prosecutions instituted against him?
Answer:

James Augustus Hicky:

James Augustus Hicky is called the ‘Father of Indian Journalism’. He was a printer in the East India Company.
Hicky started the first newspaper in India. It was started in 1780 and was published in Calcutta. This paper called the ‘Bengal Gazette’ or the ‘Original Calcutta General Advertiser’, was popularly known as ‘Hicky’s Gazette’. Its motto was “Weekly political and commercial paper, open to all parties, but influenced by none.”

‘Hicky’s Gazette’ was a medium of exposing scandals among the company’s employees. It exposed the exploitative methods of accumulation of vast wealth by British traders. The life of the European community in Calcutta, their scandals, and their duels, were fully exposed in this newspaper. It incurred the displeasure of Warren Hastings and several prosecutions were instituted against Hicky thus the paper failed to survive.

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Question 2 Write a short note on Fort William College.
Answer:

Fort William College:

Fort William College was founded in 1800 by Lord Wellesley to give training to the newly recruited young civilians in India. These young civilians were generally ignorant of Indian affairs. The East India Company’s government felt the need to train administrators in Indian languages and law as well as European literature and philosophy to work efficiently.

A number of eminent scholars like Carey, Matthew Lumsden, Mrityunjay Vidyalankar, Tarini Charan Mitra, and others contributed to the development of the Indian language and literature. Thousands of books were translated from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu in English at this institution. The college employed more than one hundred local linguists to meet its purposes.

Question 3 How did Serampore Mission Press become a pioneer in the printing press?
Answer:

Serampore Mission Press become a pioneer in the printing press:

Christian missionaries from Denmark, established several printing presses in Serampore, due to various reasons. It added to the pride of the East.

[1] Establishment of the printing press: A Christian missionary, William Carey, established a printing press in Serampore, which was Asia’s largest and one of the best printing presses in the world.

[2] Release of the translation: Different ancient texts like the Bible, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata etc., were translated and published in several languages such as Bengali, Hindi, Marathi and so on.

[3] Other works related to printing: Other than translation, academic books for Fort William College, Ramram Bose’s ‘Pratapaditya Charitra’ and several other newspapers were also published from these printing press.

[4] Imparting education: Under the initiative of William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward, from the Serampore mission, mass education flourished. More than 2 lakh books were published in about 40 languages, in this printing press, between 1801-1832. They played a very important role in spreading education about culture and science.

[5] Privileges to the poor students: Since a large number of books were printed from these printing presses, they were available to the poor students, at a cheaper price or even free of cost. Thus, they were no longer deprived of gaining knowledge and wisdom.

Question 4 What was the role of Serampore Mission Press in the spread of mass education in Bengal?
Answer:

The role of Serampore Mission Press in the spread of mass education in Bengal:

William Carey, an eminent Baptist missionary and linguist, established a printing press in Serampore in 1800. The books printed by this press were available to the common people at low prices and this helped in the spread of mass education in Bengal.

[1] Translations in Bengali: Various works of translation were published by the Serampore printing press. The most important works were the Bible translated under the supervision of Carey, the Ramayana, and the Mahabharata under the initiative of Ramram Basu and Mrityunjay Vidyalankar, and Bengali translations of ancient Indian literature.

[2] Bengali prose: The Serampore Missionary Press played an important role in the development of Bengali prose. The most significant part was played by William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward. Thus Bengali literature could reach the masses smoothly.

[3] Publication of textbooks: The Serampore Missionary Press published a number of textbooks for the benefit of the students. The Calcutta School Book Society was established in Calcutta in 1817 to make these books cheaply available to the students. In 1818 the Calcutta School Book Society distributed thousands of textbooks published by the Serampore press among the students.

[4] Spread of mass education: The various translation works, Bengali literary works, and textbooks were made cheaply available to the readers and students by the Serampore press. As a result mass education spread all over Bengal.

Question 5 Discuss the foundation and development of the modern printing press in Bengal.
Answer:

The foundation and development of the modern printing press in Bengal:

The European Christian missionaries set up a modern printing press in Bengal towards the end of the 18th century. By the next century, a number of printing presses were established in different parts of Bengal.

[1] Primary initiative: The first printing press was established in Calcutta in 1777 by James Augustus Hicky. In the following year, the East India Company official, Charles Wilkins, established another one at Chinsurah in Hooghly. The East India Company also founded its own press in Calcutta in 1779.

[2] Subsequent initiatives: The Christian missionaries founded a printing press at Serampore in 1800 which soon turned out to be the largest press in Asia. After that, some press was established in Calcutta under the foreign initiative.

[3] An initiative of Bengalis: The first press was established in Calcutta in 1816 under the initiative of Bengalis. The founder was Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya. After that, some other Bengalis also came forward to get books and journals published through their own press.

[4] Press in East Bengal: The first printing press in East Bengal was ‘Barttabaha Jantra’ which was set up in Rangpur in 1847. After that Dacca Press was founded in Dacca in 1856 under the initiative of Alexander Forbes. Another press was established in Dacca in 1860. It was followed by one in Faridpur which was published in the journal ‘Amrita Bazar Patrika’

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Question 6 What was the role of the printing press in imparting education in Bengal during British rule?
Answer:

The role of the printing press in imparting education in Bengal during British rule:

The printing press established in the late 18th century, played a major role in imparting education throughout Bengal.

[1] Academic books: Several academic books of different schools and colleges were printed in these presses. The subjects dealt with in these books included literature, mathematics, science, history, geography, etc. The low prices of these books also ensured that they reached the students in rural areas of Bengal and thus these books gained much popularity.

[2] Other books: After the establishment of the press in Bengal, translations of the Bible, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and other ancient texts in Bengali were published. Besides, several research papers were also published. These easily reached the common masses of Bengal.

[3] Newspapers and journals: Several newspapers and journals in Bengali and English were published from these printing press. Apart from daily news, several informative articles were also published in these papers.

[4] New educational institutions: In order to write textbooks for the students, and hand it over to them at low prices or free of cost, the Calcutta School Book Society was set up in 1817. In 1818, after the Calcutta School Society was set up, several schools were established under it. Thus, the education system in Bengal improved.

Question 7 Explain the relationship between printed books and the spread of education.
Answer:

The relationship between printed books and the spread of education:

During the 18th and 19th centuries people of India were largely illiterate. With the introduction of printed books dissemination of knowledge became easy.

[1] Printed books were cheaper than handwritten books and the public could afford to buy printed books which helped in the dissemination of knowledge.

[2] The Bible, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and other Indian literary works, as well as various textbooks, were printed and translated in several languages such as Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, and so on. These translated books were made available to the people even in rural areas.

[3] Newspapers were printed and published, which helped in the dissemination of education among students and even among women.

[4] Cheaply printed books were made available to the students which helped in the spread of education among them.

[5] Literacy spread as more people were able to read in their mother tongue.

Question 8 Discuss the development of modern Bengali script in printing work.
Answer:

The development of modern Bengali script in printing work:

Towards the end of the 18th century the establishment and development of the printing press as well as the publication of different books in Bengali began under the initiative of Christian missionaries. For this reason, the modern Bengali script emerged and also underwent several modifications.

[1] An initiative of Charles Wilkins: Charles Wilkins, a British East India Company official, set up a printing press at Chinsurah in Hooghly in 1778. He designed a Bengali script, a style of letters, for the first time with the purpose of printing. However, those letters were quite simple and of inferior quality.

[2] An initiative of Panchanan Karmakar: Panchanan Karmakar, a skillful goldsmith, designed a more developed set of letters for typing in Bengali. He is called the ‘Father of Bengali Typewriting’. Serampore Mission Press used his designs to publish their Bengali books.

[3] An initiative of Suresh Chandra Majumdar: After Panchanan Karmakar, the letters of Bengali typewriting were further developed by Suresh Chandra Majumdar. He devised a set of letters known as ‘linotype’ which was a highly developed design of letters.

[4] An initiative of Manohar Karmakar: Panchanan Karmakar had taught his son-in-law Manohar Karmakar the art of making Bengali type. Manohar showed great skill in this field and developed it further.

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Question 9 Why was the Vernacular Press Act introduced? What were its provisions?
Answer:

The Vernacular Press Act:

The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 during the viceroyalty of Lord Lytton. The British rulers in India held the vernacular press responsible for spreading critical nationalist spirit among the readers. Vernacular papers like ‘Yugantar’, ‘Bangabasi’, ‘Kaal’, and the ‘Kesari’ made criticisms of the moderate program of prayer, petition, and protest.

Vernacular press preached the need for active movement in order to obtain freedom from the British. The constant attacks of the native press on the government’s policies and actions led Lord Lytton to pass the Vernacular Press Act. The Act was introduced to suppress the growing criticism of the British government.

The Vernacular Press Act laid down that the publishers and printers of papers in Indian languages must not publish any matter which may induce the reader to form an anti-British opinion. They were required to give an undertaking that they would not publish any matter that is likely to cause hatred against the British and the law also provided for imposition of heavy fines.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas Lord Lytton

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic A Development Of Printing Press In Bengal Mark True Or False

Question 1. ‘Doutrina Christa’ was printed in Tamil Malayalam.
Answer: True

Question 2. East India Company established a printing press in Hooghly in 1779.
Answer: True

Question 3. ‘Bengal Gazette’ was published in Bengali.
Answer: False

Question 4. ‘A Grammar of the Bengali Language’ was first printed in Hooghly from the printing press of John Andrews.
Answer: True

Question 5. Hicky’s ‘Bengal Gazette’ is regarded as the first newspaper in India.
Answer: True

Question 6. James Augustus Hicky set up his printing press in Bengal in 1870.
Answer: False

Question 7. Rigid press censorship was imposed by Cornwallis in 1799.
Answer: False

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Question 8. ‘Sambad Prabhakar’ is the first weekly newspaper published in 1818 in Bengali.
Answer: False

Question 9. Adam’s Press Regulations were repealed in 1827.
Answer: True

Question 10. ‘Sambad Prabhakar’ is the first vernacular weekly paper run by Indians.
Answer: False

Question 11. ‘Samachar Sudhabarsan’ was charged before the Supreme Court for publishing seditious articles.
Answer: True

Question 12. Upendrakishore Raychowdhury was the first to attempt color printing and the art of modern block-making in India.
Answer: True

Question 13. In Bengal linotype was introduced by Vidyasagar.
Answer: False

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic A Development Of Printing Press In Bengal Fill In The Blanks

1. ‘Compendio Espiritual Da Vida Christa’ was printed in 1561 (1561/1516/1651).
2. A Baptist Mission in Serampore was established in 1800 (1784/1807/1800).
3. Bengal Gazette of Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya was a weekly (weekly/ monthly/bimonthly) newspaper published in 1818.
4. Adam’s Press Regulations (1823) were repealed by Charles Metcalfe (Charles Metcalfe/ Cornwallis/Wellesley).
5. The ‘Sambad Prabhakar’ edited by Iswar Chandra Gupta, became a daily on June 14, 1839 (June 14, 1839/January 14, 1839/June 14, 1893).
6. ‘Sambad Prabhakar’, the first vernacular paper run by Indians, was a daily (daily/ weekly/bimonthly) paper.
7. Fort William College was founded in Calcutta (Calcutta/Serampore/Burdwan).
8. In Calcutta, the first Bengali who established a press was Baboo Ram (Baboo Ram/ Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya/Iswar Chandra Gupta).
9. The Vernacular Press Act (1878) was repealed by Lord Ripon (Lord Ripon/Lord Lytton/ Lord Hastings).
10. Upendrakishore Raychowdhury was a famous writer (doctor/writer/teacher).
11. The Serampore Press became famous as the largest printing press in Asia (Asia/Bengal/ Goa).
12. Johannes Gutenburg (James Augustus Hicky/Johannes Gutenburg/William Carey) is known as the ‘Father of Printing Press’.
13. The Calcutta School Book Society was established in Calcutta in 1817 (1818/1816/1817).

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic A Development Of Printing Press In Bengal Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 The missionaries of Serampore had limited success in publishing English and Bengali books because
1. They faced financial problems.
2. They failed to establish enough presses for publishing books.
3. Their only desire was to Christianise the people of the country.

Answer: 3. Their only desire was to Christianise the people of the country.

Question 2 Many Indian papers were charged before the Supreme Court
1. For criticizing the British Government.
2. For publishing seditious articles.
3. For spreading nationalism among the Indians.

Answer: 2. For publishing seditious articles.

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Question 3 Halhead wrote his Bengali Grammar to teach the Bengali Language to British officials.
1. As the British Officials in India liked the Bengali language and literature.
2. As knowledge of Bengali was essential for their promotion.
3. As it was essential for the British officials to know the Bengali language in order to carry out commerce and administration in this country.

Answer: 3. As it was essential for the British officials to know the Bengali language in order to carry out commerce and administration in this country.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic B Development Of Science And Technical Education In Bengali Analytical Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write what you know about the development of scientific and technical education in colonial Bengal.
Answer:

The development of scientific and technical education in colonial Bengal:

Prior to the establishment of Brtish rule in Bengal, there was no provision for western education which included modern science and technology. Modern scientific and technical education began to develop in Bengal in the 19th century.

[1] The spread of Western education: Modern Western education spread all over Bengal during colonial rule. This helped to acquaint the students with the modern science and technology of the west. In this way, a backdrop for the development of modern scientific and technical education was created in Bengal.

[2] Primary initiative: One of the first and foremost institutions for the cultivation of modern science in Bengal was the ‘Asiatic Society’ founded by Sir William Jones in 1784. This society published different research papers on science in its magazine. Moreover, the famous chemist John Mackay began to teach chemistry at Serampore College in 1821.

[3] Science institutes: Science institutes grew up during the colonial period under the initiative of the British government and some eminent Bengalis to impart modern scientific education. In this context, some institutes that deserve special mention are the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta Science College, Bose Institute, National Education Council, etc.

[4] Technical institutes: Along with the progress of science in Bengal, some educational institutions also grew up to impart technical education. Such institutes include Roorkee Engineering College (1847), Calcutta Engineering College (1856), Association for the Advancement of Scientific and Industrial Education, Calcutta (1903), Jadavpur Engineering College (1906), Bengal Technical Institute, etc,.

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Question 2 Discuss the contribution of Bengal Technical Institute in the spread of technical education.
Answer:

The contribution of Bengal Technical Institute in the spread of technical education:

Bengal Technical Institute was established by Taraknath Palit in Calcutta in 1905 when the Swadeshi Movement started against the partition of Bengal.

Its contributions towards the spread of technical education are as follows-

[1] Initiative for national education: During the Swadeshi Movement, an attempt was made to establish a national system of education as an alternative to the education system of the British government. One of the objectives of national education was the spread of indigenous technical education. So Taraknath Palit, an Indian lawyer, founded the Bengal Technical Institute in Calcutta on July 25, 1906.

[2] Association with other institutes: In order to spread the indigenous system of education, Bengal Technical Institute merged with Bengal National College in 1910 and formed the Bengal National College and Technical School. This joint institution was renamed the College of Engineering and Technology (CET) in 1928.

[3] Activities: After the merging of the institutions, arrangements were made for the cultivation of various subjects like Physics, Chemical Technology, Industrial Technology etc., besides the disciplines of Humanities. As a result, several educated Bengalee youths could receive technical education and become self-dependent.

[4] Journals: The students of the College of Engineering and Technology, published a journal named ‘Tech’. They dedicated the first edition of this journal to those who had dreamt of national education during the age of the Swadeshi Movement.

Question 3 What led to the foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute?
Answer:

The foundation of the Bengal Technical Institute:

The National Council of Education was established in 1906. There was a difference of opinion among its members regarding the nature of education to be imparted. The majority group wanted to impart literary, scientific, and technical education on nationalist lines and under national control.

However, the minority group within the National Council of Education wanted to emphasize technical education. They decided to set up a rival institution known as the Society for the Promotion of Technical Education in Bengal. Taraknath Palit set it up in his own house (92, Upper Circular Road) and donated 4 lakh rupees for this purpose.

The first Principal of this institute was Pramatha Nath Basu and the first President was Rashbehari Ghosh. The objective of the institute was to promote technical education among the masses and to make the younger generation more interested in technical education.

Question 4 Write a note on the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science.
Answer:

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science:

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science was established in 1867 by Mahendralal Sircar. It is one of India’s leading scientific institutions. It was the first national science association in India. Mahendralal realized that to achieve economic prosperity and hasten social change, it is necessary that Indians must cultivate science.

Thus he planned for an association that would be funded, run, and managed by native Indians. Many citizens of Calcutta contributed enthusiastically and Mahendralal, along with Father Eugene Lafont, inaugurated the association at 210, Bowbazar Street, Calcutta. Later on, its location was changed to Jadavpur. Dr. Sircar was the secretary and eminent persons like K C Sen and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar were its trustees.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas The Indian Association for Cultivation of Science

Basic departments such as Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biology, and Spectroscopy were established. The teachers included Eugene Lafort, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Ashutosh Mukherjee, Nilratan Sirker, and others. Many scientists like K S Krishnan (Magnetism) and Meghnad Saha (Astrophysics) worked here.

This institute is engaged in fundamental research in various branches of science. Lectures and demonstrations are arranged regularly for the public to popularise science. Nobel laureate CV Raman did his groundbreaking work on the Raman Effect in this institution.

Question 5 What was the contribution of Mahendralal Sircar in the cultivation of science in Bengal?
Answer:

The contribution of Mahendralal Sircar in the cultivation of science in Bengal:

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science was established in 1867 by Mahendralal Sircar. It is one of the leading scientific institutions of India. It was the first national science association in India.

Mahendralal realized that to achieve economic prosperity and hasten social change, it is necessary that Indians must cultivate science. Basic departments such as Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biology, and Spectroscopy were established. This institute is engaged in fundamental research in various branches of science. Lectures and demonstrations are arranged regularly for the public to popularise science.

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Question 6 What part did Jagadish Chandra Bose play in the development of scientific study in Bengal?
Answer:

Bose Institute is a research institute in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Plant Biology, Microbiology, Biophysics, Animal Physiology, Immunotechnology, Bioinformatics, and Environmental Science. It was established in 1917 by Jagadish Chandra Bose at Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Rajabazar, West Bengal.

After its foundation, a managing committee was formed, consisting of members like Rabindranath, Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, Nilratan Sircar, Bhupendranath Basu, Sudhangshumohan Basu, Satishranjan Das, Abala Basu and Jagadish Chandra himself. The aim of the institute is the development of science and the spread of scientific education.

While inaugurating the institute, Jagadish Chandra said, “I dedicate today this institute, not merely a laboratory but a temple. The advance of science is the principal object of this institution and also diffusion of knowledge.”

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas Jagadish Chandra Bose

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic B Development Of Science And Technical Education In Bengali Mark True Or False

Question 1. An association for the spread of technical education was formed in Calcutta in 1804.
Answer: False

Question 2. The Bengal Technical Institute was founded on July 25, 1906.
Answer: True

Question 3. Prasanna Kumar Ghosh first made a cycle and rickshaw in Calcutta.
Answer: True

Question 4. Bipin Behari Das first made a complete motor car in India.
Answer: True

Question 5. Shibchandra Nandi is known as the first Indian engineer.
Answer: False

Question 6. Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose was a teacher at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science.
Answer: True

Question 7. CV Raman was a teacher at Ballygunge Science College.
Answer: False

Question 8. The Bose Institute has three campuses at present.
Answer: True

Question 9. Basu Bigyan Mandir has been officially named Rashbehari Siksha Prangan.
Answer: False

Question 10. In 1910 Bengal National College was amalgamated to Bengal Technical Institute. 11. The full form of CET is the Centre of Engineering and Technology.
Answer: True

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic B Development Of Science And Technical Education In Bengali Fill In The Blanks

1. School of Industrial Art was set up in 1854 (1854/1855/1845).
2. The Indian Chemical Society was established in 1924 (1824/1842/1924).
3. A technical college was established in Jadavpur in 1907 (1901/1907/1917) for the spread of technical education.
4. The first Principal of the Bengal Technical Institute was Pramatha Nath Basu (Rashbehari Ghosh/ Pramatha Nath Basu/Subodh Mallik).
5. Urea stibine, a medicine of kala-azar was invented by Upendranath Brahmachari (Upendranath Brahmachari/Debendra Mohan Basu/Jagadish Chandra Bose).
6. The Rajabazar Science College was founded by Ashutosh Mukherjee (Ashutosh Mukherjee/Rashbehari Ghosh/Taraknath Palit/C V Raman).
7. Indian Institute of Science was founded in 1909 (1908/1909/1911).
8. Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science was patronized by Surendranath Banerjee (Vidyasagar/Upendra Kishore Raychowdhury/Surendranath Banerjee).
9. Meghnad Saha (Prafulla Chandra Roy/Meghnad Saha/ Satyendranath Bose) was an active member of the National Planning Committee constituted by the Indian National Congress in 1938.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic B Development Of Science And Technical Education In Bengali Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 The aim of Bose Institute is
1. The development of science.
2. The development of science and the spread of scientific education.
3. To encourage scientific research.

Answer: 2. The development of science and the spread of scientific education.

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Question 2 Bengal Technical Institute was established in Calcutta in 1905.
1. It grew up during the colonial rule in Bengal for the cultivation of science and development of science education.
2. Its objective was to spread indigenous technical education as an alternative to the education system of the British government.
3. It grew up under the initiative of the British government to publish research. papers on science.

Answer: 2. Its objective was to spread indigenous technical education as an alternative to the education system of the British government.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives From Mid-19th Centur Characteristics And Observations Topic C Criticism Of The Colonial System Of Education And Visca-Bharati Analytical Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What was the role of Dawn society in national education?
Answer:

The role of Dawn society in national education:

The Dawn Society was established in 1902 by Satish Chandra Mukherjee. It derived inspiration from the Swadeshi spirit. Satish Chandra’s work of establishing the society was supported by eminent persons of Bengal.

The members of the society included noted intellectuals of Bengal including Rabindranath Tagore, Rajendra Prasad, Raja Subodh Chandra Mallick, Aurobindo Ghosh, Brajendra Kishore Roychoudhury, Radha Kumud Mukherjee, and others.

The society sought to promote national education for man-making and nation-building. Its curriculum included economics, political science, history, geography, science, and technology. The work of the society saw the founding of the National Council of Education in 1905.

Question 2 Explain Rabindranath’s view on the synthesis of nature, man, and education.
Answer:

Rabindranath’s view on the synthesis of nature, man, and education:

According to Rabindranath a child is born in a natural environment and he is also born in a social environment. A method that can integrate these two in education should be selected.

He believed that society and nature around would help in educating children better. He believed that in an ideal method of teaching, there must be active communication between man and nature. The pupils of the school should be allowed to enjoy enough freedom. They should be allowed to move about freely on the school campus according to their own will and play as they like.

The teaching-learning should be conducted under the open sky and he himself disliked keeping students confined within the classroom. He believed that the relationship between a teacher and a pupil should be as close as that of the ancient ashram period and based on mutual respect.

Question 3 With what aim was Sriniketan established?
Answer:

Rabindranath Tagore’s dream project was Sriniketan, near Santiniketan. It was established by Tagore in 1922. Its aim was to develop a better life for the people of the village by educating them to be self-reliant. It focussed on agriculture and rural development with the cooperative efforts of the villagers themselves.

Its objective was to help the villagers to solve their own problems instead of accepting a solution being imposed on them from outside. The Institute of Rural Reconstruction was Tagore’s attempt to put to work his ideas about village reform. It is now a big hub of rural development projects.

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Question 4 What were the objectives of the National Council of Education? How far was it successful?
Answer:

Rabindranath’s view on the synthesis of nature, man, and education:

The National Council of Education was founded in 1906. The Swadeshi Movement started against the Partition of Bengal (1905) and this swadeshi spirit helped the growth of national education. The nationalists felt that the existing system of education was inadequate since the national educational institutions could meet the educational needs of society.

The nationalists favored the establishment of educational institutions where literary, technical, and scientific education could be imparted to the students. Thus, the National Council of Education was successfully founded with the objective of organizing an elaborate system of education on national lines and under national control.

The National Council of Education, in the course of the next two years, set up 25 secondary and 300 primary schools affiliated with it. However, the lack of funds and measures of repression adopted by the government proved to be serious obstacles in the way of the smooth running of these institutions. As a result, the indigenous system of education did not work well and many students returned to British- run schools and colleges.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic C Criticism Of The Colonial System Of Education And Visca-Bharati  Mark True Or False

Question 1. Rabindranath Tagore founded his own. school at Santiniketan in 1901.
Answer: True

Question 2. The students of Brahmacharyasram did not have any fixed curriculum.
Answer: True

Question 3. The object of Visva-Bharati was to synthesize the cultures of the East and the West.
Answer: True

Question 4. Visva-Bharati University was given the status of a central university in 1956.
Answer: False

Question 5. Visva-Bharati is a non-residential university.
Answer: False

Question 6. According to Rabindranath a student confined within the four walls of a classroom was nothing more than a bird in a cage.
Answer: True

Question 7. Calcutta University was ironically called ‘Goldighir Golam Khana’.
Answer: True

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic C Criticism Of The Colonial System Of Education And Visca-Bharati Fill In The Blanks

1. The Jadavpur University Act was enacted in 1955 (1955/1956/1965).
2. The first national school was established in Rangpur (Dacca/Rangpur/Khulna).
3. Sriniketan was established by Rabindranath Tagore (Aurobindo Ghosh/Rabindranath Tagore/ Satish Chandra Mukherjee).
4. Indira Gandhi (Subodh Mallick/Nagendranath Ganguly/Indira Gandhi) was a student of Visva-Bharati University.
5. Vishva-Bharati University is located in Birbhum (Burdwan/Birbhum/Berhampore).

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Topic C Criticism Of The Colonial System Of Education And Visca-Bharati  Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 The objective of setting up the National Council of Education was
1. To challenge the British rule over education and to educate the people on national lines and under national control.
2. To make rules and regulations.
3. To provide teacher’s training to freshers.

Answer: 1. To challenge the British rule over education and to educate the people on national lines and under national control.

Question 2 The National Council of Education was founded with the objective of
1. Organizing an elaborate system of education.
2. Promoting technical education.
3. Promotion of education on national lines and under national control.

Answer: 3. Promotion of education on national lines and under national control.

Question 3 The Dawn society established by Satish Chandra Mukherjee was supported by the eminent leaders of Bengal.
1. It focused on agriculture and rural development.
2. It sought to promote national education for man-making and nation-building.
3. It supported the colonial system of education.

Answer: 2. It sought to promote national education for man-making and nation-building.

Question 4 Rabindranath did not like the colonial system of education.
1. Because this system was expensive.
2. Because the medium of instruction in this system of education was the mother tongue.
3. Because it did not lead to the mental development of the learner.

Answer: 3. Because it did not lead to the mental development of the learner.

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives From Mid-19th Century To The Early 20th Century Characteristics And Observations Topic D Miscellaneous

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Press of Sir Lebentar Saheb (A) Mirzapur
(2) Press of Mushi Hedafullah (B) Shakhari Tota
(3) Press of Srimanta Ray (C) Bowbazar
(4) Press of Badan Palit (D) Arpuli painting

 

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Johm Gilchrist and William Hunter (A) Press at Pataldanga
(2) Matthew Lumsden (B) Hindusthani Press
(3) Baboo Ram (C) Persian Press
(4) Lallu Lal (D) Sanskrit Press

 

Answer: 1-B,2-C,3-D,4-A

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Hemchandra Kosh (A) 1808
(2) Amar Kosh (B) 1848
(3) Banglar Itihash (C) 1780
(4) Bengal Gezette (D) 1807

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) KrishnaGopal Ghakta (A) Bengali Gazette Press
(2) Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya (B) New Bengal Press
(3) Rajkrishna Ray (C) U Ray & Sons
(4) Upendrakishore Raychowdhury (D) Bina Jantra Press

 

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (A) 1780
(2) Hicky’s Press (B) 1799
(3) Wellesley’s Press (C) 1818
(4) Bengal Gazette (D) 1876

 

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Samachar Darpan (A) Iswar Chandra Gupta
(2) Sambad Prabhakar (B) Debendranath Tagore
(3) Tattwabodhini Patrika (C) Girish Chandra Ghosh
(4) Hindoo Patriot (D) J C Marshman

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Adam’s Press Regulations (A) 1827
(2) Vernacular Press Act (B) 1904
(3) Adam’s Press Regulations Annulled by Charles Metcalfe (C) 1878
(4) University Act of Lord Curzon (D) 1823

 

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) New Bengal Press (A) Serampore
(2) Bina Jantra Press (B) Calcutta
(3) Baptist Mission (C) Maniktala Street
(4) Fort William College (D) Mechua Bazar Street

 

Answer: 1-C,2-D,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Prafulla Chandra Ray (A) Basu Bigtan Mandir
(2) Jagadish Chandra Bose (B) Rabindranath Tagore
(3) Brahmachary asram (C) Fort William College
(4) Wellesley (D) Indian Chemical Society

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Foundation of Calcutta Science College (A) 1915
(2) Chemistry Department of Science College Started (B) 1916
(3) Physics department of the science college started (C) 1917
(4) Basu Bigyan Mandir (D) 1914

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Basu Bigyan Mandir (A) Taraknath Siksha Prangan
(2) Rajabazar science college (B) Brahmachary asram
(3) Ballygunge science college (C) Rashbehari siksha prangan
(4) Santiniketan school (D) Bose Institute

 

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Ashutosh Mukherjee (A) Teacher of the IACS
(2) Mahendralal sircar (B) Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta university
(3) C V Raman (C) Lawyer
(4) Rashbehari Ghosh (D) Doctor

 

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Rajabazar Science College (A) Rabinsranath Tagore
(2) Bose Institute (B) Ashutosh Mukherjee
(3) Visva-Bharati (C) Lord Wellesley
(4) Fort William College (D) Jagadish Chandra  Bose

 

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Ashutosh Mukherjee (A) Lawyer
(2) Taranath Palit (B) An employee of the Serampore Mission Press
(3) Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya (C) Painter
(4) Upendrakishore Raychowdhury (D) Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Santiniketan Ashram Vidyalaya (A) 1800
(2) Bengal Technical Institute (B) 1901
(3) Fort William College (C) 1914
(4) Rajabazar Science College (D) 1906

 

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

Chapter 5 Alternative Ideas And Initiatives Characteristics And Observations Advanced Questions And Answers

Question 1 What was the contribution of Meghnad Saha in the field of Science?
Answer:

The contribution of Meghnad Saha in the field of Science:

Meghnad Saha’s place in the history of astrophysics and modern science in India is unique. He made important contributions in different branches of physics.

[1] Institution builder: Saha was a great institution builder. The institutions which he built were the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Institute of Sciences, the Indian Physical Society, and the Indian Sciences News Association.

[2] Works on diverse topics: Saha worked on diverse topics. Some of his research papers are ‘On the Limit of Interference in the Fabry-Perot Interferometer’, ‘On a New Theorem in Elasticity’, ‘On the Dynamics of the Electron’, ‘On the pressure of Light’, etc. His theory of ‘High-temperature colonization and its application. to Stellar Atmosphere made him renowned all over the world.

[3] Source of inspiration: Megnad Saha’s works and achievements have been a story of scientific progress in India. He would always remain as a rich source of inspiration to Indian scientists. In the field of science, his works are a great example of research.

WBBSE Solutions for Class 10 History

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