Class 10 History

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women Students And Marginal People In 20th Century India Characteristics And Analyses

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Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women Students And Marginal People In 20th Century India Characteristics And Analyses Salient Points

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 7 Summary

1. Women’s movements, students’ movements, and Dalit movements occupy important places in the history of India. While the men were fastening their belts to join the struggle for freedom, the Indian women were not sitting idle either. They plunged themselves into the movements against the British for the attainment of independence.

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2. During the Anti-Partition agitation which started in 1905, women boycotted British goods and began to use indigenous goods. Leaders like Sarala Devi, Kumudini Mitra, and Nirmala Sarkar gave a call to the women’s community to join the movement against the British.

3. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, women responded enthusiastically to the call of Gandhiji. They joined meetings and processions and boycotted foreign goods. They voluntarily courted arrest.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women Students And Marginal People In 20th Century India Characteristics

Women like Basanti Devi, Urmila Devi, and Leela Roy, who were from respectable families, defied British authority as well. Along with Hindu women, Muslim women joined the movement.

4. When Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement, women got themselves involved in the movement. Picketing and open-air protest marked the uprising against the British.

The boycott of foreign goods and purchase of indigenous goods continued along with the presence of women supporters. Even middle and upper-class Muslim women participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

5. The participation of women in the Quit India Movement took different forms. They fought with true spirit and faced various tortures. The names of Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani, and Usha Mehta deserve special mention here. In this context, mention might be made of Matangini Hazra, who with six thousand supporters, mostly women, attacked the Tamluk Police Station.

6. Women also played an important role in the armed revolutionary movements in India. Here mention may be made of Pritilata Waddedar, Bina Das, and Kalpana Joshi who sacrificed their lives for the cause of freedom.

7. Side by side with the women, the student community also played an important role. During the Anti-Partition agitation, students left their schools and colleges and plunged into the Anti-Partition Movement.

The National Council of Education was established with the objective of organizing an elaborate system of education on national lines and under national control.

Characteristics of Women’s Movements in India

8. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, students of Gandhiji came out of their classes and boycotted schools and colleges. They picketed in front of shops selling British goods. The student movement spread outside Bengal to provinces like Bombay, Punjab, Bihar, etc.

9. The day Gandhiji started his Dandi March (March 12, 1930), the students observed it as a special day. Students joined the meeting held by different leaders like Jyotindra Mohan Sengupta. Students of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar joined the movement.

10. Young students of different revolutionary organizations also joined the armed revolutionary movement. In connection, mention may be made of this Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh. These young students took to violence to fight against the British. The British officers, in a desperate attempt to suppress the attack, resorted to inhuman torture of the revolutionaries.

11. Another important movement that needs to be mentioned here is the Dalit or Namasudra movement. In the Bengali Hindu Society, the Namasudras were regarded as untouchables. Mention might be made of Harichand and Guruchand, the social reformers who worked for the upliftment of the namasudras. They were leaders of the ‘Matua’ movement.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic A Women’s Movement In The Twentieth Century Analytical Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

The role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement:

Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 by conducting the historic Dandi March. Women’s historical involvement in this movement ushered a new chapter in the history of the freedom movement. During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes to join the movement.

Sarojini Naidu, with the courage of a fighter, stormed the Darshana Salt Works. Consequently, the British Government arrested her. Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed in front of the shops selling foreign cloth and liquor. The boycott of foreign goods and purchase of Indian products continued along with the presence of women supporters to boost up the movement.

Many were arrested. In Bengal the nationalistic enthusiasm among women was memorable. Basanti Devi, Urmila Devi, Lila Nag, and Sarala Devi joined the movement. In Bengal, different organizations of women cropped up Women Satyagraha Committee and Nari Satyagraha Samity.

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The participation of Muslim women was significant. Even middle and upper-class Muslim women were active in the movement. Among them, mention might be made of Daulatunnisa Khatun, Razia Khatun, Halima Khatun, Rokeya Begum, etc. The police oppression assaulting and tormenting of the women nationalists during this movement was indeed quite alarming.

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WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7

Question 2 Write a note on the Deepali Sangha.
Answer:

The Deepali Sangha:

In 1923, Lila Nag, a freedom fighter and a crusader for women’s education established the Deepali Sangha, an association for women.

Its main objectives were to-

[1] Enhance women’s education,
[2] Liberate women from the clutches of evil social customs,
[3] Create a feminist consciousness,
[4] Arouse women’s political and social awareness,
[5] Develop women in all fields of life. It became a center for initiating various activities by women and its branches were established in different parts of Dacca. Within a short time, Lila Nag started a high school for girls in Dacca under the auspices of Deepali Sangha.

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Its units were opened at almost every place and members were taught drill, parade, sword fighting, and lathi wielding. It instilled revolutionary political ideas in the minds of the members of the Deepali Sangha.

Role of Students in Indian Independence Movements

Question 3 Discuss the nature of women’s participation in the armed revolutionary movement.
Answer:

The nature of women’s participation in the armed revolutionary movement:

The failure of the policy of ‘Prayer and Petition’ disappointed a section of the national leaders who made a strong demand for more vigorous political agitation against the British and this gave rise to an armed revolutionary movement in which women also took part.

Many women maintained close contact with secret revolutionary organizations like the Anusilan Samity, Yugantar, Bengal Volunteers, etc. Some of them were associated with Deepali Sangha, an association for women that instilled revolutionary political ideals in the minds of its members.

Sometimes women provided shelter to the revolutionaries and acted as messengers to different secret organizations. They were sometimes entrusted with the work of carrying explosives. In the beginning women like Swarnakumari Devi, Sarojini Naidu, Indumati Devi, and Sarala Devi were associated with different revolutionary works.

Later on the nature of the participation of women changed and they fought against the British with guns in their hands like Pritilata Waddedar, Bina Das, etc. Thus women were either directly or indirectly connected with the armed revolutionary movement and sacrificed their lives for the cause of freedom.

Question 4 What was the role of Pritilata Waddedar in the armed revolutionary movement?
Answer:

The role of Pritilata Waddedar in the armed revolutionary movement:

Pritilata Waddedar (‘Waddedar was a title conferred to an ancestor of the family who originally had the surname Dasgupta.) was a Bengali revolutionary who became a martyr for the liberation of the motherland. She associated herself with a secret women’s revolutionary organization known as Deepali Sangha in Dacca.

Surya Sen selected Pritilata to lead his plan along with a team to attack the Pahartali European Club. She went to Kotuwali seaside for arms training and chalking out plans to organize a guerilla attack on the Club (September 24, 1932) which had a signboard that read “Dogs and Indians are not allowed”.

Pritilata succeeded in attacking the European Club but she and the other revolutionaries were chased by the police, which resulted in a direct fight between the revolutionaries and the police. Many of the revolutionaries escaped, but Pritilata was fatally wounded and there was no way of escape from the British and she was caught. To avoid getting arrested, Pritilata consumed potassium cyanide and committed suicide. Her martyrdom is remembered with honor and respect.

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Marginalized Groups in 20th Century India

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic A Women’s Movement In The Twentieth Century Mark True Or False

Question 1. The Swadeshi Movement was basically a middle-class agitation.
Answer: True

Question 2. The womenfolk did not participate in the Anti-Partition agitation.
Answer: False

Question 3. Mrs. Annie Besant became the President of the Indian National Congress in 1926.
Answer: False

Question 4. Lower caste Hindus and Muslims did not join the Anti-Partition Movement.
Answer: True

Question 5. Usha Mehta was arrested by the British police on the charge of sedition.
Answer: True

Question 6. Pritilata Waddedar made an attempt on the life of Stanley Jackson.
Answer: False

Question 7. Pritilata Waddedar committed suicide.
Answer: True

Question 8. Kalpana Datta took part in Dynamite Conspiracy.
Answer: True

Question 9. Kalpana Datta was a member of the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch.
Answer: True

Question 10. Pritilata Waddedar was a member of Deepali Sangha.
Answer: True

Question 11. In Bengal, Nandita Kripalani played an important role in the Quit India Movement.
Answer: False

Question 12. Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was formed in Birbhum during the Quit India Movement.
Answer: False

Wbbse History And Environment Class 10 Solutions

Question 13. Deepali Sangha was founded by Kalpana Datta.
Answer: False

Question 14. One of the leaders of the armed revolutionary movement in Bengal was Basanti Devi.
Answer: False

Question 15. ‘Lakshmi Bhandar’ was founded by Basanti Devi.
Answer: False

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic A Women’s Movement In The Twentieth Century Fill In The Blanks

1. The journal ‘Antahpur’ was edited by Hemanta Kumari Chowdhury (Hemanta Kumari Chowdhury /Basanti Debi/ Ava Maity).
2. In Khulna a large number of women attended a meeting addressed by Kaliprasanna (Kaliprasanna/Kalikrishna/Guruprasanna) and broke their glass bangles symbolizing the boycott of foreign goods.
3. Urmila Debi was a close political associate of Basanti Debi (Basanti Debi/Sarojini Naidu/Ava Maity).
4. Sarojini Naidu became the Congress President in 1926 (1921/1926/1923).
5. The President of the Bengal Provincial Congress in 1921 was Basanti Debi (Annie Besant/ Basanti Debi/BR Ambedkar).
6. The Home Rule League was founded by Annie Besant (Annie Besant/BR Ambedkar/ Basanti Debi) in 1916.
7. ‘Voice of Freedom’, a radio transmitter, was set up by Usha Mehta (Usha Mehta/Ava Maity/ Kalpana Datta).
8. The paper ‘Jaysree’ was published in 1930 (1930/1933/1903).
9. One objective of Deepali Sangha was to create self-awareness (to create self-awareness/spread Gandhism/to spread women’s education).
10. Pritilata Waddedar attacked the Assam Bengal Railway European Club at Chittagong (Chittagong/Mymensingh/Khulna).

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic A Women’s Movement In The Twentieth Century Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 The women of Bengal joined the armed revolution movement
1. On their own without any encouragement from outside.
2. Because revolutionary secret societies encouraged the participation of women.
3. Because their male relatives encouraged them to join the armed struggle.

Answer: 2. Because revolutionary secret societies encouraged the participation of women.

Question 2 Deepali Sangha was organized to
1. Arouse revolutionary ideas and self-reliance among women.
2. To protest prevailing superstitions’ beliefs.
3. To join the movement.

Answer: 1. Arouse revolutionary ideas and self-reliance among women.

Question 3 In a meeting addressed by Kaliprasanna in Khulna the women broke their glass bangles
1. As a protest against foreign rule.
2. To protest against the Partition of Bengal.
3. As a symbol of boycotting British goods.

Answer: 3. As a symbol of boycotting British goods.

Impact of Women’s Participation in Freedom Struggle

Question 4 ‘Voice of Freedom’ a radio transmitter was set up by Usha Mehta to
1. Circulate information about the freedom struggle among the people.
2. Propagate the cause of nationalism.
3. Circulate the news of revolutionary activities.

Answer: 1. Circulate the information of freedom struggle among the people.

Question 5 Sarala Devi Chaudhurani established Laxmi Bhandar
1. To sell foreign goods.
2. To help the women revolutionaries.
3. To sell swadeshi goods.

Answer: 3. To sell swadeshi goods.

Question 6 Women of India first took part in national movement during anti-partition agitation
1. Because they were influenced by Gandhiji.
2. Because they were influenced by the revolutionary ideas of Aurobindo Ghosh.
3. Because they wanted to boycott British goods.

Answer: 3. Because they wanted to boycott British goods.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic B Students Movement In The Twentieth Century Analytical Answer Type Questions

Answer in 7 to 8 sentences

Question 1 What was the role of students in the Anti-Partition Movement?
Answer:

The role of students in the Anti-Partition Movement:

Bengal was partitioned in 1905 during the Viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Anti-Partition Movement started, against this Partition of Bengal, in which students took an active part. They boycotted schools and colleges and organized picketing of shops selling foreign goods.

This drew upon them the wrath and violence of the British Raj. The British Government passed the infamous Carlyle Circular, prohibiting the students from joining the agitation. The students of Bengal took up the challenge. The action of the authorities led to a movement among the students to boycott Calcutta University.

At a conference attended by eminent personalities, the National Council of Education was founded with the objective of organizing an elaborate education system on national lines and under national control. Satish Chandra Mukherjee established the Dawn Society (1905).

The society functioned as a training ground for the youths and a nursery of patriotism. Many Muslim students joined the national education movement and acted as volunteers in the national schools. However, it should also be noticed that many Muslim students, in the hope of getting jobs in government offices, supported the Partition of Bengal.

WBBSE History Chapter 7 Important Questions

Question 2 What was the role of Anushilan Samity in the revolutionary movement in Bengal?
Answer:

The role of Anushilan Samity in the revolutionary movement in Bengal:

A number of secret revolutionary associations grew up in Bengal at the beginning of 20th century. One of the notable associations was Anushilan Samity.

[1] Foundation: Anushilan Samity was an armed revolutionary organization of Bengal founded on the revolutionary ideals of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Satish Chandra Bose founded the association at 12, Madan Mitra Lane in Calcutta on March 24, 1902, with the help of a lawyer, Pramathanath Mitra.

[2] Members: A number of contemporary revolutionaries of Bengal were members of this organization. Some of them were Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Chittaranjan Das, Sashibhushan Roychowdhury, Jatindra Nath Bandyopadhyay, etc.

[3] Activities: The prime objective of the Anushilan Samity was to attain freedom through armed revolution. So the members were trained in ‘lathi khela’, exercises, etc., along with training in bomb manufacturing and using of firearms. Here, plots were also made to kill tyrant British officials.

[4] Branches: The activities of Anushilan Samity increased manifold when the Anti-Partition Movement started in 1905. So, branches of this association grew up in Dacca, Mymensingh, Comilla, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Chittagong, and other districts. The Dacca Anushilan Samity (1906) became very powerful under the initiative of Pulin Behari Das.

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Question 3 Write a note on the armed revolutionary movement in Bengal during the First World War.
Answer:

The armed revolutionary movement in Bengal during the First World War:

Towards the end of the Anti-Partition Movement in 1905, the armed revolutionary movement in Bengal began to raise its head and remained in motion till the First World War.

[1] Establishment of secret revolutionary societies: Some secret revolutionary societies grew up in different parts of Bengal since the time of the Anti-Partition Movement. Some of these societies like Anushilan Samity, Jugantar Samity, Mukti Sangha, Brati Samity, Sadhana Samity, Suhrid Samity, etc. inspired revolutionary ideals among the students.

[2] Bomb factory at Maniktala: Hemchandra Kanungo went abroad to receive political and military training. He returned in 1908 and set up a factory to manufacture bombs at Maniktala.

[3] Attempt to murder Kingsford: In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki hurled a bomb to kill the tyrant British judge Kingsford but by mistake, Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter were in the blast. Then Prafulla Chaki shot himself and Khudiram was caught and hanged on August 11, 1908.

[4] Conspiracy case: Barindra Kumar Ghosh, and Ullaskar Dutta were deported in the Alipore Bomb Case trial (1908). Apart from these, many revolutionaries were punished in the Dacca Conspiracy Case (1910), Howrah Conspiracy Case (1910) and Barishal Conspiracy Case (1912-13).

[5] Battle of Buribalam: Jatindra Nath Mukhopadhyay (Baghajatin) went to Orissa to collect firearms brought from Germany. There he was injured at police firing in the battle of Buribalam in Baleshwar and died a little later.

Question 4 Write a note on Lahore Conspiracy Case.
Answer:

Lahore Conspiracy Case:

The armed revolutionary movement against British rule spread over wide areas before the First World War. When the World War began (1914), Rashbehari Bose planned a military coup against the British government in India, with the help of the members of the Gadar Party.

[1] Initiation of the case: The day of the coup under the leadership of Rasbehari Bose was fixed on February 21, 1950. However, a member of the Gadar Party named Kripal Singh betrayed the plan. Several revolutionaries were arrested and the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1950) was filed against them.

[2] Accused: 291 revolutionaries were accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1950). Some of them were Rashbehari Bose, Vishnuganesh Pingle, Bhai Paramanand, Kartar Singh, Harnam Singh, etc.

[3] Verdict: The court gave different verdicts for the accused revolutionaries. Kartar Singh, Vishnuganesh Pingle, Harnam Singh and some others were hanged, 114 were sentenced to life imprisonment and 93 were given prison sentences of varying terms. 42 of them were acquitted. The chief accused Rashbehari Bose escaped to Japan by sea route under the pseudonym of P N Tagore.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7

Question 5 Why are the revolutionaries Benoy- Badal-Dinesh remembered? or, Give an account of the Writers’ Building attack. or, What do you know about Corridor Warfare?
Answer:

The revolutionaries Benoy- Badal-Dinesh:

The daring attack on the Writers’ Building by three youths – Benoy Bose, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta, who came from three adjoining villages of Dacca is a scintillating episode in the history of armed revolutionary struggle in Bengal as well as in India. After killing the tyrant police inspector Lowman (1930) Benoy, Badal, Dinesh attacked the Writer’s Building within a few days.

[1] The Attack: Benoy-Badal-Dinesh, the three members of the Bengal Volunteers attacked the Writers’ Building in Calcutta on December 8, 1930. They fired indiscriminately and killed the notorious jailor N G Simpson.

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[2] Corridor warfare: The security force of the Writers’ Building and the huge police force from Lalbazar immediately started a counterattack against the revolutionaries. Intense exchange of bullets took place on the corridor of the building and so this episode is remembered in history as ‘Corridor Warfare (1930)’.

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[3] Defeat: Benoy-Badal-Dinesh fought valiantly in spite of intense attack from the government forces. Dinesh fought bravely ignoring injury on the back but they fell into a crisis as they ran short of ammunition.

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[4] Consequence: Badal swallowed potassium cyanide to avoid arrest. Benoy and Dinesh tried to shoot themselves and were wounded. Benoy died in the hospital. Dinesh was cured and hanged in 1931. They had, in fact, conquered death for the sake of liberating their beloved motherland.

Question 6 Write a note about the Gadar party.
Answer:

The Gadar party:

The word ‘Gadar’ means revolution. The Gadar Party has made an invaluable contribution to the history of the anti-British revolutionary movement.

[1] Foundation: Lala Har Dayal founded the Gadar Party in San Francisco (USA) in 1913 with the help of NRI Sohan Singh Bhakta. 15000 NRIs from different communities became members of the Indian Gadar Party. Sohan Singh Bhakna was the first president of the party and Mohammad Barkatullah and Lala Har Dayal was the Vice President and Secretary respectively.

[2] Journal: The Gadar party published a journal named ‘Gadar’ on November 1, 1913. This journal helped to spread revolutionary ideas in different languages such as Hindi, English, Gujarati, Urdu, etc.

[3] Spread of the revolution: When the First World War (1914) began, the Gadar Party took the opportunity of putting their plan of uprooting British rule into action with the help of revolutionary activities in India. So, many party members from USA and Canada started returning to India.

[4] Attempt for a coup: Rashbehari Bose planned a coup against the British Government on February 21, 1905, with the help of the members of the Gadar Party. However the plan failed since one Kripal Singh betrayed the plan.

[5] Conspiracy case: The US government declared Lala Hardayal an anarchist and brought him to trial. So he left the USA and went to Switzerland. The Hindu conspiracy case was filed against the Gadar party in 1914.

[6] Ban on the party: After the trial, the government banned the Gadar party. The members of the Gadar Party were mostly deported. Most of the members in USA could not return to India during the reign of the British.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7

Question 7 Write a note on the activities of the Indian revolutionaries in Germany.
Answer:

The activities of the Indian revolutionaries in Germany:

In the first half of the twentieth century, the Indians residing in Germany initiated several revolutionary activities there.

[1] Formation of the Berlin Committee: A revolutionary organization named the Berlin Committee was formed in 1914 in Germany, in order to aid the revolutionary activities in India. Some of the significant members of this group were Bhupendranath Dutta, Birendranath Chattopadhyay, Mahendrapratap, etc. The main objective of this organization was to collect monetary funds in order to support the revolutionaries in India.

[2] Activities of the Berlin Committee:

The Berlin Committee took part in several revolutionary activities:
[1] A revolutionary uprising was arranged in Iran under the initiative of the Berlin Committee.
[2] Representatives of the Berlin Committee met the Russian Communist leader Lenin in 1919.
[3] Sheikh Muhammad Hasan, Maulana Abdullah, and several others organized protests against British rule in India from Kabul.

[3] Formation of the Indian Independence Committee: The Indian revolutionaries in Germany formed the German Union of Friendly India in 1914. Later, when a link was formed between this party and the American Gadar Party, the former came to be known as the Indian Independence Committee (1915).

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Question 8 What was the Alipore Bomb Case?
Answer:

The Alipore Bomb Case:

The police carried out a massive search and investigation in the context of the death of Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter Ms. Kennedy, who were killed at Muzaffarpur by the bomb thrown by Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki.

[1] The arrest of revolutionaries: Police carried on a thorough search at the garden house in Muraripukur, which was the center of secret activities and found the weapons as well as ingredients for making bombs. So, they arrested 47 revolutionaries including Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh on suspicion.

[2] Beginning of the trial: The arrested revolutionaries were brought to trial in the Alipore session court on May 21, 1908, and this case came to be known as the famous Alipore Bomb Case. It was the first conspiracy case brought against the Indian revolutionaries by the British government.

[3] Judges: The judge who was involved in this case was PC Beachcroft, who was Aurobindo’s classmate. There were two more Indian judges-Lathuni Prasad and Janki Prasad.

[4] Verdict: The verdict of the case came out on May 6, 1909. According to the verdict, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutta were sentenced to death but were later on sentenced to deportation for life due to various appeals. Hemchandra Kanungo, Avinash Bhattacharya, Indu Bhushan Roy and others were sentenced to deportation for different terms. Only Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted.

Question 9 Describe the students’ movement in India during the phase of the Quit India Movement or August Movement (1942).
Answer:

The students’ movement in India during the phase of the Quit India Movement or August Movement (1942):

Different circumstances led the National Congress to start the Quit India Movement under the leadership of Mahatama Gandhi. The students spontaneously joined the movement everywhere in India.

[1] Lack of proper leadership and organization: As soon as the Quit India Movement was launched, the students started their agitation in their own ways. They participated in large numbers in movements in Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa, and other provinces. However, they lacked efficient leadership and proper organization.

[2] Movements in Uttar Pradesh: The students of Allahabad University and Benaras Hindu University held on vigorous campaigns in support of the movements and inspired the common people to join them. However, they got involved in destructive activities in the course of the campaigns. The students of Benaras had practically paralysed the administrative machinery for five days.

[3] Movement in south India: In south India, the students carried out continuous strikes and five students were killed by police firing on the banks of Godavari.

[4] Movement in other states: The clash between the students and the army, which followed an event of hoisting the National Flag in Bihar, caused the death of seven students. The movement gained momentum in Bengal and the students of Calcutta and Midnapore participated enthusiastically in it. In Gujarat, an association of school students called ‘Vanar Sena’ grew up.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic B Students Movement In The Twentieth Century Mark True Or False

Question 1. Gandhiji first announced the plan of Non- Cooperation in November 1919.
Answer: True

Question 2. The Civil Disobedience Movement was inaugurated by Gandhiji with the famous Dandi March from Dandi to Sabarmati Ashram.
Answer: False

Question 3. Benoy Kumar Basu, a medical student attacked Lowman and he was killed (1930).
Answer: True

Question 4. A large number of students in Calcutta demonstrated before the Prince of Wales who was on a visit.
Answer: True

Question 5. The ‘Bande Mataram’ slogan was banned in East Bengal by the Lyon Circular.
Answer: True

Question 6. Jamia Milia Islamia was a national institute.
Answer: True

Question 7. Gandhiji came to Calcutta on January 23, 1921, to inaugurate the National College.
Answer: True

Question 8. Abhinaba Bharat was renamed Mitra Mela in 1904.
Answer: False

Question 9. Ganesh Ghosh and Ananta Singh were two associates of Surya Sen in the Chittagong Armoury Raid.
Answer: True

Question 10. Surya Sen was hanged to death.
Answer: True

Question 11. Captain Rashid Ali was an officer in the Indian National Army.
Answer: True

Question 12. The Second Round Table Conference was held in 1930.
Answer: False

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic B Students Movement In The Twentieth Century Fill In The Blanks

1. The President of the Calcutta Students’ Association was Prafulla Chandra Ray (Prafulla Chandra Ray/Birendranath Mal/Pulin Sen).
2. Bharatiya Vidyalaya was established in Maharashtra by Aurobinda Ghosh (Aurobinda Ghosh/ Lajpat Rai/Prafulla Chandra Ray).
3. Anti-Circular Society was organized by Sachindra Prasad Basu (Kaliprasanna Basu/Hariprasanna Basu/ Sachindra Prasad Basu).
4. An association called Chapekar Club was established by Damodar Hari Chapekar and Balkrishna Hari Chapekar (Damodar Hari Chapekar and Balkrishna Hari Chapekar/ Prafulla Chandra Ray and Bidhan Chandra Ray/Damodar Savarkar and Vinayak Savarkar).
5. The Indian Republican Army was formed by Surya Sen (Subhas Chandra/Chittaranjan Das/ Surya Sen).
6. Benoy-Badal-Dinesh, the members of the Bengal Volunteers, were involved in killing Colonel Simpson (Colonel Simpson/Stanley Jackson/Dinesh Gupta).
7. Surya Sen (Prafulla Chaki/Ganesh Ghosh/Surya Sen) was known as ‘Master’.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic B Students Movement In The Twentieth Century Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 The Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by Gandhiji because
1. Gandhiji was not supported by other leaders.
2. Of the Chauri Chaura incident.
3. Of the lack of enthusiastic response from Indian womenfolk.

Answer: 2. Of the Chauri Chaura incident.

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Question 2 On February 11, 1946, a massive agitation by the students was organized in Calcutta in order
1. To protest against the arrest of Shah Nawaz Khan.
2. To protest against the Partition of Bengal.
3. To release captain Rashid Ali from prison.

Answer: 3. To release captain Rashid Ali from prison.

Question 3 Bhogeshwari Phukonani was killed in police firing during the Quit India Movement (1942).
1. Bhogeshwari Phukonani was killed in an armed encounter with the police.
2. The fugitive Bhogeshwari Phukonani was shot dead by the police when she refused to surrender.
3. Bhogeshwari Phukonani was shot dead by the police while trying to hoist the national flag at the police station in the Nowgong District of Assam.

Answer: 3. Bhogeshwari Phukonani was shot dead by the police while trying to hoist the national flag at the police station in the Nowgong District of Assam.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic C Dalit Politics And Movement In The Twentieth Century Analytical Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Who were the ‘Namasudras’? What was their position in society?
Answer:

The ‘Namasudras’:

‘Namasudra’ is an Indian ‘varna’ community which was earlier known as ‘chandala’. They lived outside the four-tier system and thus were outcastes. Namasudras mainly lived in the eastern districts of Dacca, Bakerganj, Faridpur, Mymensingh, Jessore and Khulna.

When these districts were ceded to East Pakistan during the partition of India, the inhabitants were forced to migrate across the new territorial boundary to the states of West Bengal. In the Bengali Hindu Society, the namasudras were regarded as untouchables.

They had no religious rights. They were forbidden by caste Hindus to enter places of worship, to draw water from public wells or to wear shoes in presence of caste Hindus. They were made to dispose of dead animals, dig village graves and even use separate tea cups in tea stalls due to their caste status.

They were relegated to the most menial tasks of manual scavengers, leather workers, street sweepers, and cobblers. Children were sold to pay off debts to upper-caste creditors. Children and women had to work as agricultural laborers. They suffered from severe economic crises as well. They were barely able to feed their families properly.

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Question 2 Who is called the ‘Matua’? What were the primary aims of the ‘Matua’ movement?
Answer:

‘Matua’:

Harichand Thakur was a social reformer of Bengal. He was a devoted Vaishnav. He preached the love-devotion theory of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. His philosophy was ‘Matuaism’ and his followers are called Matua. The meaning of Matua is ‘remain in joy’-those who remain delighted by chanting God’s name or ‘Harinam’.

Some others are of the opinion that ‘Matua’ means those who have consent. Those who have faith in god, respect in Guru affection towards God and who chant the name of God. Fruitfulness, love, and chastity are the three main pillars of Matuaism.

The aims of the movement started by Harichand were-
[1] Upliftment of the downtrodden,
[2] Attain- ment of peace of mind,
[3] Eradication of inequalities in society.

Class 10 History Wbbse

Question 3 Who announced the Communal Award and where? What were the provisions of the Communal Award? How did Gandhiji react to it?
Answer:

Communal Award:

The Communal Award was announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. By the second half of 1932, the Civil Disobedience Movement was petering out. To weaken the movement further, Ramsay MacDonald on August 17, 1932, announced the Communal Award in Provincial Legislature.

Provisions were made for a separate communal electorate for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Europeans, and Anglo-Indians and also divided the Hindu voters into two categories, viz.

[1] The caste Hindu or Varna Hindus and
[2] The depressed or backward class Hindus.

WEESE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organised by Women Ramsay MacDonald

Gandhiji resented this division of the Hindus into two artificial classes. As a mark of protest, he undertook a fast unto death on September 20, 1932.

The result was the Poona Pact of September 25, 1932, by which the Communal Award was modified. By this pact, 148 seats were reserved for the untouchables in the provincial legislatures. It provided that election to these seats was to be through joint electorates.

Analysis of the Anti-Partition Movement

Question 4 Write a note on the identity and rights of the Dalits in India in the early 20th century.
Answer:

The identity and rights of the Dalits in India in the early 20th century:

Since ancient times, the upper classes of Indian society have always enjoyed adequate rights and dignity. On the contrary, the Dalits were always deprived of most of their basic rights and dignity.

[1] Identity: The first census in India, which took place during British rule (1911), divided the Hindus on the basis of birth and social dignity. Due to this, several classes of the lower stratum-Mahar, Nadar, Chamar, Harijan, Namasudra, Ijhava-were categorized as ‘Dalits’. According to the first census, 13 percent of the Hindus were untouchables in Indian society.

[2] Rights: Though the upper-class Hindus enjoyed adequate rights, the rights of the Dalits were severely restricted. These Dalit Hindus thus became victims of exploitation, torture, and contempt of the upper classes. They were restricted from entering temples and using the same ponds and water sources as the upper-class Hindus.

They were even discriminated against in educational institutions and were not allowed in social gatherings. In the 20th century, under the leadership of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, the Dalits in India organized several movements demanding their rights.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic C Dalit Politics And Movement In The Twentieth Century Mark True Or False

Question 1. During British rule, the census of India started in 1872.
Answer: True

Question 2. Congress leader E V Ramaswami Naicker left Congress and joined the Dalit Movement.
Answer: True

Question 3. In 1928, Mahatma Gandhi placed the demand for a separate electorate before the Simon Commission for the Dalits.
Answer: False

Question 4. In 1911, the name ‘Chandal’ began to be used instead of Namasudra.
Answer: False

Question 5. Parramatta Ranjan Thakur and Jogendra Nath Mondal were leaders of the Namasudra Movement.
Answer: True

Question 6. Guruchand Thakur introduced the Matua religion among the Namasudras of Bengal.
Answer: False

Question 7. The Dalit movement was under the joint leadership of Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar.
Answer: False

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic C Dalit Politics And Movement In The Twentieth Century Fill In The Blanks

1. Harichand Thakur launched the Namasudra Movement in 1872 (1827/1872/1878).
2. The Bhakti Movement in Bengal was started by Sri Chaitanya (Sri Chaitanya/Guru Nanak/Harichand Thakur).
3. In 1907, a delegation about the plight of the Namasudras met the governor of Bengal and Assam under the leadership of Guruchand Thakur (Guruchand Thakur/Harichand Thakur/ Babasaheb Ambedkar).
4. The religious Guru of the Matias was Harichand Thakur (Harichand Thakur/Jogendranath Mondal/ BR Ambedkar).
5. According to Morley-Minto Reforms, 28 (28/22/21) seats were reserved for the Dalits in the Madras Legislative Council.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic C Dalit Politics And Movement In The Twentieth Century Choose The Best Explanation

Question 1 In the Franchise Committee of 1919, for the implementation of the Montague- Chelmsford Reforms Dr. BR Ambedkar argued
1. In favor of communal representation for the Dalits.
2. In favor of a separate Muslim State.
3. In favor of giving political safeguards to the Muslims.

Answer: 1. In favor of communal representation for the Dalits.

Question 2 Since ancient times, the Hindu Dalit community fell victim to several acts of violence, exploitation etc.
1. The Dalits suffered at the hands of lower-class Hindus.
2. The Nankana movement did not support the Dalits.
3. Several welfare organizations carried out active movements demanding proper rights for the Dalits.

Answer: 3. Several welfare organizations carried out active movements demanding proper rights for the Dalits.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic D Miscellaneous

Match The Columns

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Anti-Partiton Agitation (A) 1942
(2) Non-Cooperation Movement (B) 1934
(3) Civil Disobedience Movement (C) 1920
(4) Quit India Movement (D) 1905

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Carlyle (A) Zamindar of Gauripur
(2) Brajendra Kishori Roy Chowdhury (B) Home Rule League
(3) Annie Besant (C) Voice of Freedom
(4) Usha Mehta (D) Education Secretary

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Dandi (A) Uttar Pradesh
(2) Chauri Chaura (B) Present Bangladesh
(3) Colaba (C) Gujarat
(4) Mymensingh (D) Maharashtra

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Sarala Devi Chaudhurani (A) Dacca
(2) Ashalata Sen (B) Barisal
(3) Manorama Basu (C) Maharashtra
(4) Jotiba Phule (D) Punjab

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Suhrid Samity (A) Mad town in Colaba district
(2) Venue of a Conference of Dalits (B) Dacca
(3) Bengal Volunteers (C) Calcutta
(4) Chhatri Sangha (D) Mymensingh

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Dawn Society (A) Leela Nag(Roy)
(2) Anti-Circular Society (B) Pramathanath Mitra
(3) Anushilan Samiti (C) Sachindra Prasad Basu
(4) Deepali Sangha (D) Satish Chandra Mukherjee

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Gandhi Budi (A) Surya Sen
(2) Master (B) Sudhin
(3) Bagha Jatin (C) Matangini Hazra
(4) Badal Bose (D) Jyotindranath Mukhopadhyay

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Academic Association (A) 1928
(2) Students Association (B) 1936
(3) All India Students Federation (C) 1857
(4) Chhatri Sangha (D) 1827

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Carlyle Circular (A) October 16, 1905
(2) Peddlar Circular (B) November 4, 1905
(3) Lyon Circular (C) October 21, 1905
(4) Anti-Circular (D) October 10, 1905

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Dacca Anushilan samiti (A) Fadirpuri
(2) Brita Samiti (B) Dacca
(3) Mukti Sangha (C) Nasik
(4) Mitra Mela Society (D) Mymensingh

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Dacca Anushilan Samity (A) Binayak Damodar Savakar
(2) Bengal Volunteers (B) Bina Das
(3) Abhinaba Bharat (C) Hemachandra Ghosh
(4) Chhatri Sangha (D) Pulin Behari Das

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Anullah (A) Congress President
(2) Stevens (B) District Magistrate of Coomilla
(3) Sarojini Naidu (C) A Student Leader of Midnapore
(4) Gunadhar Hazra (D) Deputy Superintendent of Police

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Morley-Minto reforms (A) 1935
(2) Vaikom Mandir satyagraha (B) 1934
(3) Klaram Mandir satyagraha (C) 1926
(4) All India Depressed Classes League (D) 1909

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Jyotiba Phule (A) The Governor of Bengal
(2) Stanley Jackson (B) An officer of the Indian National Army
(3) Rashid Ali (C) Inspector of Prisoner
(4) Colonel Simpson (D) A Great social reformer of Maharashtra

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Benoy-Badal-Dinesh (A) Matua Movement
(2) B R Ambedkar (B) Anti-Partition movement
(3) Guruchand Thakur (C) Dalit Movement
(4) Sarala Devi (D) Corridor Movement

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Unnayani Sabha (A) 1927
(2) Simon Commission (B) 1912
(3) Bengal Namasudra Association (C) 1932
(4) Round table conference (D) 1902

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Lahore Conspiracy Case (A) Jatindra Nath Mukhopadyay
(2) Battle of Buribalam (B) Rashbehari Bose
(3) Alipore Bomb Case (C) Khudiram Bose
(4) Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (D) Aurobindo Ghosh

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

Column 1 Column 2
(1) Rani of Jhansi Regiment (A) Civil Disobedience Movement
(2) Matangini Hazra (B) Chittagong Armoury Raid
(3) Bina Das (C) Subhas Bose
(4) Prirlata Waddebar (D) Dipali Sangha

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Advanced Questions And Answers

Question 1 Discuss the significance of Non- the Cooperation Movement.
Answer:

The significance of Non- the Cooperation Movement:

The Non-Cooperation Movement ended in failure to achieve its goal of establishing Swaraj but it has immense significance in the history of India’s freedom struggle.

[1] The movement under the able guidance of Mahatma Gandhi infused a new life into the Indian National Congress and augmented its organizational strength of the Congress.

[2] For the first time, Congress freed from the dominant middle class turned to the masses as a sheet anchor of their program and turned the national movement into a real mass movement.

[3] In the political field, this movement gave a new dimension to the national movement. The movement inspired the people with new confidence to fight for freedom. People had learned to defy the might of the British government and they lost the fear of prison.

National sentiment reached the villages in remote corners. Lajpat Rai observed that the passive resistance in India ‘has raised the political consciousness of the country by one big leap’.

[4] The movement contributed to an awakening of the masses to economic problems. People became aware of economic independence and began to feel that swaraj was the sovereign remedy for their ills. They realized the need for the development of Khadi and cottage industries.

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WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Long Answer Questions

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Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic A Accession Of Princely States Into The Indian Union

Class 10 History Solution Wbbse

Question 1 Write a note on the problems that were faced by the newly formed Indian Union.
Answer:

The problems that were faced by the newly formed Indian Union:

India gained freedom from British rule on August 15, 1947. Several problems cropped up consequently in this newly independent India.

  • Communal riots: Communal riots which had already spread throughout India in 1946, took a serious turn in several areas of eastern India, where Hindus and Muslims clashed with each other, and in parts of northwestern India, where Muslims clashed against Hindus and Sikhs. Even after India attained independence, these riots did not die down.
  • Incorporation of the princely states: Prior to India’s attainment of independence, there existed about 600 princely states within the Indian subcontinent. Among them, some of the major princely states such as Kashmir, Junagadh, Hyderabad, etc., refused to join the Indian Union.
  • Partition of India and refugee problem: The refugee problem that arose due to the Partition of India posed a serios problem. The refugee problem was particularly severe in and around West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Punjab, etc.
  • Food shortage: The production of food in India was severely hampered in India due to the Partition. Thus, there was a shortage of food in the newly formed Indian Union.
  • Economic crisis: As the newly formed Indian Union was also very weak in the economic front, sectors of agriculture, industry, trade and commerce suffered severely.
  • Problems regarding national unity: Regional and cultural problems became acute in different parts of India. Movements were launched with demands for separate states on the basis of language and culture.

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Question 2 How did the government of India tackle the question of integrating the princely states into the Indian Union?
Answer:

The government of India tackle the question of integrating the princely states into the Indian Union:

After the independence of India, the incorporation of the princely states posed a big problem. At the time of the transfer of power, the British government left these princely states free to join India or Pakistan.

All the states of free India, except Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh, immediately joined the Indian Union. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel drafted the Instrument of Accession according to which the states were to be given freedom in their internal affairs and the Union Government was to have control over the defense and foreign policy of these states.

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Most of the 562 states signed the Instrument of Accession. However, Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir did not agree to join India. The Indian troops invaded and occupied Junagadh.

The Nizam of Hyderabad tried to act like an independent ruler, but Indian police took action against him and Hyderabad was merged with India. The state of Jammu and Kashmir too acceded to India, but Pakistan refused to accept this merger. This led to wars with Pakistan.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Paper Cutting with the news of Kashmir's Accession to India

Question 3 How did the Kashmir problem originate?
Answer:

The Kashmir problem:

After India’s independence, when the most important princely state, Answer: Kashmir, declared to remain as an independent state, it gave rise to certain problems.

  1. Attempts by Kashmir to maintain its independence: After India attained independence, both India and Pakistan asked Maharaja Hari Singh to accede into their respective nations. The Maharaja refused both offers and declared his wish to remain as an independent state.
  2. Entry of the Pakistan army: The Pakistani government anticipated that the Hindu Maharaja might want to join India at some point of time. Consequently, on October 22, 1947, mercenaries supported by the Kashmir government infiltrated into Kashmir. The Maharaja became helpless and asked for military help from India. India, in this backdrop, agreed to help him only if he agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union.
  3. Signing the Instrument of Accession: The forces sent by Pakistan rapidly spread within Kashmir and moved towards Srinagar. This left Maharaja Hari Singh no choice but to sign the Instrument of Accession, and he signed it on October 26.
  4. Setting up of government: With the aid of the Indian army, the leader of the National Conference party in Kashmir, Sheikh Abdullah, took the control of the state.
  5. In the meantime, acting against Sheikh Abdullah, the part of Kashmir occupied by Pakistan was named ‘Azad Kashmir’ by the Pakistan government. From here, a number of attacks were launched on the region of Kashmir under Indian control.
  6. Appeal to the United Nations: India took up the Kashmir issue to the United Nations in order to protest against the infiltration by Pakistan.
  7. Ceasefire: In the backdrop of the constant conflicts between India and Pakistan in Kashmir, the United Nations declared a ceasefire on January 01, 1949. Due to this, a part of Kashmir came under the Indian Union, but Azad Kashmir remained a part of Pakistan.

As Pakistan did not get the whole of Kashmir, it has been launching several attacks on the other part of Kashmir ever since. Based on this issue, major wars have taken place between these two nations in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 laqs

“Post-colonial India movements 1947-1964”

Question 4 What were the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, of 1947?
Answer:

On the basis of the Mountbatten Plan, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act in July 1947.

  1. The provisions of the Act were:

    India and Pakistan would emerge as independent states on August 15, 1947, and both states would be empowered to guide their domestic and foreign affairs independently.
  2. West Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province, and East Bengal will be included in the newly-formed Pakistan Dominion. The rest of British India, East Punjab and West Bengal became parts of the Indian dominion.
  3. A Boundary Commission would be formed to demarcate the frontier of India, West Bengal, and East Punjab.
  4. India and Pakistan would remain under British dominion till their new Constitutions were framed.
  5. The native rulers would have the choice to accede to any state.
  6. The British Parliament would have no jurisdiction to legislate in the Indian Dominion after August 15, 1947. Thus power was completely handed over to Indian leaders through this Act.

“Social changes in India after independence”

Question 5 Mention the steps prior to the Partition of India in 1947.
Answer:

The steps before the Partition of India in 1947:

The Muslim League, under the leadership of Md. Ali Jinnah demanded for a separate state of Pakistan for the Muslims in its Lahore Session. The demand was based on the basis of Two-Nation Theory which came to be known as the ‘Lahore Resolution’ or the ‘Pakistan Resolution’.

Communal tension increased in India after this incident. Before the achievement of independence in 1947, some major incidents took place which created conditions for the formation of two nations, namely India and Pakistan.

The incidents are as follows-

  1. Direct Revolution of the Muslim League: Lord Wavell, the then Governor-General, invited the Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru to form an interim Government on August 12, 1946. This infuriated the Muslim League, and the League called for Direct Revolution, which resulted in massive riots, murders and rapes in Calcutta from August 16 for 3 days at a stretch.
  2. Mountbatten Plan: The next Governor-General, Lord Mountbatten planned for the Partition of India on June 3, 1947. This plan is known as the Mountbatten Plan, which announced the partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan.
  3. Indian Independence Act: The Indian Independence Act was passed on June 4, 1947, in the British Parliament. North-West Frontier Province, Sindh, Baluchistan, West Punjab, East Bengal, and certain parts of Assam were integrated together to form Pakistan and the remaining parts of the Indian subcontinent were integrated to form India.

Question 6 What were the problems following the incident of partition of India?
Answer:

The problems following the incident of partition of India:

According to the Indian Independence Act, the Indian subcontinent was divided into India and Pakistan on August 15, 1947. India, as a newly formed nation faced certain problems,

Which are as follows-

  1. Massive exodus: Due to the Partition of India, millions of Hindus and Sikhs from the newly created Pakistan migrated to India in search of safety and shelter.
  2. Refugee problem: Millions of Hindus from East Pakistan, and millions of Hindus and Sikhs from West Pakistan, took shelter in India as refugees. It became very hard for the Indian Government to arrange the basic amenities for these people as well as secure a future for them. States like West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, and Punjab witnessed the refugee problem at its highest level.
  3. Transfer of wealth: As a result of the partition, a large part of the Indian subcontinent went to Pakistan, which resulted in the transfer of wealth and resources to Pakistan. This made India economically weak.
  4. Lack of cultivable land: A large portion of cultivable land went to Pakistan as a result of the partition. This led to a shortage of cultivable land, which, in turn, led to an acute shortage of food.
  5. Lack of raw materials for industries: Jute and cotton-producing areas went to Pakistan as a result of Partition. This led to a shortage of raw materials for industrial purposes in India.

Question 7 When was India declared an Independent, Sovereign Republic? Into how many categories were the Indian states divided at that time?
Answer:

After independence, the Indian Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950, and India emerged as an Independent, Sovereign Republic. During this period, the Indian states were divided into four categories.

They were as follows-

‘A’ category states-States under Governors: Nine states belonged to this category.

These were-

  1. West Bengal
  2. Assam
  3.  Bihar
  4. Orissa
  5. Uttar Pradesh,
  6. Madhya Pradesh,
  7. Bombay,
  8. Madras and
  9. Punjab.

The ‘B’ category states-States under native Princes: This division included eight states.

These were-

  1. Hyderabad,
  2. Central Province,
  3. Mysore,
  4. Patiala and East Punjab State Union (PEPSU),
  5. Jammu and Kashmir,
  6. Rajasthan,
  7. Saurashtra,
  8. Travancore-Cochin.

The ‘C’ category states under Commissioners: Ten states fell under this category.

These included-

  1. Ajmer
  2. Bhopal,
  3. Bilaspur,
  4. Himachal Pradesh,
  5. Kutch,
  6. Coorg
  7. Delhi
  8. Manipur,
  9. Tripura and
  10. Vindhya Pradesh.

‘D’ category states-Union Territories:

This category included two states-

  1. Andaman and
  2. Nicobar islands.

Question 8 What was the approach of the Indian National Congress towards the princely states?
Answer:

The approach of the Indian National Congress towards the princely states:

There were debates and discussions regarding the issue, of whether the princely states of the Indian subcontinent would remain in India or would go to Pakistan after independence. The Indian National Congress voted towards the accession of the princely states into the newly formed nation of India.

  1. Haripura Congress Session: The Indian National Congress in its Haripura Session in the year 1938, declared that the princely states are an inseparable part of India.
  2. Mahatma Gandhi’s Policy: According to Mahatma Gandhi, if any of the princely states wished to separate themselves from India after independence, it would be considered as an act of declaration of war against India.
  3. Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy: Jawaharlal Nehru declared that the princely states within the geographical boundary of India, would not be given the status of a separate state and would be considered as a part of India.
  4. Declaration of Indian National Congress: Th]e Indian National Congress declared on June 15, 1947, that after the independence of India, the princely states would not be given the status of independent states.

“Economic policies in India 1947-1964”

Question 9 What were the features of the princely states of India?
Answer:

Prior to the independence of India on August 15, 1947, there were certain princely states in the Indian subcontinent.

The features of the princely states in the Indian subcontinent are as follows-

  1.  A large number of princely states: Just before independence, the Indian subcontinent had about 600 princely states. These states were located in different parts of India.
  2. Size of the princely states: Most of the princely states were very small in size. Some of the princely states were as small as Zamindari divisions. Only a minority of the princely states like Hyderabad, Jammu, Kashmir, Mysore, and Baroda were large in size.
  3. Autonomy of the princely states: The rulers of the princely states were very powerful and autonomous. They were not answerable to any law and exercised maximum power within the boundary of their own states.
  4. The miserable condition of the subjects of the princely states: The condition of the subjects of the princely states were really miserable as they had to pay huge tax in cash and be kind to their rulers.
  5. The backwardness of the princely states: Most of the princely states were backward in economic, political, and educational aspects.

Class 10 History Solution Wbbse

Question 10 Discuss the role of Lord Mountbatten in the accession of the princely states into the Indian subcontinent.
Answer:

The role of Lord Mountbatten in the accession of the princely states into the Indian subcontinent:

Lord Mountbatten took an important role in the accession of the princely states into India, right before India achieved independence.

The steps taken by Lord Mountbatten are as follows-

  1. Friendly relation with the rulers of the princely states: Lord Mountbatten had friendly relations with many of the rulers of the princely states. So, the rulers of the princely states thought that if they did not join India, their relationship with Lord Mountbatten would decline, which would lead to huge problems on the part of the princely states.
  2. The policy of the British Government: Lord Mountbatten declared that the British government would not recognize any of the princely states, and neither would it allow the joining of the princely states into the British Commonwealth. It meant that if the princely states would not join any of the two nations of India or Pakistan, they would lose all their connections with the British government.
  3. Economic loss: Lord Mountbatten declared that the two nations of India and Pakistan were united as the Indian subcontinent, and were considered as a distinct economic zone. If the princely states did not join India, the economic relations would suffer which would be a large drawback for the princely states.
  4. Problems of Communalism: Lord Mountbatten informed the rulers of the princely states that if they themselves tried to maintain their independence, it would lead to riots and communal tensions.
  5. Promises made by Mountbatten: Lord Mountbatten promised the rulers of the princely states that he would fulfill all the promises made by the local rulers as he himself would be working in India till 1947.

Question 11 What do you mean by Instrument of Accession?
Answer:

Instrument of Accession:

After the independence of India, the incorporation of princely states posed a big problem. At the time of the transfer of power, the British government left these princely states free to join either India or Pakistan. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister of free India, took the responsibility of integrating these princely states with India.

The Instrument of Accession, which was consequently drafted, was a legal document to enable each of the rulers of the princely states under British paramountcy to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan, created by the Partition of British India.

The princely states were to be given freedom in their internal affairs and the e Union Government was to have control over the defense and foreign policy of these states.

Question 12 What were the motives behind the annexation of the princely states to the Indian territory?
Answer:

The motives behind the annexation of the princely states to the Indian territory:

About 600 princely states existed within the geographical boundaries of India at the eve of independence. There were a number of reasons behind the annexation of those states into the Indian territory.

They were as follows-

  1. Nationalism: The people of British India as well as princely states had unitedly opposed British rule. The Indian leaders also believed in integrated Indian nationalism. So they could never think of a divided post-independent India.
  2. Tradition crisis: The British Indian states as well as the princely states existing within the geographical boundaries of India had borne the same history and tradition for ages. If these princely states became independent, their history and tradition would also be disrupted.
  3. Movement by the subjects: The subjects in different princely states launched vehement movements on the issues of democracy and independence. This paved the way for the inclusion of these states into the Indian territory.
  4. Backwardness: Most of the princely states were in the clutches of backwardness and superstitions. Autocratic rule and medieval mentality compelled the people to seek liberation from backwardness by becoming a part of the Indian population.”

“Impact of the Nehru era on India”

Question 13 What was the policy of ‘Carrot and Stick’?
Answer:

The policy of ‘Carrot and Stick’:

The Indian Independence Act was passed in July 1947. One of the provisions of this Act was that the native ruler would have to accede to either India or Pakistan.

Some states thought that they were entitled to declare their independence. Sardar Patel tackled the situation with extraordinary ability. He followed the policy of ‘Carrot and Stick’,

which was as follows:

  1. He convinced the leaders of the advantages of joining the Indian union. He appealed to the leaders that if they do not cooperate, there will be anarchy and chaos and a common ruin of all, and thus he urged the rulers of the states to enter into relations with the Indian Dominion.
  2. He made it implicitly clear that they may have to face the wrath of the people of the native states for not joining India and he will not be in a position to stop the anger of the people against them.
  3.  In cases where his appeal went unheard, he did not hesitate to annex those states by force.

Question 14 How was Junagadh incorporated into the Indian Union?
Answer:

Junagadh incorporated into the Indian Union as follows

At the time of the transfer of power, the British government left the Indian princely states free to join either India or Pakistan. The Nawab of Junagadh was Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III. He communicated to Pakistan his wish to accede, much to the displeasure of the majority of the people, who were Hindus.

When Pakistan accepted Nawab’s Instrument of Accession, the government of India was outraged. Sardar Patel believed that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would further increase communal tension. He offered Pakistan time to reverse its acceptance of the accession and to hold a plebiscite in Junagadh.

Eventually, Sardar Patel ordered the forcible annexation of Junagadh. Unable to resist the attack, Nawab fled to Pakistan. A plebiscite was conducted in which 99.95% people chose India over Pakistan.

Question 15 Write a note on the incorporation of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.
Answer:

The policy of ‘Carrot and Stick’:

Hyderabad was the largest princely state when India attained independence in 1947. The ruler of Hyderabad was known as the Nizam.

  1. Distribution of population: When India gained freedom, the Nizam of Hyderabad was Osman Ali Khan. But though the ruler was a Muslim, about 87 per cent of the population of Hyderabad were Hindus.
  2. Anti-India feelings: After the British left India, the Nizam of Hyderabad did not accede either to India or to Pakistan, and tried to maintain his independence. The leader of the Muslims, Qasim Rizvi, led a group known as ‘Razakar’, which carried out acts of terrorism on the Hindus living in the Indian subcontinent at the borders of Hyderabad. These people fled from their homes and took shelter in relief camps in India.
  3. Increasing complexities: The Nizam of Hyderabad instructed the Muslims to declare jihad on the people living in India.. He brought in arms and ammunition from Pakistan and further complicated the issue by appealing against India to the United Nations and the International Court of Justice.
  4. Operation ‘Polo’: In this ‘backdrop, India sent an ultimatum to Hyderabad, but even that was ignored by the Nizam. Consequently, General J N Choudhury led the Indian army into Hyderabad in a military operation known as Operation Polo on September 13, 1948.
  5. The surrender: The Hyderabad army was easily defeated by the Indian army and they surrendered on September 18. Consequently, Hyderabad acceded to the Indian Union.
  6. Signing the Instrument of Accession: A few days later, the Nizam of Hyderabad signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad officially became a part of the Indian Union on January 26, 1950.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Surrender of Hydebad to India

“Women’s role in post-colonial India”

Question 16 What do you know about the annexation of the princely states of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer?
Answer:

Jodhpur and Jaisalmer were significant princely states on the border of India after independence. The non-Muslim states of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer were finally annexed to India.

  1. The attitude of Hanwant Singh: Hanwant Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur was a staunch opponent of the Congress. He thought that his joining of the Indian territory would not be much profitable. So he signed a treaty with Jinnah along with the king of Jaisalmer.
  2. Jinnah’s initiative: The Pakistani leader Jinnah made an unconditional offer to the rulers of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer to lure them to join Pakistan. Jaisalmer rejected the offer and later on, joined India.
  3. Mountbatten’s effort: When Jodhpur had almost agreed to join Pakistan, Mountbatten was successful in making the ruler of Jodhpur- Hanwant Singh- understand that Pakistan had been created mainly for the Muslims, and Jodhpur, being a Hindu state, would face problems if he acceded to Pakistan.
  4. Hanwant Singh’s decision: Hanwant Singh was influenced by Lord Mountbatten’s arguments, and consequently he joined India almost against his wish.

Class 10 History Solution Wbbse

Question 17 Write a short note on how the French and Portuguese colonies in India became a part of the Indian subcontinent.
Answer:

French and Portuguese colonies in India became a part of the Indian subcontinent

Besides the princely states, several colonies of France such as Chandannagar, Mahe, Karaikal, Yanam, Pondicherry, etc., and several Portuguese colonies such as Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, etc., remained in India even after the attainment of independence in 1947. It was necessary to annex these regions to the Indian subcontinent.

Annexation of the French colonies:

In 1948, a treaty was signed between India and France where it was stated that whether the French colonies in the Indian subcontinent would become a part of India, would be decided through a plebiscite.

  1. As per the treaty, Chandannagar became a part of India in 1949.
  2. In 1954, the people of Yanam and Mahe, who were in support of becoming a part of India, captured power in these places through political uprisings, and consequently these places became parts of the Indian Union.
  3. In October 1954, Pondicherry and Karakol joined the Indian Union by plebiscite.

Annexation of the Portuguese colonies:

  1. In 1954, the Gomantak party revolted and captured power in Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Consequently, in 1961, India declared this region to be under its governance.
  2. The movements in Goa that were launched in favor of joining India, were suppressed using strict measures by the Portuguese government. In 1961, under the leadership of General Jayanta Choudhury, the Indian army marched into Goa and forced the government there to sign a treaty, handing Goa over to the Indian Union.
  3. In the same year, Daman and Diu also acceded to India.

Question 18 Discuss how the Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent acceded to India.
Answer:

Portuguese colonies in the Indian subcontinent acceded to India as follows

Even after India attained independence, several Portuguese colonies-Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli-still remained in India. In order to maintain their control over the colonies, the Portuguese annexed several of their colonies around the world in 1951.

  1. Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli: The Gomantak party in Dadra and Nagar Haveli revolted and seized power in 1954. When the Portuguese government tried to recapture this region, the Indian government resisted it. Later, in 1961, India formally declared Dadra and Nagar Haveli to be a part of the Indian Union.
  2. Protest movements in Goa: On August 15, 1955, about 5000 Satyagrahis carried out a peaceful protest against the Portuguese government. However, the Portuguese government took strict measures and about 22 protestors were gunned down. Several leaders of the protest movements were also killed and imprisoned.
  3. Measures taken by India: In protest of the steps taken by the Portuguese in Goa, the Indian government declared an economic blockade against it. Besides, India made several petitions to the Portuguese government to hand over the Goal to the Indian government and even took the matter to the international level.
  4. Annexation of Goa: Under the leadership of General Jayanta Choudhury, the Indian army marched into Goa in December 1961. The Portuguese army was soon defeated and was forced to surrender. As a result, Goa became a part of the Indian Union.

“Cultural developments in India 1947-1964”

Question 19 Discuss the effects of the partition of India in 1947.
Answer:

The effects of the partition of India in 1947:

On August 15, 1945, India became independent, and simultaneously, it was divided into two independent nations-India and Pakistan. The common people were affected the most due to this partition.

  1. Abandoning the Motherland: Due to the partition of India, people of religious minority communities in East and West Pakistan Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, etc.- moved to India, and a large number of Muslims migrated to Pakistan from India. These people lost most of their valuables and possessions due to the Partition of India.
  2. Massacre: After the Partition of India, communal riots spread rapidly across the states. A large number of Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists were slaughtered in Pakistan or while fleeing from Pakistan. Similarly, many Muslims were killed in India or while they were trying to move out of India. Besides these, dacoities, burning down of crops, etc., were common events during the partition of India.
  3. The exploitation of women: Women of the minority communities in either of the two countries were probably the worst sufferers. Kidnapping and rapes became commonplace incidents. About 1 lakh women were raped, and consequently, at least 50 thousand illegitimate children were born.
  4. Refugee problem: The refugee problem became a major issue in both India and Pakistan after the partition. A large number of refugees from Pakistan settled in West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Punjab, and several other states. Rehabilitating them and providing them with aid put India in a serious economic crisis.

Question 20 What was the reaction of the people of Bengal to the partition of Bengal along with the partition of India in 1947?
Answer:

The reaction of the people of Bengal to the partition of Bengal along with the partition of India in 1947:

After the Partition of India in 1947, the Muslim-majority area of East Bengal and the Hindu-majority area of West Bengal were merged with Pakistan and India respectively. Due to this partition, several reactions were witnessed in Bengal.

The reactions were as follows-

  1. Refugee problem: Millions of people from East Bengal took shelter at different districts of West Bengal as refugees. This led to an increase in the population of West Bengal. The West Bengal government had to undergo many hardships in order to arrange rehabilitation facilities for the refugees.
  2. Lack of raw materials and resources: As a result of the partition of Bengal, the industries came to West Bengal but the cultivable lands for producing raw materials such as cotton, jute, etc., that are required for the working of those industries, went to East Bengal. This led to the downfall of the industries due to a lack of raw materials.
  3. Unemployment: The industries of West Bengal broke down due to a lack of raw materials. This problem was doubled by the huge number of refugees coming to India, thus causing the problem of large-scale unemployment.
  4. The exodus of intellectuals from their respective motherlands: Due to the partition of Bengal, a huge inflow of Hindu intellectuals from East Bengal contributed to the cultural improvement of West Bengal. Similarly, a large number of Muslim intellectuals from West Bengal went to East Bengal and contributed to the cultural development of that country.

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic B Refugee Problem After 1947

 Question 1 Discuss the problems that the Bengali refugees had to go through.
Answer:

The problems that the Bengali refugees had to go through:

After the Partition of India in 1947, the refugees in Bengal had to go through hardships.

  1. Poverty: The central government did not provide any opportunity for the exchange of wealth to the refugees of Bengal. As a result, most of the families had to come empty-handed.
  2. Hurdles on the route: The refugees coming from East Bengal had to undergo numerous hurdles on the way. They had to walk continuously for long stretches. Many died due to hunger and fatigue on the way.
  3. Life on the streets: The poverty-ridden Bengalee refugees were forced to live on the roadsides and railway stations. They went hungry most of the time, or were only half-fed.
  4. Problems of refugee camps: In the refugee camps there was severe scarcity for even the basic needs like food, water, toilets, places to live, etc., and this caused the death of many of the refugees.
  5. Rehabilitation: The arrangements made by the government for the rehabilitation of these refugees in Bengal were grossly insufficient. Besides, the refugees also had to suffer at the hands of local fraud.
  6. Cultural separation: Many of the refugees in Bengal were sent away to distant places. As a result, they were separated from people of their own linguistic and cultural community.

Wbbse History And Environment Class 10 Solutions

Question 2 Write about autobiographies and memoirs as documents in the study of the history of the Partition.
Answer:

Autobiographies and memoirs as documents in the study of the history of the Partition

The history of Pakistan, and India and the condition of the refugees have been reconstructed with the help of several autobiographies and reminiscences.

Among these autobiographies and reminiscences, mention may be made of ‘Chhere Asa Gram’ (ed) by Dakshinaranjan Basu, ‘Atmakatha’ by Abul Mansoor Ahmed, ‘Deshbhager Dinguli’ by Atin Bandapadhyay, ‘Smritibhare’ by Janardan Chakraborty, ‘Udbritter Itibritta’ by Ajoy Gupta, ‘Kichu Smriti Kichu Katha’ by Saibal Gupta, ‘Smriti Katha’ by Renuka Ray, ‘Jukto Ebong Mukta Bonger Smriti’ by Annadasankar Roy.

Hiranmoy Bandopadhyay, the commissioner for Refugees Rehabilitation, in his reminiscence ‘Udvastu’, gives a vivid picture of the psychological, emotional and social trauma of the people who were separated from their relatives and friends and who looked at it as a holocaust.

“Political challenges in post-independence India”

Question 3 Discuss the refugee problem after the independence of India in 1947.
Answer:

The refugee problem after the independence of India in 1947

After the independence of India in 1947, millions of refugees from East and West Pakistan, who were victims of communal violence, came to India.

  1. Problems faced by India: It was very difficult for India, a newly formed nation, to take on the economic as well as other responsibilities of the millions of refugees coming to India. So the refugee problem created a huge drawback in India’s part.
  2. Centers of crisis: The refugee problem was most prevalent in Punjab and West Bengal because these were the two states where most of the refugees took shelter.
  3. Condition of Punjab: Just after the partition of India, millions of people took refuge in Punjab. The Indian government took steps for the rehabilitation of the teeming millions which reduced the problem to a certain level.
  4. Condition of West Bengal: From 1947 to 1971, a large number of refugees took shelter in West Bengal. But the central government could not arrange for adequate rehabilitation facilities for these refugees, and so most of the people had to take shelter on pavements, refugee colonies, railway colonies, etc. Some of the refugees were given lands in faraway places like Andaman, Dandakaranya, etc., to settle down.

Question 4 How did the newly formed Indian government tackle the refugee problem?
Answer:

After the partition in 1947, millions of people came to India as refugees and took shelter in different provinces like Punjab, West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, etc. So the newly formed Indian government had to take several steps for tackling the increasing refugee problem.

The steps taken by the Indian Government were as follows-

  1. Granting of asylum: The refugees coming into West Bengal initially took shelter in various railway stations, pavements or abandoned houses. The newly formed Indian government established several camps for the settlement of the refugees.
  2. Arrangement of aid: The Indian government arranged for food, clothing, medicines, and portable drinking water for the refugees. It also arranged for primary education centres for the children of the refugee camps.
  3. Rehabilitation: The people of the refugee camps were rehabilitated to various areas for resettlement. They were also given monetary aids for constructing houses and reorganising their lives.
  4. Condition of Punjab: The people taking refuge in Punjab were given ample financial and other aids by the central government. Colonies were established in different parts of Punjab for their rehabilitation.
  5. Condition of West Bengal: The West Bengal government could not arrange for enough provisions for the refugees. Some of them were offered lands in faraway places like Andaman, and Dandakaranya and these people got detached from the Bengalee culture.

Question 5 Discuss the debates that took place regarding the steps for the rehabilitation of the refugees that were taken by the Indian government.
Answer:

The teeming millions that came to India after the partition posed a threat to the newly formed Indian government. To cope up with this problem, the Indian government took various steps. But these steps initiated debates from many corners.

The debates that took place are as follows-

  1. India’s grievances against Pakistan: India argued that Pakistan has forced a large number of Hindus and Sikhs to abandon their motherland (Pakistan) and come to India.
  2. Nehru-Liaquat Pact: To tackle the increasing refugee problem, Jawaharlal Nehru the Prime Minister of India, and Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, signed a treaty in 1950 known as the ‘Nehru-Liaquat Pact’ or the ‘Delhi Pact’. But even this treaty could not deter the refugees from entering India.
  3. Exchange of property: The central government facilitated the exchange of property and people between the refugees of Punjab and West Pakistan, and there was an exchange of refugees between these two regions. However, no such facilities were given to the refugees of West Bengal, and thus they had to undergo various hardships for a long time.
  4. Aid and rehabilitation: Many historians are of the opinion that the central government was biased even while granting aid to the refugees of West Bengal and Punjab. While the refugees of Punjab received adequate aid, the refugees of West Bengal got insufficient funds and aid for rehabilitation.
  5. Rehabilitation in far-off places: Many Dalit refugees from West Bengal were sent off to distant places for rehabilitation like the Andamans and Dandakaranya, which cut them off from the Bengali language, culture, etc. The leftist parties of Bengal protested vehemently against this policy of rehabilitation by the central government.

Wbbse History And Environment Class 10 Solutions

Question 6 What was the Indian reaction towards the refugee problem? Or, What were the problems that India faced when a large number of refugees migrated from Pakistan to India?
Answer:

Indian reaction towards the refugee problem

It is not possible to determine the exact number of people who migrated from Pakistan to India during the Partition of India. But it is a confirmed fact that most of the refugees settled in and around West Bengal, Punjab, Tripura, Assam, etc. This influx of refugees created an issue of major concern in India.

Some of the issues were-

  1. Communal riots: The religious minorities in Pakistan faced atrocities at the hands of the Muslims residing there and fled to India. As a result of this, Muslims in India became victims of acts of violence as well. Thus, communal riots spread out in many parts of the country.
  2.  The assassination of Gandhi: in the backdrop of communal violence and riots, Mahatma Gandhi took the side of the Muslims and undertook a fast for their cause. This angered several Hindu activists, and on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot dead by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fundamentalist.
  3. The decline of Indo-Pak relations: When several thousands of refugees migrated to India, the Indian government held Pakistan responsible of communal atrocities, which had caused the people of religious minorities to flee from the country. The Pakistani government naturally denied these claims and this resulted in the decline of the relationship between India and Pakistan.
  4. Economic pressure: The rehabilitation of thousands of refugees and providing aid created serious economic pressure on the government of independent India.
  5.  Political tension: The refugee problem gave rise to political tension in the country. In order to obtain adequate aid from the government, the refugees resorted to political agitations. In West Bengal, the leftist parties supported these refugees and stood by them.

Question 7 What were the differences between the migration and settlement of refugees in West Bengal and Punjab?
Answer:

After the Partition of India in 1947, a large number of refugees migrated from East Pakistan (East Bengal) to West Bengal, and another large number of refugees migrated from West Pakistan to Punjab. Several differences can be noticed between these two groups of refugees coming in and settling in West Bengal and Punjab.

The differences between the migration and settlement of refugees in West Bengal and Punjab-

Points of difference Refugees of Bengal Refugees of Pakistan
Time period Refugees from East Pakistan kept coming in and settling in West Bengal for about three decades after the Partition of India. The refugees from West Pakistan came in only for a short period of time after the Partition of India.
Exchange The refugees of East Pakistan did not get The refugees coming from West Pakistan chance of exchanging wealth or property with the Muslims of West Bengal. The refugees coming from West Pakistan were able to exchange wealth and property with the Muslims of Punjab.
Abandonment of India by the Muslims Most of the Muslims of West Bengal did not leave their motherland. Hence the refugees coming to Bengal did not get a chance to rehabilitate in the abandoned houses of the Muslims. A large number of Muslims left Punjab and migrated to West Pakistan. Therefore, the refugees who came to Punjab got a chance to rehabilitate in the abandoned houses of the Muslims.
Aid and rehabilitation The aids and facilities of rehabilitation provided by the central government for the refugees of West Bengal were inadequate. The aids and facilities of rehabilitation provided by the central government for the refugees of Punjab were quite sufficient.
Linguistic problems As most of the refugees coming from East Bengal were Bengali-speaking, they were more inclined to settle in and around West Bengal, Assam, and Orissa. The refugees coming from West Pakistan did not have any linguistic problems, and so, besides Punjab, they were able to settle down in Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, etc.

 

“Education reforms in India post-independence”

Question 8 How much do we come to know about the Partition of 1947 from autobiographies and memoirs?
Answer:

The Partition of 1947 is perhaps the most important event in modern Indian history. Many facts about this partition can be obtained from the memoirs and autobiographies written during this period.

  1. Mention of acts of violence: Details of how the religious minorities had to suffer the atrocities of the religious majority groups-riots, murders, rapes-and how they were forced to abandon their motherland, come up vividly through several writings.
  2. Memories of leaving the Motherland: Not just the physical hardships, but the emotional trauma, the pain of leaving behind one’s place of birth, etc., are portrayed clearly in several writings by different authors.
  3. End of relationships: How the partition of 1947 separated friends and family members, and how individuals lost their loved ones forever, have been portrayed in many memoirs and autobiographies.
  4. Love for the Motherland: The deep love for one’s motherland, the fond memories of one’s birthplace, and the longing to return to those places once again can be seen in the writings of many authors
  5. Some writers: Several writers have written autobiographies, memoirs, novels, research papers, etc., relating to the Partition of India. Some of the significant writers in Bengali include Atin Bandopadhyay, Sunil Gangopadhyay, Prafulla Roy, Manik Bandyopadhyay, Debesh Roy, Prafulla Chakraborty, Debjyoti Roy, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Paper Train to Pakistan by Khushwant Singh

Significant writers in Hindi include Sadat Hassan Manto, Krishan Chander, Yashpal, Rangeya Raghav, Bhisham Sahni, and several others. Among the ones who wrote in English were Khuswant Singh, and R K Narayan, the ones who wrote in Urdu include Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and the writers in Punjabi were Bhisham Sahni, Kulwant Singh, etc.

Wbbse History And Environment Class 10 Solutions

Question 9 Give a picture of the partition of India. and the sufferings of a refugee as portrayed in a novel/autobiography/memoir.
Answer:

The partition of India and the pains of the refugees have been described in many novels, autobiographies, memoirs, etc. A mentionable novel in this context is ‘Surjo Dighol Bari’ by Abu Ishaque.

The topics dealt with in the novel are discussed below-

  1. Dreams of the famine-stricken: ‘Surjo Dighol Bari’ opens with a depiction of the famine of 1943. The people such as Joygun, suffering from the famine, dream that after a few days when the nation would become independent, the price of rice will fall, and they will be able to live happily once again.
  2. The Pakistan of dreams: While the Muslims were eagerly waiting for the formation of Pakistan, Abu Ishaque, in his novel, portrays that the formation of Pakistan might be a nightmare for some, instead of being a dream. He portrays this through a conversation between two people traveling by train, and the Muslim passenger says, “If Pakistan is going to be formed, the Hindu-based names of products need to be changed.”
  3. Shattered dreams: The country became independent finally. But the condition of the Indians before and after independence in Pakistan became pathetic. Thus the dream of a new life for characters like Joygun was shattered.
  4. The author portrays this shattering of illusions in his writing- After the formation of Pakistan, a truckload of people shouting “Pakistan zindabad, Quaid- i-Azam zindabad” was moving forward. While going through a muddy road, the truck splashed mud on a passerby’s clothes, and the words uttered by the helpless man clearly portrayed how the future days of Pakistan were going to be.
  5. Lamentations of Joygun: The religious minorities of East Bengal were in despair when the good days did not come even after independence. This has been clearly portrayed in the book by the lamentations of Joygun in his mother tongue.

Question 10 Give an account of the Partition and the problems of the refugees as portrayed in Bengali literature.
Answer:

The Partition and the problems of the refugees as portrayed in Bengali literature

In 1947, Bengal was partitioned along with the Partition of India. East Bengal became a part of Pakistan and West Bengal became a part of India. Consequently, the Hindu minority of East Bengal migrated to West Bengal, and the Muslim minority of West Bengal moved to East Bengal.

A vivid description of this partition and the story of individuals leaving their motherland have been written in many pieces of Bengali literature.

Breaking apart of family life: The pain of dreams being shattered, love being lost, and family life being torn apart has been portrayed in the backdrop of the Partition in Raziya Khan’s ‘Bottolar Uponyas’. The love relationship between Sumita and Moin is destroyed due to the Partition.

  1.  Riots: Communal riots broke out in East Bengal after the Partition of 1947. In this context, Sahidullah Kaiser, in his novel ‘Sangsaptak, speaks out through the character of Sikandar Master, that religions are made for human beings, not the other way round.
  2. Shattering of dreams: The poor people had dreamt that with freedom, food prices would decrease, and their living conditions would improve. But Abu Ishaque, in his novel ‘Surjo Dighol Bari’, portrays the shattering of this dream through the dialogues of his character- Joygun.
  3. Ruminations: The memories of Partition, leaving one’s motherland, and the events in a refugee’s life can be seen in several novels. Among these, mention might be made of ‘Purbo-Poschim’, ‘Keyapatar Nouka’, ‘Nilkantha Pakhir Khoje’, and several others.
  4. Lives of refugees: The painful stories of the lives of the refugees of West Bengal have been depicted in many Bengali novels, dramas, poems, etc. Examples of this can be cited from Mangalacharan Chattopadhyay’s poem ‘Sukno Mukh Uskokhusko Chul’.

Question 11 Discuss how the partition of India and the sufferings of the refugees have been portrayed in films.
Answer:

The partition of India and the sufferings of the refugees have been portrayed in films

After the Partition of India, many films have been made in both East Bengal and West Bengal showing the pictures of the partition, the riots, people leaving their motherland, and the lives and suffering of the refugees.

Some of the mentionable films in Bengali include Ritwik Ghatak’s ‘Meghe Dhaka Tara’, ‘Subarnarekha’, ‘Nagarik’, ‘Komal Gandhar’, Nimai Ghosh’s, ‘Chinnamul, Satyajit Ray’s ‘Mahanagar’, and several others. Srijit Mukherji’s recent film ‘Rajkahini’ too gives us a detailed picture of the times of Partition.

The topics dealt with in these films are discussed below-

  1. Establishment of colonies: The Partition of Bengal, the influx of a huge number of refugees from East Bengal, setting up of colonies by these refugees after much struggle and hardship, and such other topics have been dealt with in Ritwik Ghatak’s movies.
  2. Pain and sufferings: Many films over time have portrayed the pains and sufferings that were caused during the Partition. The immense sufferings-that the refugees had to go through, the experiences of a helpless child who has lost his mother, their reunion when the child has become a youth and his mother has become old, and such other instances from the lives of the refugees have found place in a lot of films.
  3. Journey to Dandakaranya: The tragic eviction of the Bengali refugees to Dandakaranya has found place in Bengali films as well. In one of his films, Ritwik Ghatak shows a scene of the Dandakaranya bound special train for the refugees being stopped at Dhalbhumgarh station and the dead body of an old lady being brought out from the train.

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic C Reorganisation Of States In Independent India

 Question 1 Write a note on scheduled languages in the Indian constitution (upto 1964).
Answer:

Scheduled languages in the Indian constitution (upto 1964):

The framers of the Indian Constitution, while enacting the constitution, (January 26, 1950) decided to incorporate 14 languages into the constitution. These are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

Till 1964, these languages were recognised by the government. The Eighth schedule and the 21st Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Maithili and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of December 1, 2007, lists 22 languages.

These are:

  1. Assamese
  2. Bengali
  3. Gujarati
  4. Hindi
  5. Kannada
  6. Kashmiri
  7. Malayalam
  8.  Marathi
  9. Oriya
  10. Punjabi
  11. Sanskrit
  12. Tamil
  13. Telugu
  14. Urdu
  15. Sindhi
  16. Konkani
  17. Manipuri
  18. Nepali
  19. Bodo
  20. Dogri
  21. Maithili
  22. Santhali.”

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Paper Linguistic Reorganisation of States

“Significant events in India 1947-1964”

Question 2 Describe the different phases of the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis in post-independent India. Or, Discuss the role of the state reorganization commission (1953) in the reorganization of the states in independent India.
Answer:

The different phases of the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis in post-independent India

The matter of reorganization of states and demarcation of interstate borders became quite important after India got independence in 1947.

  • Demand for linguistic reorganization: There was no division of state on a linguistic basis, prior to independence. The movement for the reorganization of states on a linguistic basis started in India after independence.
  • Objection by the government: The Linguistic State Reorganisation Commission opposed the idea of reorganization on a linguistic basis.
  • Movements: In protest against the government’s stand, movements began in different parts of the country. Potti Sreeramulu went on a fast for 58 days on the demand of a separate state for the Telugu population.
  • Consequently, in 1953, Andhra Pradesh was formed for the Telugu population, and Madras renamed Tamil Nadu (1963), went to the Tamil population.
  • State Reorganisation Commission: Jawaharlal Nehru formed the State Reorganisation Commission (1953) to formulate the policy of state reorganization.
  •  State Reorganisation Act: By this Act, 14 states and 6 Union territories were formed on a linguistic basis on November 1, 1956.

Since no separate states were formed for the Marathas and Gujaratis by the State Reorganisation Act, a conflict broke out between the two communities in Bombay and a movement began demanding separate states. The separate states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed by dividing Bombay in 1960.

Class 10 History Wbbse

Question 3 Write a commentary on the recognition of different Indian languages as official languages by the Constitution till 1964.
Answer:

A commentary on the recognition of different Indian languages as official languages by the Constitution till 1964

India has been a multilingual country since ancient times. After independence, the question of determining the official language for united India, became a vital issue.

1. Controversy: A controversy arose as to which language should be used to maintain communication between the central and state governments as well as for the transaction of central government issues. The controversy mainly revolved around English and Hindi languages. Finally in 1950, Hindi language was recognised as the official language by the Constitution.

2. Official Languages Commission (1955): The Official Languages Commission was formed in 1955.

The recommendations in the report of the commission are as follows-

  • The Hindi language will be the official language of India.
  • The use of English in official work will continue till January 26, 1965.
  • After January 26, 1965, Hindi will be the sole official language.

3. Official Languages Act (1953): The Official Languages Act was passed by the Indian Parliament in 1963.

This act stipulated that-

  1. English will continue to be used in official work along with Hindi, even after 1965.
  2.  The state legislatures will get the right to determine the official language for their respective states.

4. Official languages in 1964: According to the Official Languages Act 1963, the different state legislatures determined their respective state languages. As a result 14 Indian languages were included as official languages in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

These languages were-

  1. Assamese
  2. Bengali
  3. Gujarati
  4. Hindi
  5. Kannada
  6. Kashmiri
  7. Malayalam
  8. Marathi
  9. Oriya
  10. Punjabi
  11. Sanskrit
  12. Tamil
  13. Telugu and
  14. Urdu.

Question 4 How did Andhra become the first linguistically recognized state?
Answer:

Andhra become the first linguistically recognized state:

Immediately after the independence of India, there was a demand for the reorganization of states on the basis of a long urge. Consequently; the Linguistic Provinces Commission, headed by Justice S.K. Dar, was appointed in 1948.

  1. The Dar Commission advised that the reorganization of states on the basis of language might threaten national unity. But the public was not satisfied and the problem became more acute.
  2. So a committee was appointed in December 1948, consisting of Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya to examine the situation. The committee advised against the creation of linguistic states for the time being.
  3. However, the popular movement for the reorganization of states continued. Potti Sreeramalu undertook a fast unto death over the demand for a separate state of Andhra. While on fast for 58 days, Sreeramulu died and the movement took a serious turn.
  4. Finally, the government conceded to the demand and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was created in 1952. The Telugu-speaking area was separated from the Tamil-speaking area. Simultaneously, Tamil Nadu emerged as a Tamil-speaking state.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Short Answer Questions

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Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic A Accession Of Princely States Into The Indian Union Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Which statement of Md. Ali Jinnah encouraged the princes of the native states to retain their independence after the end of British rule in India?
Answer:

Md. Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, made a statement encouraging the princes of the native states to retain their independence after the end of British rule in India. The statement was that-States could remain independent sovereign states on the termination of British paramountcy.

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Question 2 What kind of policy was taken by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel to complete the accession of the princely states with the Indian Union?
Answer:

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel used a diplomatic and skilful policy in completing the accession of the native states with the Indian Union. Firstly he appealed to the princes of the native states to accede to India for they would derive great advantages from it. Secondly, if no reponse is made from them, he would not hesitate to apply force to get them acceded.

Question 3 Why did the ruler of Kashmir appeal to India for military assistance?
Answer:

In October 1947, Pathan tribesmen invaded Srinagar. They were unofficially led by the Pakistan army. In this circumstance, the ruler of Kashmir appealed to India for military assistance.

Question 4 Why did the people of Junagadh rise in revolt at the end of British rule in India?
Answer:

With the end of British rule in India, it was made clear by the nationalist leaders that the princely states were to accede either to India or Pakistan. But the ruler of Junagadh, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III, announced that the state was to accede to Pakistan. This’ was against the wishes of the people of Junagadh. So they rose in revolt against their Nawab.

Question 5 When and by whom was Mahatma Gandhi assassinated?
Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godsey on January 30, 1948.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Mahatma Gandhi

Question 6 Under what circumstances Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir signed the instrument of Accession?
Answer:

After India attained independence both India and Pakistan asked Hari Singh, the Maharaja of the princely state of Kashmir, to accede to their respective nations.

Pakistan Kashmir and proceeded towards its capital Maharaja might want to join India at some government anticipated that the Answer: Hindu point of time.In October 1947 mercenaries supported by the Pakistan army infiltrated Kashmir. The Maharaja became helpless. This left Maharaja no choice but to sign the Instrument Accession.

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Question 7 What is meant by the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:

Meaning of Instrument of Accession:

After the independence of India the British government left the princely states free to join either India or Pakistan. The Instrument of Accession was as a legal document to enable each of the rulers of the princely states to join one of the new dominions of India or Pakistan created by the Partition of British India. The princely states were to be given freedom in their intellectual.

“Post colonial policies in India”

Question 8 Why is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel called the ‘Iron Man of India’?
Answer:

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel called the ‘Iron Man of India’:

When the British left India there were hundreds of princely states in India. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who took the responsibility of integrating these princely states, persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India. All the states of free India except Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh immediately joined the Indian Union.

In the case of Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh where Patel’s appeal went unheard he did not hesitate to annex those states by force. His commitment to national integration was total and uncompromising, earning him the sobriquet of the ‘Iron Man of India’.

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic B Refugee Problem After 1947 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What was the attitude of the Government of India with regard to the issue of refugee rehabilitation?
Answer:

The attitude of the Government of India with regard to the issue of refugee rehabilitation:

The policy taken by the Government of India with regard to the issue of refugee rehabilitation was discriminatory in nature. Regarding the rehabilitation of the refugees from West Pakistan, the Government of India took sincere efforts.

The refugees settled in deserted houses or fallow lands in Punjab, where about 200 camps and some suburban towns were built for them. Some of them also settled in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

But in the case of West Bengal, the attitude of the Government was somewhat different than that of the Central Government. The refugees had to take shelter in the improvised Government camps and suffer miserably.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Short Answer Questions

Question 2 What is depicted in the novel ‘Surjo Dighol Bari’?
Answer:

After the partition of India the poor people. dreamt that with freedom, food prices would decrease and their living conditions would improve. In his novel ‘Surjo Dighol Bari’ Abu Ishaque portrays the shattering of this dream.

“Impact of partition on India 1947”

Question 3 When and between whom was the Delhi Pact signed? What were the features of the Pact?
Answer:

The Delhi Pact (or Nehru-Liaquat Pact) was signed between the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan’s Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in New Delhi on April 8, 1950.

The following are the important features of the Delhi Pact-

[1] To lessen the threats faced by religious minorities;
[2] To put an end to the communal riots and to elevate communal peace;
[3] To create such an atmosphere that both countries could further solve their problems.

Question 4 What were the provisions of the Delhi Pact (or Nehru-Liaquat Pact 1950)?
Answer:

The Delhi Pact (or Nehru-Liaquat Pact) was signed between Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan on April 8, 1950.

The provisions of the Pact were:

[1] The governments of India and Pakistan solemnly agreed that each shall ensure its minorities throughout its territories- complete equality of citizenship irrespective of religion, full sense of security in respect of life, culture, and property.

[2] Both governments decided to set up minority commissions in their countries with the aim of observing and reporting on the implementation of the Pact to ensure that no one breaches the pact.

[3] Both the leaders emphasized that the loyalty of the minorities should be reserved for the state in which they were living and for the solution of their problems, they should look up to the government of the country they were living in.

“WBBSE Class 10 history chapter summaries”

Question 5 Why did Nehru-Liaquat Pact (Delhi Pact) 1950 fail?
Answer:

The Nehru-Liaquat Pact (Delhi Pact) was signed between Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan on April 8, 1950. The Nehru-Liaquat Pact failed to satisfy many leaders.

Two central ministers Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee and Dr. Khitish Chandra Neogy were firmly against Nehru’s invitation to the Pakistan Prime Minister. They criticised the joint Pact aiming at establishing a minority commission and guaranteeing minority rights in both countries.

Dr. Mukherjee held Pakistan directly responsible for the influx of millions of Hindu refugees from Pakistan who had left the country fearing religious violence supported by Pakistan government.

Shyama Prasad also condemned this pact as a disastrous policy of Muslim appeasement. As a mark of protest against the Indian government’s policy of appeasement towards Pakistan, both ministers resigned.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century Nehru and Liaquat

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic C Reorganisation Of States In Independent India Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Who was Potti Sreeramulu?
Answer:

Potti Sreeramulu:

Potti Sreeramulu was a great freedom fighter. He led the movement in Andhra over the demand for a separate Andhra State. He undertook a fast unto death over this issue and even gave up his life for this cause.

Question 2 Why was the JVP Committee formed? Who were the members of the committee?
Answer:

The JVP committee was formed to solve the problems relating to the linguistic reorganization of states. The members of this committee were Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

Question 3 Why was the State Reorganisation Commission formed? Who were its members?
Answer:

The State Reorganisation Commission (1953) was formed by Jawaharlal Nehru to formulate the policy of state reorganization in the determination of interstate borders.

The commission consisted of Hon’ble Justice Fazal Ali (President) and two other members KM Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru.

“Key figures in post-colonial India”

Question 4 In which year Official Language Commission was formed? Name two important members of the commission.
Answer:

The Official Language Commission was formed in 1955. Two important members of the Commission were Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay from West Bengal and P Subbarayan.

Question 5 When was the Official Languages Act passed by the Indian Parliament? What were its provisions?
Answer:

The Official Languages Act was passed by the Indian Parliament in 1953.

The provisions of the Act were-

[1] English will continue to be used in official work along with Hindi, even after 1965.
[2] The state legislatures will get the right to determine the official language for their respective states.

Question 6 What was the reaction of the people when no separate states were formed for the Marathas and Gujaratis?
Answer:

When no separate states were formed for the Marathas and Gujaratis by the State Reorganisation Act, a conflict broke out between the two communities in Bombay and a movement began demanding separate states.

The movement on the issue of separate states was led by Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti in regions with the Maratha majority and by Mahagujarat Janata Parishad in regions with a Gujarati majority.

Question 7 What were the six union territories formed on linguistic bases in 1956?
Answer:

The six union territories formed on a linguistic basis were Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Lakshadweep, Manipur, and Himachal Pradesh.

Question 8 Why was the Dar Commission (1948) formed?
Answer:

Immediately after the independence of India, there was a demand for the reorganization of states on the basis of a long urge. Consequently, the Linguistic Provinces Commission, headed by Justice SK Dar, was appointed in 1948.

“Changes in Indian society post-independence”

Question 9 What were the states formed by the state Reorganisation Act of 1956?
Answer:

The states formed by the state Reorganisation Act of 1956 were-

[1] Andhra Pradesh,
[2] Assam,
[3] Orissa,
[4] Uttar Pradesh,
[5] Kerala,
[6] Jammu and Kashmir,
[7] West Bengal,
[8] Punjab,
[9] Bihar,
[10] Bombay,
[11] Madhya Pradesh,
[12] Mysore,
[13] Madras and
[14] Rajasthan.

Question 10 Name two states which have adopted Hindi as the official language.
Answer:

Two states which have adopted Hindi as the official language are Bihar and Chattishgarh.

Question 11 What were the 14 Indian languages which were included as official languages in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:

The 14 Indian languages which were included as official languages in the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution were-

[1] Assamese,
[2] Bengali,
[3] Gujarati,
[4] Hindi,
[5] Kannada,
[6] Kashmiri,
[7] Malayalam,
[8] Marathi,
[9] Oriya,
[10] Punjabi,
[11] Sanskrit,
[12] Tamil,
[13] Telugu and
[14] Urdu.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Very Short Answer Questions

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Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic A Accession Of Princely States Into The Indian Union Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?
Answer:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the leader of the Muslim League.

Question 2. Who was the first Prime Minister of independent India?
Answer:

First Prime Minister of independent India

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of independent India.

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“Social changes in India 1947-1964”

Question 3. Who was the first Home Minister of independent India?
Answer:

First Home Minister of independent India

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the first Home Minister of independent India.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 4. By which Act did India gain independence?
Answer:

India gained independence by the Indian Independence Act, 1947.

Question 5. In which year was the Indian Independence Act passed?
Answer:

The Indian Independence Act was passed in 1947.

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Question 6. In which year did the members of the Cabinet Mission arrive in India?
Answer:

The Cabinet Mission arrived in India in 1946.

Question 7. Name the members of the Cabinet Mission.
Answer:

The members of the Cabinet Mission

The members of the Cabinet Mission were Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A V Alexander.

“Economic policies of India post-independence”

Question 8. Why was the Cabinet Mission sent to India?
Answer:

The Cabinet Mission was sent to India to draw out a plan for transfer of power and to negotiate ‘Independence Plan’ with the Indian leaders.

Question 9. Who was Lord Mountbatten?
Answer:

Lord Mountbatten:

Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India.

Question 10. How many princely states were there before independence?
Answer:

There were 601 princely states in India before independence.

“Post colonial India chapter questions”

Question 11. Name two princely states which joined the Indian Union in 1948.
Answer:

Two princely states which joined the Indian Union in 1948 were Junagadh and Hyderabad.

Question 12. Who led the Indian army into Hyderabad in 1948?
Answer:

General J N Choudhury led the Indian army into Hyderabad in 1948.

Question 13. Which was the largest princely state of India when India attained independence?
Answer:

Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India when India attained independence.

Question 14. What is ‘Operation Polo’ (1948)?
Answer:

Operation Polo:

When an ultimatum sent by India to the Nizam of Hyderabad was ignored, General JN Choudhury led the Indian army into Hyderabad in a military operation known as Operation Polo on 13 September 1948.

Question 15. Name some French colonies in India.
Answer:

Some French colonies in India

Some French colonies in India were Chandernagore, Mahe, Karaikal, Yanam, and Pondicherry.

“WBBSE Class 10 history very short answers”

Question 16. Name some Portuguese colonies in India.
Answer:

Some Portuguese colonies in India

Some Portuguese colonies in India were Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

Question 17. In which year Pondichery joined the Indian Union?
Answer:

Pondicherry joined the Indian Union in 1954.

Question 18. Who was the last ruling Nawab of the princely state of Junagadh?
Answer:

The last ruling Nawab of the princely state of Junagadh was Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III.

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic B Refugee Problem After 1947 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Answer in one sentence

Question 1. Who wrote ‘Gandhi’s Emissary’?
Answer:

Gandhi’s Emissary:

‘Gandhi’s Emissary’ was written by Sudhir Ghosh.

Question 2. Who was the author of ‘Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal’?
Answer:

The author of ‘Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal’ was Penderel Moon.

Question 3. Mention one book written by Khuswant Singh.
Answer:

A book written by Khuswant Singh is ‘A Train to Pakistan’.

Question 4. Name some important books written on the partition of India.
Answer:

Some important books written on the partition of India

Some important books written on the partition of India were ‘Marginal Man’ by Prafulla Chakraborty, ‘Ekti Jiban’ by Buddhadev Basu, ‘Epar Ganga Opar Ganga’ by Jyotirmoyee Debi ‘Kolkata-Noakhali- Bihar’ by Bibhuti Bhusan Mukhopadhyay etc.

Question 5. What is the full form of UCRC?
Answer:

UCRC:

The full form of UCRC is United Central Refugee Council.

“Key events in post-independence India”

Question 6. What were the two states where refugee problem was acute?
Answer:

The two states where refugee problem was acute were Punjab and west Bengal.

Question 7. Where in far away places refugees were given lands to settle down?
Answer:

Refugees were given lands in far away places like Andaman, Dandakaranya etc. to settle down.

Question 8. Who is the author of the book ‘Pakistan or Partition of India’?
Answer:

The author of the book ‘Pakistan or Partition of India’ is Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.

“Impact of 1947 partition on India”

Question 9. Name some Hindi writers who wrote about partition of India.
Answer:

Some Hindi writers who wrote about partition of India are Krishan Chander, Yash Pal, Rangeya Raghav, Bhisham Sahni etc.

Question 10. Name some Urdu writers who wrote about partition of India.
Answer:

Some Urdu writers who wrote about partition of India are Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Munshi Premchand, Sadat Hasan Manto.

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic C Reorganisation Of States In Independent India Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Why was a movement led by Potti Sreeramulu launched in Andhra?
Answer:

A strong movement led by Potti Sreeramulu was launched in Andhra for the separation of Andhra from the Madras Presidency.

Question 2. In which year did Andhra become a linguistically reorganized state?
Answer:

Andhra became a linguistically reorganized state in 1957.

Question 3. Who was the chairman of the States Reorganisation Commission (1953)?
Answer:

Justice Fazal Ali was the chairman of the States Reorganisation Commission (1953).

Question 4. Name two members of the States Reorganisation Commission (1953).
Answer:

Two members of the States Reorganisation Commission (1953) were K M Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru.

Question 5. What is the full form of SRC?
Answer:

Full form of SRC:

The full form of SRC is States Reorganisation Commission.

“WBBSE history chapter 8 summary”

Question 6. In which year did the Indian Constitution come into force?
Answer: The Indian Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.

Question 7. How many languages were included when the Indian Constitution came into force?
Answer:

14 languages were included when the Indian Constitution came into force.

Question 8. Under whose leadership the Linguistic state Reorganisation Commission was set up?
Answer:

The Linguistic State Reorganisation Commission was set up under the leadership of S K Dar, Hon’ble justice of Allahabad High Court.

Question 9. Who was Potti Sreeramulu?
Answer:

Potti Sreeramulu:

Potti Sreeramulu was a Gandhian leader who went on a fast for 58 days on the demand of a separate state for the Telegu population and finally laid down his life.

“Important figures in post-colonial India”

Question 10. How many languages are recognized by the Indian Constitution at present?
Answer:

At present 22 languages are recognized by the Indian Constitution.

Question 11. In which year Hindi language written in the Devanagari script was recognized as the official language?
Answer:

In 1950 Hindi language written in Devanagari script was recognized as the official language.

Question 12. What are the official languages recognized. by the government of India?
Answer:

The official languages recognized by the government of India are Hindi and English.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Multiple Choice Questions

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Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic A Accession Of Princely States Into The Indian Union Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 The members of the Cabinet Mission reached India in-
1. 1947
2. 1945
3. 1946
4. 1943

Answer: 3. 1946

Question 2 Before 1947, the number of independent princely states were-
1. 650
2. 560
3. 506
4. 605

Answer: 2. 560

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Question 3 Maharaja Hari Singh was the ruler of-
1. Junagadh
2. Hyderabad
3. Kashmir
4. Pakistan

Answer: 3. Kashmir

Question 4 Hyderabad was included in India on-
1. January 26, 1950
2. January 26, 1949
3. July 26, 1950
4. January 25, 1950

Answer: 1. January 26, 1950

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 mcqs

Question 5 National Conference was the main political party of-
1. Kashmir
2. Rajasthan
3. Junagadh
4. Hyderabad

Answer: 1. Kashmir

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WBBSE Class 10 History Multiple Choice Questions

 

Question 6 The princely states that did not accede to India by August 15, 1947 were-
1. Junagadh and Jammu-Kashmir
2. Junagadh and Hyderabad
3. Hyderabad and Jammu-Kashmir
4. Jammu-Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad

Answer: 4. Jammu-Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad

Question 7 The Government of India took over the administration of Junagadh at the desire of-
1. The ruling Nawab of Junagadh, Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III
2. States Reorganisation Commission
3. United Central Refugee Council
4. The people of Junagadh

Answer: 4. The people of Junagadh

Wbbse History And Environment Class 10 Solutions

Question 8 Maharaja Hari Singh formally acceded Kashmir to India on-
1. October 26, 1947
2. December 26, 1947
3. January 26, 1948
4. November 26, 1947

Answer: 2. December 26, 1947

“Key events in post-colonial India 1947-1964”

Question 9 The national leader who successfully completed the accession of the princely states to the Indian Union was-
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Subhas Chandra Basu
3. Chakraborty Rajagopalachari
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: 4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 10 The princely state which joined the Indian Union through plebiscite was-
1. Kashmir
2. Hyderabad
3. Junagadh
4. Jaipur

Answer: 3. Junagadh

Question 11 Goa became a part of India in-
1. 1947
2. 1956
3. 1961
4. 1971

Answer: 3. 1961

Question 12 Which of the following was not a princely state?
1. Bombay
2. Bhopal
3. Hyderabad
4. Jaipur

Answer: 1. Bombay

Question 13 The first Governor-General of independent 15 The linguistic state of Gujarat was formed India was-
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Rajendra Prasad
3. Lord Mountbatten
4. Vallabbhai Patel

Answer: 3. Lord Mountbatten

“Nehru’s policies in post-independence India”

Question 14 The first Indian Governor General on independent India was-
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Hari Singh
3. Mohammed Ali Jinnah
4. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari

Answer: 4. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari

Question 15 The Linguistic state of Gujarat was formed in-
1. 1953
2. 1956
3. 1960
4. 1965

Answer: 3. 1960

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic B Refugee Problem After 1947 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 Hiranmoy Banerjee was-
1. The Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner of West Bengal
2. A member of the Cabinet Mission
3. A member of the Council of Ministers
4. A renowned journalist

Answer: 1. The Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner of West Bengal

Question 2 Hartley Shawcross was-
1. The Attorney-General of England the Prime Minister of England
2. The Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner
3. A member of the Cabinet Mission

Answer: 1. The Attorney-General of England the Prime Minister of England

Class 10 History Wbbse

Question 3 ‘My Days with Gandhi’ was written by-
1. Sudhir Ghosh
2. Nirmal Kumar Bose
3. Nirod Chandra Chowdhury
4. Buddhadeb Basu

Answer: 2. Nirmal Kumar Bose

“Impact of the First Five-Year Plan”

Question 4 Train to Pakistan’ was written by-
1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. VP Menon
3. Khuswant Singh
4. Salman Rushdie

Answer: 4. Salman Rushdie

Question 5 The author of ‘Bottolar Uponyas’ is-
1. Raziya Khan
2. Sahidullah Kaiser
3. Abu Ishaque
4. Mangalacharan Chattopadhyay

Answer: 1. Raziya Khan

Question 6 The Novel ‘Nilkantha Pakhir Khoje’ was written by-
1. Salil Sen
2. Atin Bandopadhyay
3. Sunanda Sikdar
4. Shaukat Ali

Answer: 2. Atin Bandopadhyay

Question 7 The novel ‘Keyapatar Nauka’ was written by-
1. Mahesweta Devi
2. Hiranmoy Bandopadhyay
3. Atin Bandopadhyay
4. Prafulla Roy

Answer: 4. Prafulla Roy

Question 8 The sufferings of the refugees are depicted in the film ‘Meghe Dhaka Tara’ by-
1. Ritwik Ghatak
2. Nimai Ghosh
3. Satyajit Roy
4. Srijit Mukherjee

Answer: 1. Ritwik Ghatak

Chapter 8 Post Colonial India Second Half Of The 20th Century 1947-1964 Topic C Reorganisation Of States In Independent India Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 Potti Sreeramulu died on-
1. December 15, 1952
2. December 15, 1925
3. November 15, 1952
4. December 5, 1952

Answer: 1. December 15, 1952

Question 2 The State Reorganisation Act (1956) passed by the Indian Parliament provided for-
1. 14 states and 6 union territories
2. 14 states and 5 union territories
3. 12 states and 6 union territories
4. 12 states and 5 union territories

Answer: 1. 14 states and 6 union territories

Class 10 History Wbbse

Question 3 Indira Gandhi Government divided Punjab into three regions in the year-
1. 1906
2. 1908
3. 1967
4. 1966

Answer: 4. 1966

“Social changes in India after 1947”

Question 4 At present, the Indian Union consists of-
1. 28 states and 8 union territories
2. 24 states and 7 union territories
3. 29 states and 7 union territories
4. 29 states and 8 union territories

Answer: 3. 29 states and 7 union territories

Question 5 Indian Constitution came into force on-
1. January 26, 1948
2. January 26, 1950
3. January 20, 1949
4. August 15, 1948

Answer: 2. January 26, 1950

Question 6 Separate linguistic state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in the year
1. 1947
2. 1950
3. 1953
4. 1955

Answer: 2. 1950

Question 7 Goa became a part of India in-
1. 1947
2. 1956
3. 1961
4. 1971

Answer: 3. 1961

Question 8 The first state in India formed on a linguistic basis is-
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Gujarat

Answer: 2. Andhra Pradesh

“Economic development in India 1947-1964”

Question 9 The States Reorganisation Act was passed in the year-
1. 1956
2. 1947
3. 1948
4. 1950

Answer: 2. 1947

Question 10 The Linguistic State of Gujarat was formed in-
1. 1953
2. 1956
3. 1960
4. 1965

Answer: 3. 1960

“Political challenges in India post-independence”

Question 11 ‘Iron Man of India’ refers to-
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
3. Muhammed Ali Jinnah
4. Rajendra Prasad

Answer: 2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 12 The States Reorganisation Commission was formed in-
1. 1947
2. 1950
3. 1953
4. 1956

Answer: 3. 1953

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women Students And Marginal People In 20th Century Long Answer Questions

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Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic A Women’s Movement In The Twentieth Century

 Question 1 What was the role played by women in the Anti-Partition Agitation? What were the limitations of their movement?
Answer:

The role played by women in the Anti-Partition Agitation:

Bengal was partitioned in 1905 by Lord Curzon. The Indians resisted the plan of partition to pressurize the British government to repeal the partition. In this context, women played an important role in the Anti-Partition agitation.

They were encouraged to come out of seclusion and take rightful steps in the national struggle. Women boycotted British goods and began to use indigenous goods. On the day of partition (October 16, 1905), they observed ‘Arandhan’ day. Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, through her journal ‘Bharati’, encouraged the women’s community to take part in the Anti-Partition Movement.

Sarojini Naidu traveled to various places and involved women participating in the boycott movement. Khairunnisa, through the journal ‘Nabanoor’, promoted the idea of Swadeshi among women as well. Women took part in the ‘Raksha Bandhan Utsav’ (October 16, 1905).

Women even donated money and ornaments to the Swadeshi fund. Among them, mention may be made of Kumudini Mitra, Lilabati Mitra, Nirmala Sarkar, etc. The Maharani of Natore also gave a call to the women to boycott British goods. community Ambujasundari Dasgupta of Jalpaiguri, the widow of Laxman Chandra (the zamindar of Mangalganj, Nadia), Punjalata Gupta of Mymensingh, Hemangini Das of Calcutta also made appeals to reject British-made goods.

Muslim women, however, did not directly participate in the movement, but only cooperated with their male counterparts. Women in large numbers did not participate in the Swadeshi Movement.

The participation of women was confined to women of high-caste Hindu families. The movement could not spell its charm to attract low-class Hindu and Muslim women. Women did not have any effective organization or party of their own.

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Plans and programs of the Swadeshi Movement were determined by their male counterparts who had no role to play. Though the Swadeshi Movement was a mass movement women’s activities were resented by the conservative section of society which discouraged many of them from taking part in the swadeshi movement.

Class 10 History Solution Wbbse

Question 2 What was the role of women in the Non- Cooperation Movement?
Answer:

The role of women in the Non- Cooperation Movement:

The Non-Cooperation Movement was started in 1920 under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The leaders of the movement adopted the policy of passive resistance. Women responded enthusiastically to the call of Gandhi.

They came out of their lives of seclusion and attended meetings of different leaders, marched in processions, and picketed in different parts of the country. They even voluntarily courted arrest while picketing in front of government offices, courts, and shops selling British-made goods.

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The entry of ladies like Basanti Devi, Urmila Devi, and Lila Roy, of the respectable families of Calcutta, into the political area and the organized attempts on their part to defy authority added importance to the movement.

Spinning and weaving were popularised by Urmila Devi among the women of the nation. Along with Hindu women, Muslim women also joined meetings, and processions and boycotted foreign goods.

Nellie Sengupta gave leadership in the strike of steamers in 1922. Rokeya Begum also spread the message of Swadeshi among the women. Thousands of women participated in the demonstrations against the Prince of Wales when he visited Bombay.

The role of Marwari women in the movement deserves a special mention in this context. At a meeting of Marwari women in Calcutta on January 29, 1921, Gandhi collected Rs. 10,000 in cash and ornaments for the Tilak Memorial Swaraj Fund. Thus, the participation of women constitutes an important chapter in the history of freedom movements against the British in India.

WBBSE Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women Students And Marginal People In 20th Century laqs

“Women’s Movements In 20th Century India”

Question 3 Give an account of the role played by women during the Quit India Movement.
Answer:

The role played by women during the Quit India Movement

Women of India fought with true spirit and faced various tortures to earn freedom for India. The participation of women in the Quit India Movement took many different forms. Usha Mehta set up a radio transmitter called ‘The Voice of Freedom’ to disseminate information about the war for freedom.

Another leader, Aruna Asaf Ali, broke the self-law. Consequently, she was arrested, sentenced, and imprisoned in Lucknow. Sucheta Kripalani was another prominent leader of the Quit India Movement. Sucheta’s job was to establish contact with groups that were acting throughout India and to encourage them in their anti-British activities.

In a variety of disguises, she traveled from province to province to keep the leaders in touch with one another. Matangini Hazra, a widow of 72 years deserves mention here. She led six thousand supporters, mostly women volunteers, to occupy the Tamluk police station.

She became a martyr by carrying the national flag towards the Tamluk Court and embracing bullets till her death, chanting the slogan ‘Bande Mataram’. She is rightly called ‘Laxmi Bai of Midnapore’ and ‘Gandhi Budi’ as she was powerfully attracted to Gandhi’s ideas.

There were other women leaders like Sumita Sen, Nandita Kripalani, Ela Dutta, Santi Dasgupta, Kanaklata Barua, Rani Chanda, who also joined the Quit India Movement in the course of time. A large number of peasant women also joined the movements, protesting against tax and land Their resentments made them openly resist the British, which further fueled the movement.

“Challenges Faced By Women Activists In India”

Question 4 Why is Matangini Hazra remembered?
Answer:

Matangini Hazra

Among the women who laid down their lives for the freedom of India, the name of Matangini Hazra (1869-1942), a peasant widow, deserves special mention.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organized by Women Matangini Hazra

She became actively interested in the Indian Independence Movement as a Gandhian. She took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement and joined the Salt Satyagraha, traveling on foot to attend various Congress meetings, and interacting with many Congressmen.

She was an active member of the INC and took to spinning her own khadi. She also clashed with British authority on several occasions. In 1933, Sir John Anderson, the then Governor of Bengal, came to Tamluk to address a gathering. Here in spite of heavy security, Matangini managed to show a black flag demonstration in front of the Governor.

She was arrested and sentenced to 6 months of rigorous imprisonment. During the Quit India Movement in 1942, she led six thousand supporters, mostly women volunteers, to occupy the Tamluk Police Station.

She became a martyr by carrying the national flag towards the Tamluk Court and embracing bullets till her death, shouting the slogan ‘Bande Mataram’. She is rightly called the ‘Laxmi Bai of Midnapore’ and ‘Gandhi Budi’ because she was deeply influenced by Gandhi’s ideas.

Question 5 Why is Bina Das remembered?
Answer:

Bina Das

In 1932, when the Civil Disobedience Movement was repressed, a spate of political crime broke out in Calcutta. This year resulted in an enormous rise in the rate of crimes, which included murderous attacks on officials.

On February 6, 1932, the day Calcutta University had its convocation, Bina Das, a student of Diocesan College, and a member of a revolutionary organization was one of the recipients of the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

As the Governor, Sir Stanley Jackson, got up to address the convocation, she fired five shots in an attempt to shoot him. She was finally overpowered by Sir Hasan Suhrawardy, the Vice Chancellor, although she managed to discharge two more bullets. His Excellency was unhurt, but a Bengali professor was slightly injured. Bina’s act was to rouse people to action because she was a Bengali girl driven to an unnatural act by the oppressive British Raj.

Following this action on the part of Bina Das, a number of arrests were made. A search of her belongings was conducted at Diocesan College and a number of documents came into the hands of the police. She was sentenced to nine years of rigorous imprisonment but was saved from transportation to the Andamans by the petitions of C F Andrews and Rabindranath Tagore.

Bina, inspired to take the path of violence, was involved in the historic youth upsurge in Calcutta (November 1945) for the release of the INA prisoners. While the senior Congress leaders vacillated, she remained with the agitating youth for the entire campaign.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organized by Women Bina Das

“Impact Of Women’s Organizations On Society”

Question 6 Discuss the role of women in the armed revolutionary movement in the 20th century.
Answer:

The role of women in the armed revolutionary movement in the 20th century:

Women played an important role in the armed revolutionary movement. In this connection, mention may be made here of women revolutionaries like Kalpana Datta, Pritilata Waddedar, Bina Das, Santi Ghosh, Suniti Chaudhury, Laxmi Swaminathan, etc.

[1] Deepali Sangha: In 1923 Lila Nag established Deepali Sangha, an association for women, where the members are taught drills, parades, sword fighting, etc.

[2] Chittagong Armoury Raid: During the Chittagong Armoury Raid under the leadership of Surya Sen, Pritilata Waddedar played an important role. She fought bravely in the Jalalabad encounter with the police and escaped.

[3] Attack on European Club: In 1931 Surya Sen entrusted Kalpana Datta along with Pritilata to attack the Europen Club in Chittagong. Pritilata succeeded in attacking the European Club (1932) but was chased by the police. She was fatally wounded and was caught. Pritilata committed suicide.

[4] Governor Stanley Jackson Shot: In 1932, Bina Das made an abortive attempt on the life of the Governor of Bengal, Stanley Jackson during the convocation ceremony of Calcutta University. She was sentenced to 9 years of rigorous imprisonment.

[5] Jhansi Rani Regiment: Dr. Laxmi Swaminathan was the captain of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the women’s regiment of the Indian National Army. After the surrender of Azad Hind Fauj, Laxmi was arrested by the police. The participation of women in the armed revolutionary movement was significant. The police repression, assaulting and tormenting the women revolutionaries was indeed quite alarming.

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Question 7 Why is Kalpana Datta remembered?
Answer:

Kalpana Datta

Kalpana Datta (later known as Kalpana Joshi) was born at Sripur in the Chittagong district on July 27, 1913. She played an important role in the armed revolutionary movement. She joined the Chhatri Sangha (Women Students’ Association), a semi-revolutionary organization.

She joined the Indian Republican Army, Chattagram branch, the armed resistance group led by Surya Sen. She was entrusted with the carrying of explosives to and from Calcutta and the making of gun cotton. After the Chittagong Armoury Raid on April 18, 1930, many of the leaders of the raid were arrested and pending trial.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organized by Women Kalpana Datta

Kalpana planned to plant a dynamic fuse under the court building and inside the jail to free the revolutionary leaders, who were being tried in a special tribunal. The plot was disclosed and certain restrictions were imposed on Kalpana’s movements.

In September 1931, Surya Sen entrusted her along with Pritilata Waddedar to attack the European Club in Chittagong. A week before the action, Kalpana was arrested while moving out for a survey in a boy’s attire. Being released on bail, she went underground at the bidding of Surya Sen.

On February 17, 1933, the police encircled her hiding place, but Kalpana was somehow able to escape. In May 1933, Kalpana, along with some. comrades, was arrested. In the second supplementary trial of the Chittagong Armory Raid Case, she was sentenced to transportation for life. However, she was released in 1939.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic B Students Movement In The Twentieth Century 

Question 1 Discuss the role played by students in the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements.
Answer:

The role played by students in the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements:

The Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi is an important chapter in the history of India’s struggle for freedom. Students enthusiastically responded to the movement and they boycotted schools and colleges. They came out of their classes and raised slogans such as ‘Gandhi ki jai’ and ‘Bande Mataram’.

They picketed in front of shops selling British goods and made bonfires of British goods. The demand for the nationalization of colleges started; students withdrew in large numbers from government colleges and the agitation spread rapidly. On November 17, 1921, when the Prince of Wales reached Bombay, the students observed a strike in protest.

Under the leadership of Netaji Subhas Bose, students showed black flags to the Prince of Wales. The students’ movement spread from Calcutta to Dacca, Chittagong, Mymensingh, Medinipur, and Faridpur. The Calcutta Students’ Association (1924) was established under the Presidentship of Prafulla Chandra Roy.

The students’ movement spread outside Bengal to different provinces like Bombay, Punjab, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam. Students also played an important part during the Civil Disobedience Movement. When Gandhi started his Dandi March (March 12, 1930), the students of Calcutta observed it as a special day.

A meeting was held in the Hall of Calcutta under the Presidentship of Jyotindra Mohan Sengupta, and about 700 students attended the meeting. Students of different colleges got arrested while picketing. In Tamluk and Kanthi districts of Midnapore, girls boycotted schools and colleges for about six months.

In the second phase of the Civil Disobedience Movement also, students plunged themselves into the movement. Students of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar joined the movement and courted arrest.

“Key Events In Women’s Movements India”

Question 2 What was the role of the members of Bengal Volunteers in the armed revolutionary movement?
Answer:

The role of the members of Bengal Volunteers in the armed revolutionary movement:

Bengal Volunteers was a militant nationalist organization in Bengal. It was founded under the initiative of the revolutionary Hemchandra Ghosh. Benoy Krishna Bose, Badal Gupta (alias Sudhir), and Dinesh Gupta were three of the members of the Bengal Volunteers.

These members of the Bengal Volunteers were involved in different revolutionary activities. In 1930 Benoy Bose killed Mr. Lowman, the Inspector-General of Bengal Police and wounded Mr. Hudson, the Sub-Inspector of Police, Dacca. This was followed by a daring attack on the Writers’ Building on December 8, 1930. Benoy Bose, with two of his friends, Badal Gupta and Dinesh Gupta fatally shot Colonel Simpson, the Inspector-General of Prisons.

The three were engaged in war in the corridor of the Writers’ Building with the British force. This incident is known in history as ‘Corridor Warfare’. They were eventually overpowered by the police. Benoy and Badal shot themselves while Dinesh was tried and executed.

After this incident, the British Government got alarmed and the Governor of Bengal, Sir Stanley Jackson, applying several impressive policies, tried to calm down the revolutionaries. In 1931, on April 7, Mr. Peddie, the district magistrate of Midnapore, was shot at and killed by two members of the Bengal Volunteers- Bimal Dasgupta and Jyoti Jiban Ghosh.

This incident inspired the other members of the terrorist organization and the British Government soon appointed a new district magistrate, Mr. Robert Douglas to suppress the struggle. On April 30, 1922, two other members of Bengal Volunteers-Prodyot Bhattacharya and Prabhatangshu Pal gunned down Robert Douglas.

On September 2, 1932, the next District Magistrate of Midnapore, EJ Burge was shot dead by two Bengal Volunteer members- Anath Bandhu Panja and Mrigen Dutta. The British officers, in a desperate attempt to suppress the terrorist attacks, resorted to inhuman torture on the revolutionaries.

“Marginalized Groups In Indian Social Movements”

Question 3 Why is Surya Sen remembered?
Answer:

Surya Sen

Surya Sen, popularly known as ‘Master’ was an Indian independence activist and a prominent Bengali freedom fighter, and architect of the freedom movement, centered in Chittagong, Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was the leader of the Chittagong Armoury Raid.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organized by Women Surya Sen

On April 18, 1930, Surya Sen along with other revolutionaries like Ananta Singh, Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, Ambika Chakraborty and 54 teenagers captured two British armouries in Chittagong shouting slogans ‘Inquilab Zindabad’, ‘Down with Imperialism’.

Surya Sen, dressed in a white Khadi dhoti and a long coat, and a Gandhi cap took a military salute, hoisted the national flag among shouts of ‘Bande Mataram’ and proclaimed Indian Republican Government at Chittagong. They also succeeded in capturing telegraph communication and disrupting railway lines.

Sixty-five revolutionaries were involved which was undertaken in the name of the Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch. When the British police got the news they reached Chittagong to take repressive actions. The revolutionaries escaped to the Jalalabad Hills and fought bravely against the British police for 3 days.

Twelve of the revolutionaries died fighting the British police force. Surya and a few others escaped. Later on, Surya Sen was arrested and put to death. Surya Sen’s leadership gave a fillip to the younger section of the revolutionaries who were already fired with enthusiasm to drive out the British from India by force.

He is remembered for the heroic fight against the British, which kindled the fire of patriotism among the revolutionaries.

Question 4 Give an account of the students’ movement during the Anti-Partition Movement of 1905. ugh
Answer:

The students’ movement during the Anti-Partition Movement of 1905. ugh:

The imperialist British ruler Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905 to weaken the anti-British sentiments of the Bengalees. The powerful movement which started against such a decision involved the active participation of the students of Bengal as well as from the whole of India.

[1] Boycott of educational institutions: The students enthusiastically left the government institutions and joined the national institutions. On observing such fervor among the students, Surendranath Banerjee commented that students were the self-employed propagandist of this movement.

[2] Organization: Different students and youth leaders assembled the students together to urge them to participate in the movement. The Dawn Society (1902) of Satish Chandra Mukhopadhyay and Anti- the Circular Society of Sachindra Prasad Bose played an important role in involving students in the movement. The student representatives of different colleges in Calcutta formed the ‘Kendriya Chhatra Sangram Committee’.

[3] Boycott: The students boycotted all foreign goods and picketed the shops selling British items like salt, sugar, cloth, etc. They campaigned in favor of boycotting foreign goods and even set fire to such goods. They went from door to door campaigning for the use of indigenous goods.

[4] Meetings: The students came out of their schools and colleges and participated in different meetings and demonstrations. About 5000 students walked in a procession to join a meeting at the Town Hall on 7th August. In spite of being a powerful movement, it received a set- back in the 1910s

“Role Of Students In Women’s Rights Movements”

Question 5 Write a note on the Anti-Circular Society.
Answer:

Anti-Circular Society:

The Anti-Partition Movement in 1905 became quite powerful due to the participation of students in large numbers. In order to suppress the movement, the Chief Secretary of Bengal, R W Carlyle, issued a repressive circular which is known as the Carlyle circular.

[1] Background: The Carlyle circular prohibited the students from participating in meetings, processions, and demonstrations, and even chanting the slogan ‘Bande Mataram’ was banned. So the students form the Anti-Circular Society (November 1905) as a protest against such repressive measures.

[2] Foundation: Sachindra Prasad Bose, a student leader of Ripon College (present Surendra Nath College) and a follower of Surendranath Bandyopadhyay, founded the Anti-Circular Society in November 1905 as a protest against Carlyle’s circular. Its president and secretary were Krishna Kumar Mitra and Sachindra Prasad Bose.

[3] Objectives:

The main objectives of the society were-
[1] Unite the students and keep them involved in the movement,
[2] Encourage the students,
[3] Arrange for alternative education for the students who have been expelled from government schools and colleges.

[4] Activeness: The anti-British student movement gained momentum due to the initiative of the Anti-Circular Society. Sachindra Prasad also designed a flag in 1906. He continuously tried to keep the students united and so the enraged government arrested him in 1906 and sent him to Rawalpindi prison.

Question 6 What was the contribution of Khudiram in revolutionary movements? or, Why is Khudiram remembered in Indian history?
Answer:

The contribution of Khudiram in revolutionary movements:

Khudiram Bose of Bengal (1889-1908) is an extraordinary example of self-sacrifice in the revolutionary movement of India.

[1] Beginning of revolutionary life: As a student, Khudiram Bose was highly influenced by the ideology of his teacher Satyendra Nath Bose and joined the Jugantar group to carry on revolutionary activities. He was imprisoned for three years for Muzaffarpur Bomb Case (1905). After being released, he participated in a train robbery (1907) to collect funds for the Jugantar group.

[2] Responsibility for assassinating Kingsford: Barindra Kumar Ghosh of the Jugantar group assigned the task of assassinating the tyrant Magistrate Kingsford to Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose. However, Kingsford was transferred from Calcutta to Muzaffarpur in the meantime and soon the two revolutionaries went there. In an attempt to kill Kingsford, they mistakingly threw a bomb on a carriage carrying Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter Ms. Kennedy.

[3] Death sentence: After the two ladies were killed, Prafulla Chaki committed suicide but Khudiram was arrested. He was tried in the Alipore Bomb Case (1908) and was hanged (August 11, 1908). He embraced his end fearlessly.

[4] Inspiration: Khudiram proved that death was nobler than life by sacrificing himself on the altar of freedom. He showed that the Indians were ready to pay any price to attain freedom. His dauntless activities and self-sacrifice established an exceptional example that inspired the Indian youths to fight and lay down their lives for the sake of their country.

Question 7 What was the contribution of Prafulla Chaki in the revolutionary movement? or, Why is Prafulla Chaki remembered in Indian history?
Answer:

The contribution of Prafulla Chaki in the revolutionary movement:

Prafulla Chaki was one of the revolutionaries who left an indelible impression in the history of the Indian freedom struggle (1880- 1908).

[1] Beginning of revolutionary life: Prafulla Chaki began his revolutionary activities in 1903 by joining the Bandhab Samity. During the Swadeshi Movement, he trained the students of Rangpur Jatiya Vidyalaya in ‘lathi khela’ and boxing. In 1906, Barindra Kumar Ghosh entrusted Prafulla with the task of assassinating Chief Commissioner Bamfield Fuller.

[2] Responsibility of assassinating Kingsford: Barindra Kumar Ghosh of the Jugantar group assigned the task of assassinating the tyrant Magistrate Kingsford to Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose. Since Kingsford was transferred to Muzaffarpur, Khudiram and Prafulla went there. But by mistake, they hurled a bomb on a carriage carrying Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter Ms. Kennedy and failed to kill Kingsford.

[3] Prafulla Chaki committed suicide: When the two ladies were killed, Prafulla Chaki shot himself to avoid arrest. Khudiram Bose was caught and hanged.

[4] Inspiration: The self-sacrifice of Prafulla Chaki inspired the Indian youths to join the revolutionary movement. He proved that youths were ready to liberate their motherland at any cost.

Chapter 7 Movements Organised By Women In India Topic C Dalit Politics And Movement In The Twentieth Century

 Question 1 What were the teachings of Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur?
Answer:

The teachings of Harichand Thakur and Guruchand Thakur:

Harichand Thakur was a social reformer of Bengal. He was a devoted Vaishnav. His philosophy was ‘Matuaism’ and his followers were called ‘Matua’.

The teachings of Harichand were-

[1] Always speak the truth,
[2] Treat women as your mother,
[3] Remain liberal to all religions,
[4] Respect your parents like Gods,
[5] Love the world,
[6] Never discriminate on racial grounds,
[7] Sit in prayer every day,
[8] Sacrifice yourself for God,
[9] Utter the name of your Lord while working with your hands,
[10] Hold the six cardinal passions in check,
[11] Do not practice asceticism in a garb,
[12] Try to establish Harimandir (temple of the Lord).

WBBSE Solutions For Class 10 History Chapter 7 Movements Organized by Women Hari Chand Thakur

After the death of Harichand, the leader of the Matua movement, the leadership passed on to his son Guruchand. Under the leadership of Guruchand, the Matua movement made considerable progress. He is known as the ‘Father of Namasudra Renaissance’.

He advised his people to start schools in the areas densely populated by them. His next movement was to remove the disgraceful term ‘Chandal’ (which was then attributed to the Namasudras by the higher caste Hindus) from the census report. He was successful in doing the same.

Harisabhas were organized for the social upliftment of the Namasudras. In 1907, under the leadership of Guruchand, a delegation met the then Governor of Bengal and Assam and appraised him about the plight of the Namasudras. He also appealed for the employment of the Namasudras in government services.

“Significant Women Leaders In 20th Century”

Question 2 Give a brief description of the Namasudra Movement in Bengal.
Answer:

Namasudra Movement in Bengal:

‘Namasudra’ is an Indian ‘varna’ community which was earlier known as ‘chandala’.

They lived outside the four-tier system and thus were outcastes:

[1] Causes of the Namasudra Movement: In Bengali Hindu society, the Namasudras were regarded as untouchables. They had no religious rights. They were forbidden by caste Hindus to enter places of worship to draw water from public wells or to wear shoes in presence of caste Hindus.

They were made to dispose of dead animals, dig village graves, and were relegated to the most menial tasks of manual scavengers, leather workers, street sweepers, and cobblers. They suffered from severe economic crises as well.

[2] The objective of the Namasudra Movement: The objective of the Namasudra Movement was to acquire special rights to strengthen the social and political position of the Namsaudra and attain perfect peace of mind.

[3] Beginning of the movement: The Namasudra Movement started in the 1870s when the chandalas of Bakarganj and Faridpur started a boycott of caste Hindus when their high caste neighbors refused to dine from a chandala headman. The Namasudras severed all sorts of social and economic relationships with the higher-caste Hindus.

[4] Matua Movement: Harichand Thakur, the leader of the Namasudras, started the Matua Movement, the aim of which was the upliftment of the downtrodden, attainment of peace of mind, and eradication of inequalities in society. After the death of Harichand the leadership of the Matua passed on to his son Guruchand who came to be known as the ‘Father of Namasudra Renaissance’.

He was successful in removing the disgraceful term ‘chandala’ which was then attributed to the Namasudras. Harisabhas were organized for the social upliftment of the Namasudras. He appealed for the employment of the Namasudras in government services.

[5] Namasudra Welfare Organisations: Various social welfare organizations like Bengal Namasudra Organisation, Namasudra Welfare Association, and Bengal Depressed Classes Organisation carried out active movements demanding proper rights for the Namasudras. The Namasudras were successful in wresting some social and political rights. After the partition of India, their movement slowed down.

Question 3 Write a note on the debate between Mahatma Gandhi and BR Ambedkar regarding Dalit rights.
Answer:

The debate between Mahatma Gandhi and BR Ambedkar regarding Dalit rights:

‘Dalits’ or the ‘untouchables’ were excluded from the four-fold varna system and formed the unmentioned fifth varna, and so they were also called ‘Panchama’. Both Mahatma Gandhi and B R Ambedkar were aware of the problem of very much untouchability of the Dalits but they held two opposite views regarding the Dalit issue.

To Gandhiji, the untouchables, who came to be known as ‘Dalits’, were an integral part of the Hindu fold. However, to Ambedkar, the ‘Dalits’ were not a part of the Hindus. Gandhiji was against separating Dalits from Caste Hindus by creating a separate electorate for them.

To Ambedkar, Dalits were ‘a part apart’ a group of uniquely oppressed people and stood for the annihilation of caste. In the First and Second Round Table Conferences, Ambedkar supported separate electorates for the Dalits, but to Gandhiji, the untouchables (Dalits) were a part of Hinduism and a separate electorate for them would create a division in Hinduism.

When Ramsay MacDonald’s Communal Award was announced, giving separate electorates to Dalits, Gandhiji protested with a fast unto death, and this brought him into direct confrontation with Ambedkar. For Ambedkar, the problem was simple. He argued that after Gandhiji’s death, in villages throughout India, there would be programs directed against Dalits and massacres.

Ambedkar surrendered and the Poona Pact formalized this with reserved seats for Dalits. According to the Poona Pact (24th September 1932), the system of a separate electorate for the Dalits was canceled. In exchange, the reserved seats for the Dalits were increased from 71 to 147.

In the Central Legislature 18% of the seats which were allotted to the general electorate for British India, were reserved for the Dalits. After their release from Poona Jail, Gandhiji engaged himself with the movement of the Dalits whom he called ‘Harijan’. On the other hand, Ambedkar could not accept the Poona Pact from the core of his heart.

So he continued to keep away from the Congress, dominated by the leaders belonging to the upper caste. On the other hand, he took initiative to safeguard the interests of the Dalits separately. With this end in view, he established a political association named the ‘Independent Labour Party’.

In order to unite all the Dalit groups of different regions of India, he formed All India Scheduled Caste Federation in July 1942. At last, he challenged Gandhi in 1956 and gave up all relations with Hinduism.

“History Of Women’s Activism In India”

Question 4 Write a note on the various movements by the Dalits demanding equal rights in the early part of the 20th century.
Answer:

Various movements by the Dalits demanding equal rights in the early part of the 20th century:

Since ancient times, the Hindu Dalit community fell victim to several acts of violence, exploitation, etc., at the hands of the upper class Hindus. They were even barred from entering temples.

Various political and social welfare organizations carried out active movements demanding proper rights for the Dalits. The Dalits became politically conscious and joined the movements demanding equal rights and dignity for themselves.

[1] South India: In Maharashtra, the Dalit leader Jyotiba Phule formed the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873, and in Madras, T M Nayar and P Theagaraya Chetty formed the Justice Party in 1917.

[2] Punjab: Under the initiative of the Sikh community, movements such as the Akali movement and the Nankana movement were started in Punjab in order to secure equal rights and dignity for the Dalits.

[3] Movements by Congress: Under the leadership of Gandhiji, Congress started making demands for equal rights for the Dalits in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22). Gandhiji too started the Harijan movement in support of the Dalits.

[4] Dissatisfaction among the Dalits: The movements that were started by various political parties, demanding that Dalits be allowed into temples, and for removal of the practice of untouchability, did not satisfy the Dalit leaders. They themselves launched several movements demanding equality in the fields of education, government jobs, and social dignity.

[5] Initiative taken by the Dalits: In the 20th century, the Dalits took part in several protest movements, demanding equal rights and social dignity. Among these movements, mention might be made of the Vaikom Satyagraha by Narayan Guru in Kerala, the movement for allowing entry in the Guruvayur Temple, etc.