NEET Foundation

NEET Foundation Notes For Physics Chapter 1 Motion Rate of Change of Velocity

Acceleration

In our daily life, the velocity of a moving object tends to vary a lot either in magnitude or in direction. We express this change in another physical quantity called acceleration. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time, i.e., change in velocity per unit time. Numerically, it is expressed as:

\(\text { Acceleration }=\frac{\text { change in velocity }}{\text { time interval }}=v-\frac{u}{t}\)

For example, the direction of acceleration is along the direction of change in velocity of the body. Acceleration is vector quantity which can be negative, positive or zero depending on the change in the velocity. The direction of acceleration is along the direction of changes in velocity of the body.

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Retardation

Negative acceleration or retardation is the decrease in velocity per second. For retardation, the direction of the velocity is opposite to the direction of the acceleration.

Let us understand these with the following example.

Example

Let an object move in a straight line in the same direction with an initial velocity of u. After some time t, its velocity u becomes v.

So, change in velocity = v – u

Time interval = t

\(\text { Acceleration }=\frac{\text { change in velocity }}{\text { time interval }}\)

Therefore, Acceleration a = \(\frac{v-u}{t}\)

a t = v – u

v = u + a t

a = acceleration, if v > u, a is positive

a = retardation, if v < u, a is negative

Unit

\(\text { Unit of acceleration }=\frac{\text { Unit of velocity }}{\text { Unit of time }}\)

SI unit of acceleration = \(\frac{\mathrm{m} / \mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{s}}=\mathrm{ms}^{-2}\)

CGS. unit of acceleration = cm^-2

Uniform Acceleration

The uniform acceleration is one when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time.

Example: Free fall of a ball, which shows the motion of a body under gravity.

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Variable Acceleration

If change in velocity is not same in the same intervals of time, it is called variable acceleration. For example, car moving in a crowded market.

Whenever the magnitude of velocity decreases, the rate of change of velocity is referred as retardation or deceleration. It is not necessary that the rate of change of velocity, i.e., the acceleration is always constant. In situation where the rate of change of velocity of a body in motion is not constant, the body is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration or variable acceleration.

Acceleration due to Gravity

When an object falls freely, the acceleration produced in the body due to earth’s gravitational attraction is called acceleration due to gravity. It is donated by the letter g.

g = 9.8 m/s² (downward)

(~ 10 m/s², downward)

Due to gravitational force, all objects are accelerated towards the earth. This uniform acceleration towards the earth, irrespective of the mass is known as acceleration due to gravity and is denoted by ‘g’.

Equations of Uniform Accelerated Motion

Relation among velocity, distance, time, and acceleration is called equations of motion. There are three equation of motion for bodies moving with uniform acceleration.

First Equation of Motion:

v = u + at (1)

Second Equation of Motion:

s = \(u t+\frac{1}{2} a t^2\) (2)

Third Equation of Motion:

v² = u² + 2as (3)

Here,

v = final velocity of body

u = initial velocity of body

a = acceleration

t = time take by body

s = distance travelled by body in time t.

Average Velocity in Uniform Acceleration Motion

If a body move ‘s’ distance in ‘t’ time interval. Then,

\(\text { Average velocity }=\frac{\text { displacement }}{\text { time }}\)

=\(\frac{s}{t}\)

= \(\frac{u t+\frac{1}{2} a t^2}{t}\)

= \(u t+\frac{1}{2} a t\)

= \(u t+\frac{1}{2}(v-u)\)

= \(u+\frac{v}{2}-\frac{u}{2}\)

= \(\frac{u}{2}+\frac{v}{2}=\frac{u+v}{2}\)

Here ‘a’ is uniform acceleration of body.

NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For  Chapter 4 Structure Of Atom Isotopes

Isotopes are the atoms having same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, i.e., they have different atomic weights. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. Till now, there are 275 isotopes of the 81 stable elements and over 800 radioactive isotopes have been discovered which are both natural and synthetic. Every element which is present on the periodic table has multiple isotope forms.

The chemical properties of isotopes of a single element are nearly identical. Except the isotopes of hydrogen, as the number of neutrons has a significant effect on the size of the hydrogen nucleus. Physical properties of isotopes are different from each other, as it depends on mass.

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So, Isotopes have same atomic number but different mass number and occur due to the presence of different number of neutrons in elements which have a same atomic number as mass number is the sum of the number of neutrons and protons. Not all elements have isotopes.

The isotopes of hydrogen are protium (has one proton and no neutrons) and that of deuterium (has one proton and one neutron) and tritium (has one proton and two neutrons). The chemical properties of isotopes are same as they have same number of protons and hence same number of electrons.

To Indicate Isotopes

• List the mass number of an element after its name or element symbol.
  For example, an isotope with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is carbon-12 or C-12. An isotope with 6 protons and 7 neutrons is carbon-13 or C-13.
• The mass number may be given in the upper left side of an element symbol.
  For example, the isotopes of hydrogen may be written as: ¹₁H, ²₁H, ³₁H

Isotopes of hydrogen

Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons. Carbon-12 is a stable isotope, while carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope (radioisotope).

Radioactive Isotope

It has an unstable combination of protons and neutrons, and that is why they have an unstable nucleus. Because these are unstable, hence they undergo decay and emit alpha, beta and gamma rays. Radioactive isotopes can be useful in different industries, such as food, agriculture, archaeology and medicine.

Fractional Mass Number

The atomic masses of most elements are fractional as there may be a mixture of isotopes of different masses, so the fractional atomic masses arise because of this mixture.

\(\text { Average mass }=\frac{\text { total mass of all atoms }}{\text { number of atoms }}\)

Application of Isotopes

• The identification of primary and secondary food sources.
• Tracing nutrient and mineral uptake by plants and animals.
• Determining the relative importance of plants and microbes to greenhouse gas emissions from soil.
• Measuring environmental stressors by monitoring plant uptake of CO2 and/or water.
• Tracing the sources of catchments waters.
• Isotope of Uranium 23592Ur, is used in nuclear plants to generate electricity.
• The use of isotopes is very common in Isotopic Labelling. Unusual isotopes are used as tracers or markers in chemical reactions.
• Radiations of radioactive isotopes can be used for detecting various reactants, rates, and so on in chemistry.
• Isotopes are used in Radiometric Dating, similar to Radio Isotopic Labelling or Radiocarbon Dating to study chemical processes by using naturally occurring isotopic tracers.
• Isotopic substitution can be used to determine the mechanism of a reaction using Kinetic Isotope Effect.
• Isotopes exhibit different nuclear properties as they have varied numbers of neutrons. This also affects their physical properties.
• Spectroscopy uses many unique nuclear properties of specific isotopes. For example, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used only for isotopes with a nonzero nuclear spin. Isotopes commonly used for NMR spectroscopy are ¹₁H, ²₁D, ¹⁵₇N, ¹³₆C, and ³¹₁₅P.

Isobars

Term “isobars” for nuclides was suggested by Alfred Walter Stewart in 1918 and is derived from the Greek word isos, which means “equal” and baros, means “weight”

Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements having the same number of nucleons. Isobars has different atomic number but same mass number. Example of isobars are ³²₄₀S, ³⁴₄₀Cl, ¹⁸₄₀Ar, ¹⁹₄₀K, and ²⁰₄₀Ca. The nuclei of all these nuclides contain 40 nucleons but are varying in numbers of protons and neutrons.

So, Isobars are the atoms having same mass number but different atomic number. For example, the atomic number of carbon and nitrogen is 6 and 7 respectively.

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Example:

Isotones

Isotones are the atoms that have the same neutron number but different number of proton. For example, ³⁶₁₆S, ³⁷₁₇Cl, ³⁸₁₈Ar, ³⁹₁₉K and ⁴⁰₂₀Ca are all isotones of 20 since they all contain 20 neutrons.

NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules About Atom

An atom is the smallest unit of matter which has the chemical properties of the element. An atom has number of constituents which may vary according to the different elements. It means that atoms of different elements will be of different size.

The earlier thinkers considered atom to be the smallest reachable unit which cannot be broken down further. But, it is now a basic knowledge that atom can be broken into its constituents but these constituents do not have the chemical properties of the atom.

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Size of the Atom

The atom is the smallest unit of the element. It is now known that atoms of different elements vary not only in mass but also in size. But, there is still no consensus on the shape of the atom. But as a general rule the shape of an atom is considered to be spherical. That is why the radius of the atom is discussed. The size of atom is measured in nanometre.

The magnified image of the atoms on the surface of the elements can be seen with the new technique called scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).

As we know, atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely lightweight and exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. The electron cloud has a radius 10,000 times greater than the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass. However, one proton weighs more than 1,800 electrons. Atoms always have an equal number of protons and electrons, and the number of protons and neutrons is usually the same as well. Adding a proton to an atom makes a new element, while adding a neutron makes an isotope, or heavier version, of that atom.

Atomic Number and Atomic Mass

Protons exist in the nucleus of an atom and the number of protons of an atom constitutes the atomic number. Its symbol representation is done by ’z’. Similar atomic number is possessed by all atoms of an element. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess. So the total number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number.

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Example: For hydrogen, z = 1, because in hydrogen atom, only one proton is present in the nucleus. Similarly, for carbon, z = 6.

On observation of properties of the subatomic particles of an atom, it can be concluded that the mass of an atom is due to neutrons and protons. They are found in nucleus of the atom hence called nucleons. So, the mass of an atom resides in its nucleus. The amount of the total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic mass.

Example: Mass of carbon is 12 u because it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, 6 u + 6 u = 12 u. Similarly, the mass of aluminium is 27 u (13 protons + 14 neutrons).

Atomic masses of a few elements

Valency

Electrons exist in different orbits and the electrons present in the outermost orbit are known as valence electrons. The outmost shells can contain maximum of 8 electrons as per Bohr and Bury. It was noticed in an atom with completely filled outermost shell show little chemical activity meaning their combining capacity or valency is zero.

The only exception to this rule is helium. It has two electrons in its outermost shell. Except this all the inert elements have 8 electrons in the outermost orbit.

So, valency is a tendency in an atom to achieve the state of stability by achieving 8 electrons in its outermost shell by receiving, leaving or sharing of electrons from other atoms. It simply means that if an atom has 1 electron in its last orbit it will have a tendency to lose this electron for achieving stability. So it will have valency of

1. On the other hand if an atom has 6 electrons in its last orbit it should be easier for this atom to take 2 electrons for the other atom instead of leaving 6 electrons. So, the valency will be 2.

Example: CO₂ is made up of 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms. Valency of carbon is 4 while valency of oxygen is 2. So, to be stable 1 carbon atom will have to combine with 2 oxygen atoms to form 1 molecule of carbon dioxide.

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Basic theory about nature of matter was given by the British chemist, John Dalton. His theory was on the fundamentals of laws of chemical combination. His theory explained law of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions extensively.

He gave his atomic theory in 1808 according to which all matter (element, compound or mixture) is made up of small particles called atoms. The postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are:

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• Matter consists of very tiny particles called atoms.
• Atoms are of indivisible nature which cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
• Mass and chemical properties of atoms of a given element are identical.
• Different element atoms have different masses and chemical properties.
• Compounds are formed by combining atoms in the ratio of small whole numbers.
• In a given compound, the relative number and kinds of atoms are constant.

Law of conservation of mass is related to Dalton’s fourth postulate. Every atom of an element has a definite mass. Rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction. Thus after the reaction, mass of the product should remain the same. Law of definite proportions is explained in the fifth postulate.

A compound consists of matter having atoms of two or more elements in small whole number ratio. As the atoms have definite mass, the compound must have the elements in definite proportions by mass.

The Dalton’s atomic theory also predicted the new theories like law of multiple proportions  on the basis of his theory. The deduction of law of multiple proportions from atomic theory was important in convincing chemists of the validity of the theory.

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So, Dalton’s atomic theory explains states that:

• All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
• All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
• Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.
• A chemical reaction is an arrangement of atoms.

Modern atomic theory is, of course, a little more involved than Dalton’s theory but the essence of Dalton’s theory remains valid. Today we know that atoms can be destroyed via nuclear reactions but not by chemical reactions.

Many heretofore unexplained chemical phenomena were quickly explained by Dalton with his theory. Dalton’s theory quickly became the theoretical foundation in chemistry.

Symbols for every element were firstly used by Dalton in a particular way. His symbolization for an element defined a definite quantity of that element, i.e one atom of that element. Berzilius idea for the symbols of elements was to use one or two letters of the name of the element.

Initially the names of elements were derived from the name of the place where they were found for the first time.

Example: Copper was taken from Cyprus.

Some names were taken from specific colours.

Example: Gold was taken from the English word meaning yellow.

Biology

• NEET Foundation Biology Notes For Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit Of Life
• NEET Foundation Biology Notes For Chapter 2 Tissues
• NEET Foundation Biology Notes For Chapter 3 Diversity In Living Organisms
• NEET Foundation Notes For Biology Chapter 4 Why Do We Fall Ill
• NEET Foundation Biology Notes For Chapter 5 Natural Resources
• NEET Foundation Biology Notes For Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources

Chemistry

• NEET Foundation Notes For Chemistry Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding
• NEET Foundation Notes For Chemistry Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us
• NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For Chapter 3 Atom
• NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules
• NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For Chapter 4 Structure Of Atom
• NEET Foundation Chemistry Notes For Chapter 4 Isotopes

Physics

• NEET Foundation Notes For Physics Chapter 1 Motion
• NEET Foundation Notes For Physics Chapter 1 Motion Rate of Change of Velocity
• NEET Foundation Notes For Physics Chapter 3 Gravitation
• NEET Foundation Notes For Physics Chapter 5 Sound

 

Biology

• Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit Of Life Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 2 Tissues Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Diversity In Living Organisms Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 5 Natural Resources Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Short Answer Questions

Chemistry

• Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 4 Structure Of Atom Short Answer Questions

Physics

• Chapter 1 Motion Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 2 Why Do We Fall Ill Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Gravitation Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 4 Work And Energy Short Answer Questions
• Chapter 5 Sound Short Answer Questions

Biology

• Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit Of Life Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 2 Tissues Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Diversity In Living Organisms Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 5 Natural Resources Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Long Answer Questions

Chemistry

• Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 4 Structure Of Atom Long Answer Questions

Physics

• Chapter 1 Motion Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 3 Gravitation Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 4 Why Do We Fall Ill Long Answer Questions
• Chapter 5 Sound Long Answer Questions

Biology

• Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit Of Life Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 2 Tissues Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 3 Diversity In Living Organisms Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 5 Natural Resources Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Multiple Choice Questions

Chemistry

• Chapter 1 Matter In Our Surrounding Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Multiple Choice Question And Answers
• Chapter 3 Atoms And Molecules Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 4 Structure Of Atom Multiple Choice Questions

Physics

• Chapter 1 Motion Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 3 Gravitation Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 4 Why Do We Fall Ill Multiple Choice Questions
• Chapter 5 Sound Multiple Choice Questions

 

NEET Foundation Biology Multiple Choice Question And Answers

Question 1. Which of the following is true?

1. ABA open stomata.
2. ABA and cytokinin does not effect on stomata.
3. ABA open, cytokinin close stomata.
4. ABA close and cytokinin open the stomata.

Answer. 4. ABA close and cytokinin open the stomata.

Question 2. Gizzard of cockroach is a part of

1. respiratory system
2. digestive system
3. immune system
4. circulatory system

Answer. 2. digestive system

Question 3. Opening and closing of stomata is controlled by

1. K+
2. Mg2+
3. Ca2+
4. N

Answer. 1. K+

Question 4. In which of the following solution volume of a cell increases?

1. Hypotonic
2. Isotonic
3. Hypertonic
4. Supertonic

Answer. 1. Hypotonic

Question 5. Allele is

1. isomer of a gene
2. a chromosome
3. chromatids
4. alternate form of gene

Answer. 4. alternate form of gene

Question 6. Potato is the modification of

1. stem
2. root
3. leaf
4. flower

Answer. 1. stem

Question 7. Triticum aestivum is

1. tetraploid
2. hexaploid
3. triploid
4. pentaploid

Answer. 2. hexaploid

Question 8. Carrot is micropropagate through

1. embryo
2. embryoids
3. shoot culture
4. callus

Answer. 4. callus

Question 9. For self-pollination, flower must be

1. unisexual
2. bisexual
3. monosexual
4. asexual

Answer. 2. bisexual

Question 10. Electron microscope is discovered by

1. Robert Hooke
2. Knoll and Ruska
3. Robert Brown
4. Janssen

Answer. 2. Knoll and Ruska

Question 11. Which is common in respiration and photosynthesis?

1. Oxidation
2. Phytochrome
3. Cytochrome
4. Photosystem

Answer. 3. Cytochrome

Question 12. Treatment of seeds with low temperature is called

1. vernalization
2. phytochrome
3. hybridization
4. scarification

Answer. 1. vernalization

Question 13. C₂ plant shows efficiency even in

1. low CO₂ concentration
2. low temperature
3. high O₂ concentration
4. at low water

Answer. 1. low CO₂ concentration

Question 14. Oxidative phosphorylation occur in

1. photosynthesis
2. respiration
3. NADH₂ formation
4. photolysis of water

Answer. 2. respiration

Question 15. Lactic acid converted into alcohol in process called

1. fermentation
2. aerobic respiration
3. respiration
4. photosynthesis

Answer. 1. fermentation

Question 16. Quantasome are present in

1. stroma
2. grana
3. mitochondria
4. golgi body

Answer. 2. grana

Question 17. Sunder ban contain mainly

1. mangrove plant
2. alpine tree
3. tice forest
4. grass

Answer. 1. mangrove plant

Question 18. Bhopal gas tragedy is due to

1. benzyl isocyanide
2. benzene cyanide
3. methyl isocyanide
4. methyl cyanide

Answer. 3. methyl isocyanide

Question 19. Ferrodoxin contain

1. Mg
2. Co
3. iron
4. nitrite

Answer. 3. iron

Question 20. The scientific study of inheritance of character to improve human race is

1. genetics
2. eugenics
3. euthenic
4. genealogy

Answer. 2. eugenics

Question 21. Modern system of classification classified organisms in _________ kingdom.

1. one
2. two
3. four
4. five

Answer. 4. five

Question 22. Middle lamella contain

1. chitin
2. lignin
3. pectin
4. cellulose

Answer. 3. pectin

Question 23. Root develop from any part of plant is

1. tap root
2. adventitious
3. primary root
4. secondary root

Answer. 2. adventitious

Question 24. Cork cambium is called

1. phellem
2. bast
3. phellogen
4. wood

Answer. 3. phellogen

Question 25. Guard cell lined

1. stomata
2. hydathode
3. lenticel
4. pneumatophore

Answer. 1. stomata

Question 26. Maximum water loss takes place through

1. cuticle
2. stomata
3. hydathode
4. lenticel

Answer. 2. stomata

Question 27. In succession complexities in structure

1. drastically increasing
2. slowly increasing
3. does not increasing
4. constant

Answer. 2. slowly increasing

Question 28. The part which is grafting on stalk of another tree is called

1. graft
2. bulbil
3. bud
4. scion

Answer. 4. scion

Question 29. Centrosome are present

1. in plant cell only
2. in animal cell
3. in both plant and animal cell
4. None of these

Answer. 2. in animal cell

Question 30. ER work for synthesis of

1. carbohydrate
2. protein
3. photosystem
4. ATP

Answer. 2. protein

Question 31. Lysosome contain

1. hormone
2. lytic enzyme
3. hydrolytic enzyme
4. useful material

Answer. 3. hydrolytic enzyme

Question 32. Development of fruit without fertilization is called

1. parthenocarpy
2. hybridizations
3. tissue culture
4. anther culture

Answer. 1. parthenocarpy

Question 33. Prokaryotic cell does not have

1. nucleolus
2. membrane bound organelles
3. centrioles
4. All of these

Answer. 4. All of these

Question 34. Sea anemone belongs to the phylum

1. porifera
2. echinodermata
3. coelenterata
4. protista

Answer. 3. coelenterata

Question 35. Which is an indicator of air pollution?

1. Lichens
2. Mosses
3. Algae
4. Fungi

Answer. 1. Lichens

Question 36. The alcohol obtained on fat metabolism is

1. methanol
2. ethanol
3. glycerol
4. All of these

Answer. 3. glycerol

Question 37. Source of light in an electron microscope is

1. infrared rays
2. UV rays
3. visible light
4. electron beam

Answer. 4. electron beam

Question 38. Which of these is not correct regarding Bt cotton?

1. It Is A Disease Or Resistant Plant.
2. It Produces More Yield Of Cotton.
3. It Has Been Obtained By Recombination.
4. No Such Plant Is Heard Of.

Answer. 4. No Such Plant Is Heard Of.

Question 39. Green revolution was given by

1. Darwin
2. Wallace
3. Norman Borlaug
4. R. Mishra

Answer. 3. Norman Borlaug

Question 40. Which of these enzymes is maximum in chloroplast

1. RUBP carboxylase
2. PEP
3. glucohexokinase
4. isomerase

Answer. 1. RUBP carboxylase

Question 41. Vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are the characteristic features of

1. angiosperm
2. gymnosperm
3. pteridophytes
4. bryophytes

Answer. 1. angiosperm

Question 42. Edible part in Tomato is

1. mesocarp
2. thalamus
3. pericarp
4. endocarp, inflorescence

Answer. 3. pericarp

Question 43. Multinucleate aseptate hyphae present in Rhizopus are called

1. homothallic
2. heterothallic
3. trichogone
4. coenocyte

Answer. 4. coenocyte

Question 44. Stored food in green algae is

1. starch
2. cellulose
3. fat
4. glycogen

Answer. 1. starch

Question 45. Fat soluble vitamin is

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. B₁₂

Answer. 1. A

Question 46. Clitellum in earthworm is responsible for

1. respiration
2. locomotion
3. digestion
4. cocoon formation

Answer. 4. cocoon formation

Question 47. Conglobate gland is present in

1. male cockroach
2. female cockroach
3. earthworm
4. Hydra

Answer. 1. male cockroach

Question 48. Conjoint, collateral, closed, scattered vascular bundles with sclerenchymatous sheath is observed in

1. dicot stem
2. monocot stem
3. dicot root
4. monocot root

Answer. 2. monocot stem

Question 49. Plants growing near seashores are expected to behave as

1. hydrophytes
2. xerophytes
3. lithophytes
4. halophytes

Answer. 4. halophytes

Question 50. The pyramid of biomass in a good ecosystem is

1. always upright
2. sometimes upright
3. inverted
4. upright and some times inverted

Answer. 3. inverted

Question 51. Which of these is incorrect in view of double fertilization?

1. Given by Nawaschin in 1889
2. It refers to the Fusion of Male and Female Gamete and Male Gamete with the Secondary Nuclei
3. Endosperm Formed is Diploid
4. Endosperm Formed Provides Nutrition to the Embryo

Answer. 3. Endosperm Formed is Diploid

Directions (52–64): In each of the following questions, a statement of assertion is given and a corresponding statement of reason is given just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as:

1. if both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. if A is true but R is false.
4. both A and R are false.

Question 52. Assertion: Protists are similar to prokaryotes.
Reason: Protists do not possess membrane bound organelles.

Answer. 4. both A and R are false.

Question 53. Assertion: Diatoms are golden brown or yellow in colour.
Reason: Cell wall in diatoms in silicified.

Answer. 2. if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 54. Assertion: Euglena is motile.
Reason: It shows pseudopodia locomotion.

Answer. 3. if A is true but R is false.

Question 55. Assertion: Diatoms are useful even after their death.
Reason: Dead bodies of diatoms made the ocean floor fertile for the growth of other organisms.

Answer. 3. if A is true but R is false.

Question 56. Assertion: Euglenophyta do not reproduce in unfavourable conditions.
Reason: Sexual reproduction do not take place in euglenophyta.

Answer. 1. if both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 57. Assertion: Protista is internally diverse group.
Reason: Plant like organisms and animal like organisms both are grouped under protista.

Answer. 1. if both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 58. Assertion: Diatoms are motile.
Reason: They lack any organelles of locomotion.

Answer. 2. if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 59. Assertion: Salmonella typhi most commonly affects the lungs.
Reason: Salmonella typhi causes pneumonia.

Answer. 4. both A and R are false.

Question 60. Assertion: Gout is a communicable disease.
Reason: In gout body forms excess ammonia.

Answer. 4. both A and R are false.

Question 61. Assertion: AIDS is the starting stage of HIV infection.
Reason: In HIV infection, immune system is unaffected.

Answer. 4. both A and R are false.

Question 62. Assertion: Dengue is a viral disease.
Reason: Dengue is a viral disease.

Answer. 2. if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 63. Assertion: Plague is a disease of rats caused by bacteria.
Reason: It is also called black death.

Answer. 2. if both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Question 64. Assertion: Sandfly transmits kala-azar.
Reason: In kala-azar, the parasite damages the brain.

Answer. 3. if A is true but R is false.

Question 65. Gymnosperms constitute dominant flora of

1. tropical regions
2. temperate regions
3. both (1) and (2)
4. none of these

Answer. 2. temperate regions

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Question 66. Gymnosperms generally have

1. tap roots
2. adventitious roots
3. small roots
4. none of these

Answer. 1. tap roots

Question 67. Which plants act as connecting link between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

1. Cycadales
2. Ginkgoales
3. Gnetales
4. None of these

Answer. 3. Gnetales

Question 68. Vessels in xylem of gymnosperms are

1. present
2. absent
3. absent except genetales
4. present except genetales

Answer. 3. absent except genetales

Question 69. Pollination in gymnosperms occurs by

1. wind
2. insects
3. water
4. all of these

Answer. 1. wind

Question 70. Endosperm in gymnosperms is

1. generally haploid
2. always haploid
3. triploid
4. with different ploidy levels

Answer. 2. always haploid

Question 71. Ovule in gymnosperms in generally

1. anatropous and bitegmic
2. orthotropous and bitegmic
3. orthotropous and unitegmic
4. anatropous and unitegmic

Answer. 3. orthotropous and unitegmic

Question 72. Seeds in gymnosperms represent

1. single generation
2. 2 generations
3. 3 generations
4. none of these

Answer. 3. 3 generations

Question 73. Which is commonly known as ‘Living fossil’?

1. ginkgo biloba
2. thuja
3. araucaria
4. cupressus

Answer. 1. ginkgo biloba

Question 74. Which is the largest order of modern gymnosperms?

1. Gnetales
2. Cycadales
3. Coniferales
4. Ginkgoales

Answer. 3. Coniferales

Question 75. Gymnosperms differ from most of angiosperms

1. in having seeds
2. in being smaller in system
3. in having naked ovules
4. None of these

Answer. 3. in having naked ovules

Question 76. One of the main evolutionary features of alternation of generations from algae to flowering plant is

1. gradual elaboration of sporophyte
2. gradual elaboration of gametophyte
3. gradual elaboration of gametophyte and sporophyte
4. elimination of sporophyte

Answer. 1. gradual elaboration of sporophyte

Question 77. Phenomenon of ‘Sulphur shower’ is related with

1. cycas
2. pinus
3. ginkgo
4. none of these

Answer. 2. pinus

Question 78. Gymnosperm of medicinal use is

1. ephedra
2. pinus
3. zamia
4. cycas

Answer. 1. ephedra

Question 79. The characteristic of gymnosperm ovule is the presence of

1. pollen chamber
2. integument
3. vascular supply
4. nucellus

Answer. 1. pollen chamber

Question 80. Endosperm in gymnosperms develops from

1. microspore
2. megaspore
3. secondary nucleus
4. archegonium

Answer. 2. megaspore

Question 81. Megasporophylls of ferns of gymnosperms are comparable to which structure of angiosperms?

1. Stamens
2. Ovules
3. Carpels
4. Megasporophylls

Answer. 3. Carpels

Question 82. Birbal Sahni discovered a fossil plant from Rahmahal hills. It belongs to

1. Angiosperms
2. Gymnosperms
3. Bryophyta
4. Pteridophyta

Answer. 2. Gymnosperms

Question 83. Largest ovules (or largest gametes or longest plants) are found among

1. monocots
2. dicots
3. gymnosperms
4. angiosperms

Answer. 3. gymnosperms

Question 84. The explanation for occurrence of ciliated motile sperms in xerophytic Cycas is

1. it is vestigial character indicating the periodophytic ancestry of Cycas
2. it is a functional character, the pollen chamber of Cycas is filled with water and the sperms must be ciliated for swimming
3. when the pollen grain and ovules of Cycas fall on the ground, the pollen germinates and sperms swim in rain water to reach the ovule
4. the cilia are a zerophytic character like hair

Answer. 1. it is vestigial character indicating the periodophytic ancestry of Cycas

Question 85. Wood of Pinus is

1. manoxylic and monoxylic
2. pycnoxylic and monoxylic
3. manoxylic and polyxylic
4. pycnoxylic and polyxylic

Answer. 2. pycnoxylic and monoxylic

Question 86. Which gymnosperms is having ‘bitegmic ovules’?

1. Cycas
2. Ginkgo
3. Gnetum
4. Taxus

Answer. 3. Gnetum

Question 87. How much time is generally taken by the pine plant from pollination to fertilization?

1. Four months
2. Fifteen months
3. Two years
4. Four years

Answer. 2. Fifteen months

Question 88. Term ‘Alternation of generations’ was first used in plants by

1. Amici
2. Hofmeister
3. Kolreuter
4. None of these

Answer. 2. Hofmeister

Question 89. Foremost Indian embryologist was

1. S.C. Maheswari
2. P. Maheshwari
3. H.Y. Mohan Ram
4. None of these

Answer. 2. P. Maheshwari

Question 90. Single microsporangium per anther is found in

1. Gossypium
2. Hibiscus
3. Arceuthobium
4. Najas

Answer. 3. Arceuthobium

Question 91. ‘Callase’ enzyme that dissolves callose of pollen tetrads to separate four pollens is provided by

1. pollens
2. tapetum
3. middle layers
4. endothecium

Answer. 3. middle layers

Question 92. Compound pollens held together in small units are called

1. pollinium
2. massulae
3. translator
4. None of these

Answer. 2. massulae

Question 93. Ubisch bodies are provided by

1. tapetum
2. pollen kitt
3. exine
4. intine

Answer. 1. tapetum

Question 94. ‘Pollen grains embryo sacs’ were first observed in

1. Hymenocallis
2. Elodaea
3. Hyacinthus
4. None of these

Answer. 3. Hyacinthus

Question 95. Iatropalynology is

1. medicinal aspects of pollen grains
2. fossil pollen grains
3. pollens in relation to honey
4. None of these

Answer. 1. medicinal aspects of pollen grains

Question 96. Pollinia are characteristic of

1. Asclepiadaceae
2. Labiatae
3. Compositae
4. Aristolochiaceae

Answer. 1. Asclepiadaceae

Question 97. Pollen grain is a

1. megaspore
2. microspore
3. microsporophyll
4. microsporangium

Answer. 2. microspore

Question 98. If the innermost layer of integument becomes specialized as a nutritive layer, it is

1. tapetum
2. endothecium
3. endosperm
4. endothelium

Answer. 4. endothelium

Question 99. Pollenkitt is present in pollens of

1. anemophilous flowers
2. entomophilous flowers
3. zoophilous flowers
4. malacophilous flowers

Answer. 2. entomophilous flowers

Question 100. The stamens represent

1. microsporangia
2. megasporangia
3. megasporophylls
4. microsporophylls

Answer. 4. microsporophylls

Question 101. Division of cytoplasm after meiotic division in pollen mother cell is called

1. cytokinesis
2. cytomixis
3. amphimixis
4. apomixis

Answer. 1. cytokinesis

Question 102. Which one of the following produces both enzymes and hormone?

1. endothecium
2. middle layer
3. epidermis
4. tapetum

Answer. 4. tapetum

Question 103. Normal type of sexual reproduction is

1. apomixis
2. amphimixis
3. pseudogamy
4. None of these

Answer. 2. amphimixis

Question 104. Tapetum and endothecium in anther are derived from

1. primary sporogenous cell
2. primary parietal cell
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. None of these

Answer. 2. primary parietal cell

Question 105. In a pollen grain, larger nucleus is

1. generative nucleus
2. vegetative nucleus
3. polar nucleus
4. None of these

Answer. 2. vegetative nucleus

Question 106. The fibrous thickenings of endothecium are mainly made of

1. Cellulose
2. Pectin
3. Lignin
4. None of these

Answer. 1. Cellulose

Question 107. Which is the most common type of tapetum in angiosperms?

1. Amoeboid
2. Secretory or glandular
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. None of these

Answer. 2. Secretory or glandular

Question 108. Vascular tissue is derived from

1. the ectoderm
2. all the germ layers
3. the epithelium
4. the mesoderm

Answer. 4. the mesoderm

Question 109. The connective tissues, which from the frame work of organs such as lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver are

1. reticular
2. areolar
3. adipose
4. None of these

Answer. 1. reticular

Question 110. Term ecology was given by

1. Reiter
2. Cuvier
3. Haeckel
4. Malthus

Answer. 3. Haeckel

Question 111. Leaf abscission, fruit fall, and bud dormancy occur by which phytohormone?

1. Auxin
2. Cytokinin
3. Gibberellins
4. Abscisic acid

Answer. 4. Abscisic acid

Question 112. Number of segments found in the body of cockroach are

1. 8
2. 10
3. 12
4. 15

Answer. 2. 10

Question 113. Which of the following is not an insectivorous plant?

1. Drosera
2. Nepenthes
3. Monotrapa
4. Utricularia

Answer. 3. Monotrapa

Question 114. Which branch study about remains of plant life?

1. Palaentology
2. Palaeobotany
3. Eugenics
4. Palynology

Answer. 2. Palaeobotany

Question 115. If water enters in a cell, the pressure exerted by its swollen protoplast is

1. turgor pressure
2. DPD
3. osmotic pressure
4. imbibition

Answer. 1. turgor pressure

Question 116. How many molecules of glycine is required to release one CO2 molecule in photorespiration?

1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four

Answer. 2. Two

Question 117. Wilting occurs when

1. rate of transpiration is higher than absorption
2. rate of absorption is higher than transpiration
3. excess root pressure
4. high relative humidity in air

Answer. 1. rate of transpiration is higher than absorption

Question 118. Longest animal with one nostril is

1. whale
2. tortoise
3. shark
4. python

Answer. 1. whale

Question 119. Bacterial flagella is made up of

1. protein
2. amines
3. lipids
4. carbohydrates

Answer. 4. carbohydrates

Question 120. Pollution of SO2 destroy

1. Lichen
2. Fungi
3. Algae
4. Fishes

Answer. 1. Lichen

Question 121. Seaweeds are important source of

1. chlorine
2. fluorine
3. iodine
4. bromine

Answer. 1. chlorine

Question 122. Agar agar is obtained from

1. green algae
2. red algae
3. brown algae
4. blue green algae

Answer. 2. red algae

Question 123. Basic structure of protein was given by

1. Stanley
2. Nicholson
3. Watson
4. Singer

Answer. 1. Stanley

Question 124. Nucleus pulposus is found in

1. brain
2. nucleus
3. intervertebral disc
4. liver

Answer. 3. intervertebral disc

Question 125. Animal that excrete urea produced during metabolism of amino acid is

1. ureotelism
2. uricotelism
3. ammonotelism
4. aminotelism

Answer. 1. ureotelism

Question 126. In frogs, oviduct is formed by

1. wolffian duct
2. mesonephric duct
3. mullerian duct
4. bidder’s canal

Answer. 3. mullerian duct

Question 127. Which of the following nephridia is not found in earthworm?

1. Septal nephridia
2. Macro nephridia
3. Integumentary nephridia
4. Pharyngeal nephridia

Answer. 2. Macro nephridia

Question 128. Which of the following is a neem product and used as insect repellent?

1. Azadirachtin
2. Rotenon
3. Parathion
4. Endrin

Answer. 1. Azadirachtin

Question 129. Which of the following sugar is found in nucleic acid?

1. Dextrose
2. Glucose
3. Levulose
4. Deoxyribose

Answer. 4. Deoxyribose

Question 130. Cellulose is a polymer of

1. α-glucose
2. β-glucose
3. α-fructose
4. β-fructose

Answer. 2. β-glucose

Question 131. Broad leaved forest oak are found in

1. tropical deciduous forest
2. tropical ever green forest
3. temperate deciduous forest
4. north coniferous forest

Answer. 3. temperate deciduous forest

Question 132. The sum total of all population of the same kind of organisms constitute

1. cline
2. genus
3. community
4. species

Answer. 4. species

Question 133. Competition for food, light and space is most severe between two

1. closely related species growing in the same area
2. closely related species growing in different habitats
3. distantly related species growing in different habitats
4. distantly related species growing in same area

Answer. 1. closely related species growing in the same area

Question 134. Amphids found upon lips of Ascaris

1. are organ of smell and chemoreception
2. secrete saliva
3. are adhesive organs
4. secrete proteolytic enzymes

Answer. 1. are organ of smell and chemoreception

Question 135. In sex linkage, the speciality is

1. atavism
2. reversion
3. gene flow
4. criss-cross inheritance

Answer. 4. criss-cross inheritance

Question 136. By which of the following food is captured in sponges?

1. Porocytes
2. Pinacocytes
3. Choanocytes
4. Trophocytes

Answer. 3. Choanocytes

Question 137. The flight muscles of birds are attached to

1. coracoid
2. scapula
3. keel of sternum
4. clavicle

Answer. 3. keel of sternum

Question 138. Which one of the following shows a taxonomically closely-related group?

1. Earthworm, ringworm, tapeworm
2. Silverfish, cuttlefish, starfish
3. Housefly, dragonfly, butterfly
4. Sea horse, sea anemone, sea urchin

Answer. 3. Housefly, dragonfly, butterfly

Question 139. Ephyra is the larva of

1. Sea anemone
2. Obelia
3. Aurelia
4. Physalia

Answer. 3. Aurelia

Question 140. Gymnospermous plants lack fruit because

1. fertilization does not occur in them
2. they lack pollination
3. they lack ovary
4. All of these

Answer. 3. they lack ovary

Question 141. In lichens, the term ascomata is applied to

1. ascocarp
2. ascus mother cell
3. ascogenous hyphae
4. None of these

Answer. 1. ascocarp

Question 142. The characteristics that define a family are more general than those that define a

1. genus
2. class
3. phylum
4. cohort

Answer. 4. cohort

Question 143. Which one of the following is responsible for healing the wounds in plants?

1. Intercalary meristem
2. Promeristem
3. Lateral meristem
4. Secondary meristem

Answer. 4. Secondary meristem

Question 144. In which of the following, amphivasal vascular bundles are reported?

1. Dracaena
2. Salvia
3. Mangifera indica
4. both (1) and (3)

Answer. 1. Dracaena

Question 145. Which one of the following is seedless vascular plant?

1. Ferns
2. Horse tails
3. Club mosses
4. All of these

Answer. 4. All of these

Question 146. Sedimentation, a process that has been going since the earth was formed, can take place

1. on land
2. in water bodies
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. in deserts

Answer. 3. Both (1) and (2)

Question 147. Stomatal pores bounded by a single ring-shaped guard cells are found in

1. capsule of Funaria
2. pinnule of Cycas
3. leaf of Dryopteris
4. None of these

Answer. 1. capsule of Funaria

Question 148. Cohesive-adhesive theory of water molecules explains that

1. water ascends in the plant due to transpiration pull
2. column of water remains continuous due to cohesive force of water molecules
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. water does not ascend in plant due to transpiration pull

Answer. 3. Both (1) and (2)

Question 149. The arrangement of leaves in a pattern that minimizes overlapping or shading but maximizes leaf exposure to light is called

1. etiolation
2. leaf mosaic
3. introrse condition
4. glossopodium

Answer. 2. leaf mosaic

Question 150. In Selaginella, the adaxial outgrowth from the base of the leaf is called

1. velum
2. glossopodium
3. ligule
4. rhizophore

Answer. 3. ligule

Question 151. Under which condition, transpiration from plants would be must rapid?

1. When there is lot of humidity in the atmosphere
2. When the air is still (immovable)
3. When environmental conditions are dry
4. All of these

Answer. 3. When environmental conditions are dry

Question 152. Presence of ciliated anterozoids in Dryopteris indicates

1. terrestrial habit
2. aquatic ancestry
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. None of these

Answer. 2. aquatic ancestry

Question 153. Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy tissue in

1. hydrophytic leaf
2. monocot leaf
3. dicot leaf
4. xerophytic leaf

Answer. 3. dicot leaf

Question 154. The rate at which the energy is stored by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activity of producers, is called

1. secondary productivity
2. net productivity
3. Both (1) and (2)
4. primary productivity

Answer. 4. primary productivity

Question 155. The ascomycetes growing under soil level are termed as

1. hypogean
2. lignicolous
3. terricolous
4. coprophilous

Answer. 1. hypogean

Question 156. The biomass of each succeeding trophic level is

1. equal to the next trophic level
2. more than one proceeding it
3. constantly fixed
4. less than the one proceeding it

Answer. 4. less than the one proceeding it

Question 157. Lignin is component of the secondary cell walls of

1. parenchyma
2. sclerenchyma
3. collenchyma
4. epidermis

Answer. 2. sclerenchyma

Question 158. Plasmodesmata allow direct exchange of materials

1. within the cells
2. between neighbour cells
3. between two distant cells
4. None of the above

Answer. 2. between neighbour cells

Question 159. Gaseous exchange in the submerged hydrophytes occurs through

1. stomata
2. hydathodes
3. lenticels
4. general body surface of plants

Answer. 4. general body surface of plants

Question 160. Exarch and polyarch vascular bundles occur in

1. monocot stem
2. monocot root
3. dicot stem
4. dicot root

Answer. 2. monocot root

Question 161. Which of the following terms represents a pair of contrasting characters?

1. Alleles
2. Genotypes
3. Phenotypes
4. Homozygous

Answer. 1. Alleles

Question 162. Which type of fruit the Betel nut is?

1. Nut
2. Sorosis
3. Drupe
4. Berry

Answer. 4. Berry

Question 163. In which of the following plants, there is no differentiation of bark, heartwood and sapwood?

1. Date palm
2. Ashok
3. Mango
4. All of these

Answer. 1. Date palm

Question 164. Which of the following tissues is present in periderm?

1. Phellem
2. Xylem
3. Duramen
4. Bast

Answer. 1. Phellem

Question 165. Which one of the following is the characteristic of photosynthesis?

1. Formation of starch from formaldehyde.
2. Oxidation of chlorophyll occurs.
3. There occurs formation of chlorophyll pigment from inorganic salts.
4. Light energy is converted into chemical energy.

Answer. 4. Light energy is converted into chemical energy.

Question 166. Bicollateral vascular bundle is a characteristic feature of family

1. cruciferae
2. solanaceae
3. cucurbitaceae
4. All of these

Answer. 3. cucurbitaceae

Question 167. The old leguminous roots turn green because

1. leghaemoglobin changes into chlorophyll-c
2. leghaemoglobin is broken down
3. leghaemoglobin changes into chlorophyll-b
4. leghaemoglobin changes into chlorophyll-a

Answer. 2. leghaemoglobin is broken down

Question 168. In which of the following fruits dispersal takes place by grazing animals such as goat and cow?

1. Coconut
2. Xanthium
3. Mangifera indica
4. Cactus

Answer. 2. Xanthium

Question 169. The family leguminosae is divided into three subfamilies on the basis of

1. gynoecium only
2. corolla
3. aestivation of calyx and corolla
4. corolla and androecium

Answer. 4. corolla and androecium

Question 170. Fern and Cycas are similar in having

1. ciliated gametes
2. seeds
3. trachea
4. cambium

Answer. 1. ciliated gametes

Question 171. Third generation pesticide is

1. juvenile hormone analogue
2. pheromone
3. sterilogastrone
4. weedicide

Answer. 1. juvenile hormone analogue

Question 172. Formation of coal from plant material by the process of diagenesis and metamorphism is known as

1. coal gasification
2. plant ash
3. coalification
4. fossilization

Answer. 3. coalification

Question 173. Which one of the following oils is produced by Linum usitatissimum in India?

1. Linseed oil
2. Sunflower oil
3. Groundnut oil
4. Palm oil

Answer. 1. Linseed oil

Question 174. A plant completing its life cycle before the onset of dry condition is said to be

1. short day plant
2. long day plant
3. drought escaping
4. amphibious

Answer. 3. drought escaping

Question 175. Dumb-bell shaped guard cells are seen in

1. dicot leaves
2. monocot leaves
3. seeds
4. fruits

Answer. 2. monocot leaves

Question 176. Fat globules are present in

1. areolar tissue
2. fibres
3. adipose tissue
4. blood tissue

Answer. 3. adipose tissue

Question 177. Experiment to prove necessity of CO2 for photosynthesis is

1. Hills experiment
2. Mohl’s experiment
3. Calvins experiment
4. Arnon’s experiment

Answer. 2. Mohl’s experiment

Question 178. A hypothetical substance involved in flowering is

1. auxin
2. kinetin
3. GA
4. florigen

Answer. 1. auxin

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources

Food Resources

More than one billion people are living in India and the population is still growing. It has been reported that soon we would be required to generate more than a billion tons of grain each year to mitigate the needs of this growing population. It can only be done if more and more land is used as agricultural land.

But since in India, most of the lands are intensively cultivated, the remaining area is not sufficient to be used for agriculture. Therefore, it is the demand of time to increase our production efficiency for both crops and livestock.

Various efforts have been made to meet the food requirements  by increasing food production and it has come to some extent of  successes so far. While increasing the food production, it is important  to keep in mind that our environment should not get degraded and the  ecological balance is not disturbed. Therefore, there is an emerging  need to adopt sustainable practices in the department of agriculture,  organic farming and animal husbandry.

With the increasing population of India, the problems such as  hunger and malnutrition have also raised, which would not be solved  by simply raising grain production and their storage in warehouses.  People need money for purchasing food.

Read and Learn More: NEET Foundation Notes

Food security depends upon  its availability and its access. Since majority of people in India are  dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, it is essential to raise the  income of people associated with agriculture to combat the problem  of hunger. Hence, scientific management practices like organic  farming, sustainable farming, crop improvement through genetic  manipulation and biological pest control should be undertaken to  obtain high yield from farms.

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming

Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant and animal production practices with a specific ­application. It is based on the understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationship between organisms and their environment.

Sustainable farming is the production of plant or animal products using farming techniques that protect the environment, public health and animal welfare. The term ‘Sustainable agriculture’ was coined by the Australian agricultural Scientist, Gordon McClymont. The various advantages of sustainable agriculture are discussed below.

• It helps in the integration of natural biological cycles and controls.
• It reduces loss of soil fertility and protects the natural resource base.
• The use of non-renewable resources and production input also gets reduced in sustainable farming.
• It also provides source of employment to farm communities.
• It includes optimized use of farm resources and provides adequate income.

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system that employs organic fertilizers , such as compost, manure, green manure. Organic farming emphasizes on the methods such as crop rotation, mixed cropping, inter cropping, biological pest control, plant breeding for increasing the yield of crops. The advantages of organic farming are mentioned below.

• There is no use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in the organic farming technique.
• Organic farm wastes can be recycled in the form of manure.
• It also maintains the soil fertility.
• Controls the attack of pests and growth of weeds through cropping system.
• There is no toxic released during organic farming which can harm our environment.

The revolutions that occurred in the past for increasing food production are as follows.

• Green revolution: It deals with high production of food grains. Dr. Swaminathan was known as the ‘Father of Green Revolution’.
• White revolution: It deals with increased production of milk. Dr. Verghese Kurien was known as the ‘Father of White Revolution’.
• Yellow revolution: It deals with increase in the production of oil. Sam Pitroda is known as the ‘Father of Yellow Revolution’.
• Blue revolution: It deals with increase in the production of fish. Dr. Arun Krishnan was known as the ‘Father of Blue Revolution’. Scientists are working on the revolution of pulses, which is regarded as the basic need of India today.

Crop Production Management

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Improvement in Crop Yields

Agriculture is described as the practice of cultivating soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It can also be defined as the science that deals with the practice of growing plants and other crops, feeding, breeding and raising of animals for food or other human needs.

Different crops have different abiotic requirements, such as air, water, temperature and soil for their growth and reproduction. The major crops that are cultivated in India are food grains (cereals and pulses), cash crops (cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds), plantation crops (tea, coffee, coconut and rubber), horticulture crops such as fruits and vegetables. Along with these food crops, fodder crops like berseem, oats or Sudan grass are also cultivated as food for the livestock.

As we know, photosynthesis occurs in all plants for manufacturing their food in the presence of sunlight. Growth of plants and flowering are dependent on different factors and they are as follows.

• Climatic conditions
• Photoperiod (duration of sunlight)
• Temperature variation
• Completion of their life cycle

Types of Crops

Crops can be divided into different types based on the seasons they are grown and based on their usage.

• Based on the season: There are three kinds of crops based on the season, such as Kharif, Rabi and aid crops. In India, crops are grown in rainy season from the month of June to October and they are called Kharif crops. Kharif crops means ‘autumn’ (from July–October). They are sown in the beginning of monsoon and harvested at the end of rainy seasons. They include rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, arhar (pulses), soybean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton, etc. Rabi means ‘spring’ (from October–March).
  These crops are sown in the beginning of dry winter and harvested before the inception of summer. They include wheat, barley, oats (cereals), chickpea/gram (pulses), linseed, mustard (oilseeds), etc. Crops which are grown from April to June are called zaid crops and it includes crops like cucumber and melons.
• Based on the product they give (produce): The crops can be divided into four main categories depending on their usage.
• • Cereals include rice, wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, etc. They are rich sources of carbohydrate.
  • Pulses include chick pea gram (chana), pea (matar), blackgram (urad), green gram (moong), pigeon pea (arhar) and lentil (masoor).They are rich sources of protein.
  • Oil seeds include soybean, groundnut, sesame, castor, mustard, linseed and sunflower. They are rich sources of fat.
  • Fruits and vegetables include apple, mango, dates, radish, turnip, cabbage, spinach, etc. They are rich sources of vitamins and minerals. In India, the major crops are commonly cultivated between July to June.

Before cultivating a crop variety, a farmer goes through several steps. The first step is the choice of seeds for planting. The second is the nurturing of the crop plants and the third is the protection of the growing and harvested crops from loss.

It has been observed that harvested crops get deteriorated due to moisture in rainy seasons. Sometimes, the crops grown in field does not yield sufficient amount of product due to growth of weeds or attack of pests, etc., Thus, for improving crop yields from such deterioration three methods can be applied and they are as follows.

• Crop variety improvement through genetic manipulation
• Crop production management
• Crop protection management

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Crop Variety Improvement

Crop variety improvement involves the methods to be adopted and modify the plants genetically for a better yield. Selection of a good crop variety can result in a good yield. Varieties of crops can be selected on the basis of various useful characteristics, such as disease resistance, drought resistance, stress tolerant, product quality and high yields.

Methods of Crop Variety Improvement

Several methods can be applied for producing such modified crops and they are discussed below in detail.

1. Hybridization

2. Genetic engineering

• Hybridization: It is defined as a process of crossing between genetically dissimilar plants that results in the production of a new variety. This cross may occur in three different ways as listed below.
• • Intervarietal cross occurs between different varieties.
  • Interspecific cross occurs between two different species of the same genus.
  • Intergeneric cross occurs between different genera.
• Genetic engineering: The introduction of desired gene with specific characteristics in the genome of a plant also produces improved quality of crop. Such crops are known as genetically modified crops (GMO) and the technique employed is known as genetic engineering.

List of genetically modified crops with their modified characteristics

Genetically Modified Crops 

While producing GMO crops, it is necessary that the variety producing crops have high quality and superior yields under different conditions relative to different areas. For producing good yield, it is necessary to use good quality seeds of a particular variety and should germinate under the same conditions.

Cultivation practices and good crop yield also depends upon the weather, soil quality and availability of water. GMO crop varieties are useful as they can be grown in diverse climatic conditions, such as drought and flood. Some of the varieties could have special characters such as tolerance to high soil salinity.

Objectives of Crop Variety Improvement

Crop improvement is necessary for certain reasons and they are mentioned below.

• Higher yield
• Improved quality
• Biotic and abiotic resistance
• Desirable agronomic characteristics
• Wider adaptability
• Change in maturity duration

The quality of certain crops is needed to be improved in case of wheat, pulses, oilseeds and fruits. Wheat grains are needed to be baked properly after maturation. Certain crops that have long maturation duration takes long time to harvest. So, it is necessary to improve their quality so that they could mature early and farmers are able to grow more than a crop in a year.

For every year, the crop production decreases due to biotic factors, such as diseases, pests and sometimes due to natural calamities such as drought, salinity, cold and frost by hampering the yield of the crop. In such cases, it is necessary to improve the crop variety so that they could even give better yield in undesirable climatic conditions.

Taller plants utilize more nutrients than shorter plants and hence, they increase the input cost of agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to produce shorter cereal crops to increase the yield ensuring less nutrient consumption.

Crop Production Management

In India, agriculture is the major occupation carried out by a vast population About 70 per cent of the total population is involved in agriculture and it accounts for 40 per cent of gross national product (GNP). The selection of farming practices depends upon the financial condition of the farmer, size of land holding and awareness of advanced technologies.

Crop production management includes three major components, such as (a) nutrient management, (b) irrigation, (c) cropping pattern and (d) crop rotation.

Nutrient Management

Plants need certain nutrients for growth and development. Plants obtain ­nutrients from three sources, such as water, air and soil. Plants require essential inorganic elements for developing and maintaining their ­structure and ­metabolism.

There are several elements in the form of minerals found in soil that is used by plants, but there are some elements that are essential for the growth and development of the plant. These elements are known as essential elements or essential nutrient. The selection of time, nutrient and amount of nutrient is controlled under the system called nutrient management.

The essential nutrients for plants are classified into two forms and they are as follows.

• Macronutrients: Macronutrients are elements that are utilized by the plants in large amount. For example, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur.
• Micronutrients: Micronutrients are elements that are utilized in small amount. For example, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine and nickel. Other elements like carbon, oxygen and hydrogen is provided by air and water.

Macro and micronutrients

In the absence of these essential nutrients, the physiological as well as metabolic ­process in plants gets ­disturbed. Therefore, to increase the yield of any particular plant, essential nutrients can be provided as a supplement to the soil in the form of manure and fertilizers.

Manure

Manure is a decomposed mixture of organic substances obtained from animal excreta and farm based plant waste. This is mainly composed of biological wastes and hence, it does not cause harm to the environment and also reduces the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. Organic matter present in the manure increases the water holding capacity of sandy soil and it avoids water logging.

Advantages and disadvantages of manures

On the basis of its composition, the manure can be classified as follows.

• Compost: It is an organic matter rich in nutrient, consisting of decomposed matter of domestic waste, livestock excreta (cow dung, etc.), vegetable waste, animalrefuse, farming waste, etc. The method of decomposing animal and plant wastes into a complex organic matter with the help of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, worm, etc., is known as composting. The decomposed matter prepared by the help of worms is known as vermicompost.
• Green manure: It is an undecomposed material that consists of green plants and leaves along with twigs.In this method, green plants are grown and ploughed under the soil surface to enrich the soil content (mainly nitrogen and phosphorous). The plants that are used for green manure are known as green manure crops. For example: Crotalaria juncea  (sun hemp), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (cluster bean).

• Farm yard manure (FYM): It is the oldest manure composed of the decomposed ­mixture of dung, urine of farm animals,remains of roughages or fodder fed to the ­cattle. It is chemically composed of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulphur, zinc, copper, manganese and iron. It is commonly used by the farmers to grow crops because of its easy availability and the presence of all nutrients required by plants. It is a cheap and easily available source of organic nutrients.

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Fertilizers

Fertilizers are man-made and commercially produced inorganic or organic material that provides nutrition to the plants. Fertilizers are used in crop fields to increase the ­vegetative growth of the plant and to produce healthy plants. The nutrient content in fertilizers is very high as compared to the manure. Hence, it is used in very less amount. It is mainly composed of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.

They are classified into four groups based on their nutrient content.

• Nitrogenous fertilizers: They provide nitrogen (macronutrient).
• Phosphorous fertilizers: They provide phosphorous (macronutrient).
• Potassic fertilizers: They provide potassium (essential micronutrient).
• Complex fertilizers: They provide two or more than two nutrients (N₂ , P₂O₄ and K₂O).

Disadvantages of Chemical Fertilizers

• Continuous use of chemical fertilizers may lead to complete loss of soil fertility (soil becomes alkaline due to the presence of sodium nitrate in fertilizers).
• Excessive use of fertilizers in field may lead to water pollution because sometimes, it gets washed away at the time of irrigation along with running water.
• Deposition of fertilizers in the water bodies may lead to eutrophication.
• Crops may absorb minerals present in the nutrients and gets accumulated in the edible parts of the plant. Hence, they may reach up to human food resulting in the ill health of the humans.

Types of fertilizers and their examples

Biofertilizers

Some living microorganisms are also used as fertilizers as it provides nutrient to the plants and such fertilizers are known as biofertilizers. These fertilizers are non-pollutant and renewable. They are used for specific plant crops grown in the specific soil content, such as legume plants, pulses, oil seeds, etc. They provide supplementary nutrient in the form of nitrogen to the plants. The types of biofertilizers are as follows.

• Nitrogenous fertilizers
• Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms
• Mycorrhiza

Microorganisms used as biofertilizers may exist in two forms, such as symbiotic and ­non-symbiotic relation. Symbiotic relationship is that in which two organisms of two different species live together in a close relationship and are dependent upon each other. For example, mycorrhiza lives with vascular plants.

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Irrigation

In India, most of the agricultural land is dependent upon rainfall during ­monsoon. Therefore, the successful yield of crops in most of the areas of India is dependent upon timely monsoons and the amount of rainfall received during the growing season. Therefore, at times of less rainfall during monsoon, farmers get fewer yields and have to face heavy loss in their annual income.

Nowadays, suicidal case among farmers has become a major problem in many parts of India. This is due to dependency on rain which leads to the failure of agricultural yield. Therefore, several measures have been taken to irrigate the agricultural fields through canals, tube wells, reservoirs and wells, etc.

The process of supplying water artificially through water reservoirs and tube wells to the agricultural field where crop plants are grown is known as irrigation.

India has twelve major river basins and eight composite river basins. It has a wide variety of water resources, but still there are certain areas that are completely dependent upon rain for the cultivation of crops, such agriculture practice is known as rain fed agriculture. Under such conditions, different kinds of irrigation systems have been established to supply water to agricultural lands.

Advantages of Irrigation System

• The irrigation system provides fresh water to crop plants that are enriched in hydrogen and oxygen. Hence, it provides two important elements to crops that are essential for their growth and development.
• Irrigation provides sufficient water and minerals dissolved in the water to the crop plants and hence, the number of aerial branches increases in the crop plants leading to an increase in the crop yield.
• Irrigation water from river basins even carries slit with them which are nutrient rich thereby, improving soil fertility and crop yields.
• Irrigation allows cultivation of crops throughout the year rather than being restricted to a specific season.
• In desert areas, continuous supply of running water through irrigation decreases the salinity of soil.
• For irrigation purposes, many check dams has been constructed on the water reservoirs and large rivers to control the flow of rainwater and it also reduces the soil erosion.

Factors Controlling Irrigation

The irrigation of crop plants mainly depends upon the following two factors.

• Nature of crop plants also known as crop-based irrigation: Some crops demand more water supplies while others may grow even in small amount of water. For example: Rice needs more water to grow so, continuous water supply is needed whereas wheat and cotton needs less water at the time of flowering or before ­tilling (before ploughing).
• Nature of soil of agriculture field also known as soil-based irrigation: Sandy soil has less water retention capacity so it needs more water supplies whereas clayey soil holds a small amount of water within them and hence, it requires less amount of water.

Irrigation System

India has a large number of rivers and water resources. The ­arrangement and supply of required water to the crop plants without disturbing the water table and soil aeration and causing soil salinity and water logging problem is defined as water management. Depending upon the various water resources, irrigation system has been constructed based on the following types.

• Canals: These are man-made structures that receive water from one or more than one reservoirs or from rivers. The main canal is divided into branch canals and branch canals are again divided into several field channels that reach individual crop fields and provide water to the crop plants. It is an extensive and elaborated irrigation system. When the shortage of water occurs, this system follows the rotation system and it is also known as water bandhi, in which each individual field receives water by rotation.
• Tanks: These are small reservoirs that receive and store the run-off water from catchment areas (small resources that collect rainwater).
• Wells: Wells have been constructed in those areas where exploitable ground water is present. It is of two types, such as dug well and tube well (Fig. 6.5). Dug well have their base below the ground water table and it collects water from water bearing strata, whereas tube well collects water from the deeper strata. In case of dug well, water is drawn by mechanical means, i.e., bullock operated devices , whereas in tube well electrical pump is used to lift water.
• River lift system: This system is found where the canal flow provides inadequate water. In this system, water is drawn directly from rivers to supplement irrigation.
• Dip and sprinkler system: In this system, pump is used and water is sprayed through an overhead pipe. This system saves a lot of water and serves as a natural process.

Water Augmentation

Augmentation is a process of using existing water to carry out new work. To fulfil the demand of water used in the irrigation, augmentation of ground water is done. It is carried out by the following two methods.

• Rainwater harvesting: This process includes collection of rainwater, which is further used to recharge ground water by digging up wells.
• Water-shed management: This process includes the construction of check dams to reduce the flow of rainwater and prevent soil erosion. It also increases the percolation of water into ground.

Cropping Patterns

Cropping pattern is the selection of varieties of crops and determining the proportion of areas for growing them depending upon climate, availability of water and nutrients in the soil. There are several methods of cropping which have been planned to raise the farm yield in the same farm area with reduced diseased crop and crop failure and these methods are discussed below.

• Mixed cropping: This type of cropping minimizes the crop failure due to lack of ­favourable weather conditions. Seeds are mixed together before sowing and sowed in a random manner in the same field. For example: Wheat + Chickpea, Cotton + Moong bean.
• Intercropping: In this type of farming, two or more than two crops are grown simultaneously in the same crop field, but in a definite pattern to increase the productivity of farm per unit area. It is an improved version of mixed cropping. This type of farming is adopted by small farmers who do not have proper facility of irrigation. After one row of main crop, two or three rows of intercrops are grown. This type of farming utilizes the nutrient supplied and also prevents the pets and diseased or affected plants. The different crops that have ­different nutrient requirement are selected for this cropping pattern and hence, both the crops give better yield. For example: Soybean + Maize.

Crop Rotation

Crop rotation is the systematic cultivation of different crops in a proper sequence in different seasons on the same land. Crop rotation maintains the quantity of nutrients in the soil and thus, it increases the productivity and prevent diseases. In this type of farming, different varieties of crop plants are cultivated on the same land in a pre-planned manner, but by rotation.

Since continuous cultivation of same type of crops leads to the depletion of particular nutrient in the soil, it also gives rise to diseases and pests. This type of cultivation is practiced to regain the soil fertility. For example: Wheat requires nutrient rich soil which is maintained by cropping legume plants by rotation in the same field.

Types of crop rotation

Advantages of Crop Rotation

• Several crops can be cultivated in the same soil within a year. The farm yield increases by practicing crop rotation.
• It avoids growth of weeds and pests.
• It increases the soil fertility. When leguminous crops are grown, the nitrogen content of the soil increases due to the presence of symbiotic nitrogen fixing microbes.
• It reduces the use of chemical fertilizers.

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Crop Protection Management

Soil is enriched with several microbes and pests that enhance the soil content, but it may also harm the plants. Field crops yield are harmed by a large number of factors, such as weeds, pests, insects and diseases. Because of pests and weeds, there is an annual loss of a major part of the crop yield and at times most of the crops get lost.

There are several methods that can control the harmful effects of these pests and weeds. Some farmers use biocides or pesticides, the chemicals used to kill pests (pesticides), to kill weeds (weedicides), to kill insects (insecticides) and to kill fungi (fungicides). These chemicals are not good for human health and also cause environmental pollution and therefore, preventive measures should be taken to protect crops from pests and diseases.

Pest Control

Pests are insects that destruct the crop plants by the following three ways.

• Sucking insects: They enter the cell sap of the plant and suck them. They include insects that have piercing-sucking mouth parts such as leaf hoppers, plant bugs, etc.
• Internal feeders: They live inside the parts of the plant and make hole in the stem and fruits. They are called borers or weevils. When they live in twigs or roots known as borers (in roots of sugarcane); when they attack fruits and seeds they are called weevils (in guava, karela, etc).
• Chewing insects: These insects have chewing mouth part, they cut roots, and stem and leaf then, chew and swallow them. They can harm all types of plants. For example: Grasshoppers, caterpillars, etc.

Preventive Measures of Pests

• Crop rotation reduces the pests attack since pests of specific crop plant lives on the surface of plants and removal of crop residues from field repeatedly after short duration for cultivating next crop reduces pests.
• During rainy season due to humid and warm condition pests grow more in numbers and therefore, ploughing in summers reduces the pest population.
• Pest resistant crops are developed by means of genetic engineering and hybridization. The use of such resistant varieties of crop reduces damage caused by the pests.

Weed Control

The unwanted plants that grow with main crop plants utilize the nutrient of the soil in large amount and hence, it reduces the growth of the crop. Such plants are known as weeds. For example, the seeds of weed germinate easily and grow faster than the main crop plant thereby, taking up all the nutrients present in the soil at a faster rate as compared to the main crop reducing the growth of the crop plant.

Therefore, removal of weeds from crop field is very essential to protect the crop yield. Various preventive methods have been adopted for the removal of weeds and they are as follows.

• Mechanical method: This includes removal of weeds by pulling out with hands or ploughing.
• Chemical method: This includes use of weedicides. For example, Atrazine, 2, 4-D, etc.
• Biological method: This includes the use of some insects that destroy only weeds specifically and do not cause harm to the crop plant. For example, use of cochineal insects for removal of Opuntia phaecantha (prickly pear cactus).
• Cropping pattern: Intercropping and crop rotation also helps in the removal of weeds from the farm. Cropping on proper clean bed and timely sowing of crops also reduces the growth of weeds in the field.

Diseases of Crop Plants

Our environment is full of a variety of organisms; some are pathogenic while others are non-pathogenic. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases to the crop plants whereas it may be a bacteria, fungus or virus. They are present in the soil, air and water, it becomes virulent in favourable conditions.

On the basis of types of pathogens, crop diseases are classified into the following four categories.

• Seedborne diseases: These diseases are transmitted through seeds. For example: Red rot of sugarcane.
• Soilborne diseases: These diseases are transmitted through soil and affects the root and stem of the plant. For example: ‘Smut of bajra’.
• Airborne diseases: These diseases are transmitted through air and mostly aerial part of the plant gets affected. For example: ‘Rust of wheat’, ‘blast of rice’.
• Waterborne disease: These diseases are transmitted through water. For example: ‘Bacterial blight of rice’.

Disease of major crops, their symptoms and preventive measures

Storage of Grains

Annual crops that are grown once in a year are stored in the warehouses for rest of the year. Mainly, cereal grains or food grains are stored in safe storage under ­suitable temperature and moisture content. These cereal grains are stored at three levels, such as producer level, trader level and at FCI (Food Corporation of India).

During these storage practices, about 9.3 per cent of the total food grains get spoiled every year. There are several factors that hamper the quality of food grains during storage. The two types of factors that affect the food quality are as follows.

• Biotic factors: It includes insects, rodents, fungi and bacteria.
  The common insect pests found in the grain stores are as follows.
• • Lesser grain borer: Rhyzopertha dominica (beetle) damage grains by perforating the shells.
  • Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica) the larva causes damage to rice and maize.
  • Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryza) both adult and grub causes damage to the rice.
  • Wheat weevil (Trogoderma granarium) found in large amount in the stored wheat.
  • Rust red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) both larva and adult forms are present in the flour and flour products.
• Abiotic factors: It includes moisture, temperature and cleanliness.
  These factors alter the product’s quality, their germination capability and discoloration of products and also results in the loss of weight. Altogether, these factors leads to loss of market value of food grains. Several preventive and control measures have been taken to protect the loss of grains before storage and they are as follows.
  • The produced grains should be dried under sunlight, then in shade.
  • Proper cleaning of store house should be maintained before storage.
  • Fumigation should be done (a chemical treatment that kills pest and other microbes by forming toxic fumes).
  • Adequate temperature and moisture should be maintained during storage and throughout the procedure.

List of abiotic factors with their suitable environmental conditions

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Animal Husbandry

The branch of science that deals with the scientific management of animal livestock including animal feeding, breeding and disease control is termed as animal husbandry. With the increasing population in India and their increasing standard of living, the demand of animal products has also increased, such as milk, butter, egg and meat. The animal husbandry includes the cattle, poultry and fish farming. It also manages the egg and broiler production.

Cattle Farming

In India, cattle’s are used for various purposes such as in the field of agriculture for ploughing, transporting food grains to warehouses. It also provides food resources such as milk and meat. Cattles are classified int two categories, such as Bos indicus  (Cow) and Bos bubalis (buffaloes). On the basis of their functions, they have been named as milch animals, which represents those females who can produce milk and another who are used for labour in farms are named as draught animals.

Milk production of a cattle starts after giving birth to a calf and it depends upon the lactation period of a cattle. If we need to increase their productivity, we have to increase the lactation period. This can be done by crossing two breeds with best productivity.

Different types of breeds of Bos indicus (cow) found in India

Different types of breeds of Bos bubalis (buffaloes)

Jersey and Brown Swiss are foreign breeds (from Switzerland) and it has long lactation period; whereas Red Sindhi and Sahiwal, such local breeds are resistant to diseases.

Diseases of Cattle

Cattles are affected by a number of pathogens, like bacteria, fungus, virus and parasites.

Common disease of cattle with causative agents and symptoms

Poultry Farming

Poultry farming is the farming that deals with the feeding and breeding of domestic fowl that produces egg and fulfils the demand of chicken meat as well. As with the increasing population, the demand of poultry products has also increased.

So to fulfil the demands of people, an improved poultry breeds have been developed that can produce large number of eggs as well as broilers for meat. The hybrid varieties with desired traits have been developed by crossing the Indian breeds with foreign breeds (Leghorn). The hybrid developed from Indian breed (Aseel) and foreign breed leghorn possess the following qualities.

• It has enhanced the number and quality of chicks.
• It has the quality of summer adaptation or we can say that they are tolerant to high temperature.
• They utilize cheaper diet, i.e., fibrous diets.

The continuous effort in the field of poultry makes India the World’s 5th largest producer of poultry after China, Former USSR, USA and Japan.

Diseases of Poultry

The poultry birds may get affected by viruses, bacteria, fungi and animal parasites that cause diseases. Some birds may even suffer due to the deficiency of nutrition. These infectious diseases can be cured by proper cleaning, sanitation and spraying of disinfectants after regular interval.

Common disease of poultry

Fish Production

In India, fish is an important food for coastal population. It is rich in vitamin A and D. It is easily digestible and it is a cheap and rich source of protein. There are two sources from where fish can be obtained and they are as follows.

• From natural resources such as rivers and ponds.
• Culture in the freshwater.

Fish farming can be categorized as follows.

• Marine fisheries: In this type, the fishes are obtained from either fresh water resources or saline water from marine. It includes pomfret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay duck. Their yield in the open sea can be increased using satellites and echo-sounders.
• Inland fisheries: In this type, the fishes are obtained from rivers, lakes, ponds and fish reservoirs. Brackish water resources are also used for such fisheries in which sea water and fresh water are mixed together to form estuaries and lagoons.In this type of fisheries, fish are obtained from two resources: capturing.

Aquaculture

It includes the production of high yield aquatic plants and animals which have high economic value, such as fishes, prawns, crayfish, shrimps, oysters and sea weeds. It includes two culture systems and they are as follows.

• Mariculture: In this type of culture, the marine fishes such as bhetki, eel, and pearl spots are cultured in the coastal water for commercial purpose.
• Fresh water culture fishery: In this type, exotic crabs such as English carp, tench and trouts are cultivated in the lakes.

Beekeeping

Beekeeping is carried out to produce honey. They need less investment, so farmers use beekeeping as their second source of income. The varieties of bees are used for commercial production of honey and wax as a by-product. An Italian bee variety named as A. mellifera has brought an increase in the honey production.

Apis cerana indica is a local variety used for the commercial production of honey. Other varieties of bee commonly involved in the honey production are A. dorsata (rock bee) and A. florae (little bee).

Management for High Yield of Honey

For obtaining maximum production of honey, the following considerations are taken into account.

• Selection of flora: Pasturage flora of honey bees includes flowering plants of almond, tamarind, mango which has orchards for the nectar and pollen collection. The quality and taste of honey depends upon the flora. So, pasturage flora is found to be the best.
• Beehive: Generally, three types of beehives are found in the apiaries. Beehive is a wooden box where honey is collected and reserved.
• Apiary location: It is the arrangement of number of hives in an apiary system where maximum nectar and pollen grains are collected. The apiary should be kept nearby the region where dense flora is found.
• Water availability and open space for the entrance of bee is also required.
• Selection of honey bee variety: Honey bee which has more production capability should be selected. Apis mellifera (Italian bee) has the maximum capacity for honey production.

Diseases and Enemy of Honey Bee

Honey bees are affected by bacteria, fungi, virus and protozoan.

Enemies: Birds like crows, blue tits, sparrows and fly catchers use bee as their meal.

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Classroom Corner Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. ______ is the modern technique in the field of crop variety improvement.
Answer. Genetic engineering

Question 2. Process of producing new variety of crops by crossing two genetically different parent crops is ______
Answer. Hybridization

Question 3. Cattle are both affected by internal and external ______
Answer. Parsites

Question 4. ______ is the process of obtaining fish from natural resources.
Answer. Fish capturing

Question 5. ______ crop is an example of rabi crops.
Answer. Wheat

Question 6. Prevention of water logging in the clayey soil is due to the presence of ______
Answer. Organic matter

Question 7. Salt water fishery is known as ______
Answer. Marine fishery

Question 8. Nutrients that are required in large quantities by the plants ______
Answer. Major nutrients

Question 9. Crops which are grown from June to October is ______
Answer. Kharif crops

Question 10. Rearing of animals is ______
Answer. Farming

Question 11. Pigeon pea is a good source of ______.
Answer. Protein

Question 12. Berseem is an important ______ crop.
Answer. Fodder

Question 13. The crops which are grown in rainy season are called ______ crops.
Answer. Kharif

Question 14. ______ are rich in vitamins.
Answer. Vegetables

Question 15. ______ crop grows in winter season.
Answer. Rabi

Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Match The Columns

Question 1.

Select the correct option.

1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
2. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Answer. 1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Question 2.

Select the correct option.

1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
2. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Answer. 4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Question 3.

Select the correct option.

1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
2. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Answer. 3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

Question 4.

Select the correct option.

1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
2. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Answer. 1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

Question 5.

Select the correct option.

1. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
2. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
4. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Answer. 3. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4