Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Salient Points – At A Glance
1. Economic Nationalism:
The Moderates criticized the British administration openly for the economic crisis in India.
They said that India had gradually turned into land for supplying agricultural raw materials to Britain.
Again, India was being used as a market for selling goods manufactured in Britain. The agro-based economy of India was being used to protect the interest of Britain only.
Consequently, the agriculture and industry of India were being destroyed.
The exponents of this ‘economic nationalism’ were Dadabhai Naoroji, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Ramesh Chandra Dutta.
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2. Mitramela:
A new zeal entered the revolutionary movement of Maharashtra in the first half of the twentieth century.
The pioneers of the movement were the Savarkar brothers Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Ganesh Savarkar.
They founded a secret revolutionary society named Mitramela in Nasik in 1899.
Here the youths were initiated into the revolutionary ideals and given. martial training.
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3. Abhinav Bharat:
In 1904 Ganesh Savarkar renamed ‘Mitramela’ as ‘Abhinav Bharat’ in imitation of Mazzini’s ‘young Italy’. This society aimed at obtaining freedom through armed revolution.
They made branches in different parts of the country where training was given for physical fitness, mountain neering, and fighting with swords and sticks.
The society also tried to infuse revolutionary ideals into the students.
4. Lal Bal Pal:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal were together known as ‘Lal Bal Pal’.
All of them were nationalist leaders who believed in extremism. Punjab Kesari, i.e., Late Lajpat Rai had led the movement against Simon Commission.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak said, “Swaraj is my birthright and I will definitely attain it.”
The pioneer of passive resistance, Bipin Chandra Pal said, “Swaraj, cannot be donated or granted, it has to be attained.”
5. Theosophical Society:
The word ‘Theosophy’ consists of two words ‘Theos’ (God) and ‘Sophia’ (knowledge). So it means ‘knowledge of God.’
This term was first used by the Greek philosopher Lamblicus in the 3rd century, AD.
The ‘Theosophical Society’ was first established in New York by Colonel H.S. Olcott and Madame H.P. Blavatsky in 1875.
Then they established a branch of this society at Adiyar in Madras in 1886. Society became popular when Anne Besant joined it in 1889.
The theosophists who had deep faith in the Indian religion and philosophy tried to revive the ancient Hindu, Buddhist and Parsee religions.
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6. Ganapati and Shivaji Festival:
The basis of extremist nationalistic ideals of the Maharashtrian revolutionary leader Bal
Gangadhar Tilak was ancient Hindu religion and history.
So Tilak took the initiative of converting the worship of Ganapati, which was prevalent among the Marathas, into a public festival named ‘Ganapati Utsav’ to inspire the youths with
the ideals of revolutionary nationalism and to spread nationalistic ideals among the public. He also organized the ‘Shivaji Utsav’ in 1895 to commemorate
the matchless patriotism, strength of character, valor, and achievement of Shivaji, the pride of Maharashtra, and project him as a representative of the revolutionary movement.
Through this festival, he tried to inspire the ideals of patriotism, self-sacrifice, and armed revolution against the British among the people of Maharashtra.
7. Carlyle’s Circular:
Thomas Carlyle, the Chief Secretary of the British government issued a circular on 10th October 1905 to keep the Indian students aloof from the Swadeshi movement.
This is known as Carlyle’s Circular. According to this circular, punitive measures would be taken against students and universities who were involved in the movement.
8. Silk Handkerchief Conspiracy:
Case: Mahendra Pratap built up a temporary independent Indian Government in Kabul.
Sheikh Mahamdul Hassan and Maulana Abdullah carried on an anti-British campaign from Kabul.
They used silk. handkerchiefs as the medium of exchanging messages. This exchange was done through. symbolic script.
The British government filed the Silk Handkerchief Conspiracy Case against them and many of the revolutionaries were imprisoned.
9. Safety Valve Theory:
Many people think that Hume had tried to keep the educated section of society aloof from the anti-British revolts.
So he tried to restrict the agitation against the British by establishing a political institution, i.e. the Indian National Congress.
Therefore, he had tried to use Congress as a ‘safety valve’ of the British Empire in India or as a preventive for destructive forces.
This theory came to be known as the ‘Safety Valve Theory’.
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Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Descriptive Questions
Question 1. Discuss the background of the formation of the Indian National Congress.
Answer:
Background Of The Formation Of The Indian National Congress:-
Introduction:
There is a controversy among historians regarding the real founder of the National Congress.
According to Pattavi Sitaramaiya, “Who first planned the formation of All India Congress is shrouded in mystery.
“Background For The Formation Of Indian National Congress
1. Role of different personalities:
1. Role of Hume :
Hume’s biographer William Waderburm gives the main credit for establishing the National Congress to Hume.
He had written an open letter to the graduates of Kolkata University urging the youths to participate in the progress and welfare of the country.
He met Lord Duffrein in 1885 and submitted a proposal for building up an all India organization.
2. Role of Surendranath:
Surendranath played an important role by setting up a political organization to establish the rights of the Indians.
He built up public opinion against the British by establishing Indian Association (Bharat Sabha) and also tried to organize a National Conference.
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3. Role of Dufferin:
Womesh Chunder Bonerjee said that it was quite surprising to know that Duffrein was the actual founder of the National Congress.
2. Factors leading to the establishment:
1. Chief factor:
According to historian Rajani Pam Dutta, the Congress was formed as a ‘safety. valve’ or ‘safe regulator’ of British rule.
Hume’s main aim was to protect British rule from the growing dissatisfaction and agitation of the Indians.
He thought that lower-class people could rebel against the tyranny of the British at any time.
So they tried to establish the National Congress as a safety valve to protect the interest of the British
2. Other factors:
A reawakening of the 19th Century The Renaissance or reawakening which was seen in religion and culture due to the rise of nationalism in India in the 19th century increased political awareness of the Indians.
Legacy of Western education The middle class, enlightened by Western education, took the initiative of organizing a movement for India’s freedom.
Oppression by the British The oppressed educated Indians felt that it was very necessary to build up a political organization to get rid of oppression and to obtain their rights and demands.
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Question 2. Discuss the activities of Congress from 1885 to 1905.
Answer:
Activities Of Congress From 1885 To 1905:-
1. Introduction:
The activities of the National Congress for the first twenty years (1885 to 1905) were mainly confined to prayer and petition and a few demands.
Activities Of The Congress For The First Twenty Years-
2. Prayer and petition policy:
The early Congress leaders tried to get their demands fulfilled through 3 p’s i.e., Prayer Please and Petition.
They were more inclined towards extracting benefits for the upper classes rather than solving the problems of the common people. Their policy was called moderate policy.
The proposals which were accepted in the annual sessions were sent to the government for consideration.
3. Demands:
1. Demand for Proper constitutional reforms:
- Recruitment of more Indian members at the legislative council,
- abolition of the Indian Council,
- the opportunity of sending at least two representatives from each province to the House of the Commons
- inclusion of at least three Indian members in the advisory council of the Secretary of State.
2. Demand for economic reforms:
- proper development of modern industries,
- use of more indigenous products rather than foreign products,
- reduction in the rate of revenue extracted from the peasants, changes in the laws concerning ownership of land, and establishment of agricultural and rural banks
- abolition of income tax and salt tax and reduction of excise duty.
3. Demand for administrative reforms:
- Separation of executive and judiciary,
- introduction of the Jury system,
- holding Civil Service examinations in India and England simultaneously, raising the age limit from 19 to 23, and putting an end to statutory civil service
- provide military training to the Indians and appoint them to high military posts.
Question 3 What was the role of the political organizations in building up public opinion against the British?
Answer:
Role Of The Political Organizations In Building Up Public Opinion Against The British:-
Introduction:
A number of political associations, societies, and organizations arose in different parts of India in the 19th century after coming in touch with Western education.
These helped in building up public opinion against the British.
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Role Of The Political Organisations Of Bengal In Forming Public Opinion-
1. Banga bhasha prakashika sabha (1836):
The Banga Bhasha Prakashika Sabha was founded by Prince Dwarakanath Tagore Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Kalinath Roychowdhury, and the followers of Rammohan.
the main aim of the Sabha was to analyze the effect of the activities of the British government.
2. Zamindar Sabha (November 12, 1838):
The Zamindar Sabha or Landholder’s Society was established by the joint endeavor of Prince Dwarakanath Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, and Radhakanta Deb. Their objectives were
- to obtain the rights of the zamindars and the subjects;
- to fulfill the political hopes of the Indians.
3. Bengal British India Society April 20, 1843) :
Bengal British India Society was founded in Kolkata by George Thomson, a member of the British India Society of England.
He was the president and Pyarichand Mitra was the secretary of the society. The objective of the society was to bring about
the welfare of all sections of Indian society to ascertain their political and social rights.
4. British Indian Association (1851):
Zamindar Sabha and Bengal British India society combinedly formed the British Indian Association in order to establish a bigger political platform.
Its president and secretary were Radhakanta Deb and Dwarakanath Tagore respectively. This association demanded the protection of Indian resources,
more recruitment of Indians to high posts, separation of executive and legislature, and spread of education.
5. Indian League (1875):
Indian League was formed by Krishnamohan Banerjee, Hemant Kumar Ghosh, and Sisir Kumar Ghosh. Its president Sambhu Chandra Mukherjee demanded
the election of members of municipal corporations by the citizens and the spread of vocational education.
6. Bharat Sabha or Indian Association (July 26, 1876):
The Bharat Sabha was founded at Albert Hall in Kolkata by Surendranath Banerjee, Anandamohan Basu, Shivnath Shastri, and Dwarkanath Ganguly. The president,
secretary, and joint secretary were Rev. Krishnamohan Banerjee, Ananda Mohan Basu, and Akshay Kumar Sarkar respectively.
This association built up public opinion against Civil Services Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act, and for Illbert Bill.
Question 4. What do you know about the Ilbert Bill controversy?
Answer:
Ilbert Bill controversy:-
Introduction:
According to the Criminal Law of 1873, the Indian judges were not empowered to try the Europeans but their subordinate judges could do so.
Law secretary Courtney Illbert drafted a law named Illbert Bill which counteracted the previous discriminatory law on the advice of Viceroy Lord Ripon.
Ilbert Bill Controversy
1. Content:
The British maintained discriminatory policies from the very beginning. Lord Ripon introduced the new law to put an end to such racial discrimination.
It was declared that since then the Indian judges could try the European offenders.
2. Reaction:
As soon as the draft of the Libert Bill was published the Europeans broke out into agitation.
They formed a defense association under the leadership of Brunson, a barrister of Kolkata High Court.
Several branches of this association were established all over India as well as in England. The bill was vehemently criticized in the journals ‘Englishman’ and ‘The Times.
The Europeans conducted the movement under this association which collected a fund of rupees 1.5 lakhs.
In response to this movement, the Indian Association organized a counter-movement under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjee.
3. Amended bill:
The vehement protest and agitation of the Europeans compelled the British government to amend the bill. It was declared that
the Indian judges could try the Europeans with the help of the jury, most of whom were obviously Europeans.
4. Significance:
The purpose of the bill failed as the government had to surrender before the movement of the Europeans.
Yet it bore some significance in the Indian nationalist movement the Indians realized that the main aim of the British was to create racial discrimination between
white and dark-skinned people. It was not possible for the Indians to attain dignity without attaining independence.
Question 5. Evaluate the contribution of the Moderate leaders in the history of the Indian
Answer:
Contribution Of The Moderate Leaders In The History Of The Indian:-
Introduction:
At the time of the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the early leaders were known as Moderates.
Some of the leaders were Womesh Chunder Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Badruddin Tyabji, Ramesh Chandra Dutta, and Dinanath Wacha.
Contribution Of Moderate Leaders
1. Creation of national awareness:
The Moderate Congress leaders were able to create a national awareness among the Indians of diverse religions and languages.
2. Establishment of national integrity:
The Congress consolidated national unity and awareness by holding sessions in different cities.
3. Prayer and petition policy:
The activities of the National Congress were confined to prayer and petition policy in the first phase.
he leaders avoided direct clashes with the British and tried to fulfill their demands through compromise.
4. Opposition of the government:
The early Congress leaders revealed the actual nature of British rule by continuously opposing governmental activities.
5. Three non-violent principles:
Initially, the Moderates followed “A policy of 3 p’s” which means “Prayer, please, and petition”. The earlier Congress leaders believed in these three principles.
6. Criticism Policy:
The method of the Congress in its early phase was criticism based. In their annual sessions, the different policies of the British were criticized.
7. Policy of loyalty:
The early Congress leaders had much faith in British rule and justice.
Question 6. Who were the Moderates and How were their objectives and methods of action? Extremists?
Answer:
Moderates And Their Objectives And Methods Of Action:-
Introduction:
1. Moderates:
The first leaders of the National Congress, who tried to obtain their demands through the policy of prayer, please, and petition, were known as Moderates.
2. Extremists:
Some Congress leaders did not believe in the prayer and petition policy. They wanted to build up a strong protest against the British and attain complete freedom.
They were called Extremists. Some Moderate leaders were Womesh Chunder Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath Banerjee, and Ramesh Chandra Dutta.
Some Extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh.
Objectives and methods:
1. Objectives of Moderates:
The objectives of the Moderate leaders were
- to unify the Indians with the help of nationalism,
- to develop national awareness among the Indians,
- to present the proposals of the first session before the government.
Method: The method of protest of the Moderates was to criticize the policies of the British government.
They also tried to solve the social, economic, and political problems of the Indians through prayer and petitions to the government.
They believed in patience, compromise, and alliance.
2. Objectives of Extremists:
The objectives of the Extremists were
- Complete independence free of British control,
- to believe in Swadeshi, boycott and self-sacrifice policy, and plunge into direct struggle against the British,
- Conduct the national movement on the basis of ancient Hinduism and past history.
Method: The Extremists wanted to attain complete self-rule and independence from British rule by launching a strong protest.
So they gave up the policy of prayer, please, and petition and got involved in an armed struggle against the British.
Question 7. Point out the causes of conflict between the Moderates and the Extremists.
Answer:
Causes Of Conflict Between The Moderates And The Extremists:-
Introduction:
The Moderate leaders of the first phase of the National Congress tried to satisfy the hopes and aspirations of the Indians through mutual agreement.
On the other hand, the Extremist leaders wanted to have their demands fulfilled through direct conflict.
Causes Of Conflict-
1. Difference in ideals:
The source of ideals hopes, and inspirations of the Moderate leaders was Western education.
The basis of the political ideals of the Extremists was ancient Hinduism, the past glory of India, and complete patriotism.
2. Difference in objective:
The chief aim of the Moderates was the attainment of self-rule. The chief aim of the Extremists was complete Swaraj or freedom.
3. Difference in method:
The Moderates followed the methods of prayer, please, and petition. The Extremists selected the methods of boycott, swadeshi, and spiritual empowerment.
4. Difference in nature:
The Extremist movement was the primary stage of the future mass movements.
The moderate movement was mainly confined to the middle class or highly educated professionals, teachers, and barristers.
5. Difference in consciousness:
The conflict between the Extremists and the Moderates took place as the former believed in self-dependence while the latter believed in the activities of the British.
6. Difference in social basis:
The social basis of Moderates and Extremists differed. The basis of the Moderates was the newly educated urban upper class.
In the other hand, the basis of the Extremists was the educated but deprived urban middle class.
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Short Analytical Type Questions
Question1. Mention the constitution and purpose of the British Indian Association.
Answer:
Constitution And Purpose Of The British Indian Association:-
Constitution:
British Indian Association (founded in 1851) was a combination of the Landholders Association (1838) and the Bengal British Indian Society (1843).
The first president and secretary were Radhakanta Dev and Dwarkanath Tagore. The notable members were Ramgopal Ghosh and Pyarichand Mitra.
Purpose: The purpose of the British Indian Association could be known from an application to the government containing several proposals for reformation.
1. Protection of resources:
The government was expected to make adequate arrangements to safeguard the resources of the Indians.
2. Recruitment of Indians:
More Indians would be recruited in high governmental posts.
3. Separation of executive and judiciary:
The judiciary would be completely separated from the executive.
4. Independent Board:
An independent board would be formed with Indian representatives according to the British colonial model.
5. Expansion of education:
There would be adequate arrangements for the smooth expansion of education.
Question 2 What do you know about the foundation and purposes of the Indian Association?
Answer:
Foundation And Purposes Of The Indian Association:-
1. Foundation:
The Indian Association was established by Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Basu at the Kolkata Albert Hall (present Coffee House) on July 21, 1876. Shivnath Shastri and Dwarakanath Ganguly also helped in the establishment.
2. Purpose:
- The main purposes of establishing the association were
- building up powerful educated public opinion.
- unification of people belonging to different castes and languages
- the condition of Hindu-Muslim unity and amity.
- Involvement of the lower class people in society in the political movements.
Question 3. How did the Indian Association conduct the National Movement?
Answer:
Indian Association Conduct The National Movement:-
1. Demand for Civil Service:
The Association demanded that the Civil Examination should be held in England and India simultaneously. The minimum age should also be raised from 19 to 23.
2. Protest against Arms Act:
According to the Arms Act, no Indian could keep firearms without permission from the British government. The Indian Association strongly protested against this and built up public opinion.
3. Protest against Vernacular Press Act:
Lord Lytton passed an act to exercise control over the newspapers published in Indian languages.
Surendranath Banerjee formed the Native Press Association in protest against this Vernacular Press Act.
4. Albert Bill controversy:
The Indian Association launched a counter-movement under the leadership of Surendranath Banerjee against the Alberta Bill Agitation of the white people.
Question 4. Write a note on the Arms Act of 1878.
Answer:
Arms Act Of 1878:-
1. Implementation:
The notorious Arms Act was implemented by Lord Lytton. According to this act, no Indian could keep firearms without the permission of the government.
2. Motive:
After the Great Revolt of 1857, the British government tried to disarm the Indians.
So the Arms Act was passed in order to disarm the Indians and exploit them more. The main purposes were
- to ensure that no more armed revolts occurred like the Great Revolt
- and to clearly show the distinction between the English and the Indians with respect to the enjoyment of legal facilities.
Question 5 Write a note on Vernacular Press Act (1878).
Answer:
Vernacular Press Act (1878):-
Implementation:
Lord Lytton issued the Vernacular Press Act on March 14, 1878, to strangle the newspapers published in various Indian languages.
Provisions:
- The editor and printer of a newspaper could not publish any such news which would incite grievances of the readers against the government.
- No such news could be printed which would aggravate racial enmity between the British and the Indians.
- If any Indian newspaper violated these terms then the government would confiscate its money as well as its printing machine.
Question 6. What do you know about the Dramatic Performance Act?
Answer:
Dramatic Performance Act:-
Implementation:
Contemporary plays also helped in the rise and development of nationalism.
The plays which were enacted in different regions of Bengal depicted the poverty of the Indians and economic exploitation as well as the tyranny and oppression carried on by the British.
These aroused strong anti-British feelings among the public and thereby scared the government.
Governor General Northbrook passed the Dramatic Performance Act on March 14, 1876. This put a great restriction on dramatic performances.
1. Provisions:
The act provided that
- a copy of the manuscript of the play would have to be submitted at the nearest police station before staging it.
- The play would be staged only after permission was granted by the police station.
- No such play, which would help in the development of nationalism, could be staged.
Question 7. What were the main demands of the leaders of the early phase of Congress?
Answer:
Main Demands Of The Leaders Of The Early Phase Of Congress:-
The demands of the leaders of the early phase of the Congress were as follows.
1. Demand for including Indians in the administration:
The Moderate leaders of the early phase demanded forcefully that more Indians should be involved in the administration.
The British were finally compelled to pass the Indian Council Act in 1892 accepting this demand.
2. Demand for representation:
The early leaders demanded that the Indians who had been elected from local organizations like chambers of commerce and university should be sent to the legal counsel.
3. Demand for abolishing the office of the Secretary of State:
The Moderates also demanded that the office of the Secretary of State for India should be abolished.
Question 8. Why could the early Congress leaders not oppose the British directly?
Answer:
Early Congress Leaders Not Oppose The British Directly:-
There were some reasons why the Moderates could not oppose the British
1. Lack of mass acceptability:
It was not possible for an organization that consisted only of professionals like lawyers, doctors, journalists, and teachers only to succeed in opposing the British directly.
2. Organisational weakness:
The National Congress was not a political party in the modern sense of the term. It was quite weak from the point of view of finance and mass support.
3. Internal conflicts:
The inner conflicts among the different groups weakened the National Congress. There were conflicts between the Bombay and Poona groups,
between Surendranath and Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and between Lala Harkishan and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab.
Question 9. What do you mean by ‘Swaraj’?
Answer:
Swaraj:-
In the context of the National Movement ‘Swaraj’ initially meant the right to self-government. Later on, it came to mean ‘freedom’.
1. Early phase:
In the Kolkata session of the Congress in 1906, President Dadabhai Naoroji said that the aim of the National Movement was the attainment of Swaraj.
2. Later phase:
Later on, the Moderate and Extremist leaders explained ‘Swaraj’ according to their own ideals.
Some Moderates thought that ‘swaraj’ meant the attainment of self-right by staying within British rule.
The great revolutionary Sekharan Ganesh Deuskar used the word ‘Swaraj’ as a synonym for freedom. Ball Gangadhar Tilak said, ‘Swaraj is my birthright.
Aurobindo Ghosh thought that Swaraj implies an ‘expression of moral and spiritual strength.”
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False
Question 1. The leaders of the National Congress for the first twenty years (1885-1905) were known as Moderates.
Answer: True
Question 2. The founder of Bengal National College was Aurobindo Ghosh.
Answer: True
Question 3. The first session of the National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Delhi.
Answer: False
Question 4. The other name of the ‘Jatiya Mela’ organized by Nabagopal Mitra was ‘Hindu Mela’.
Answer: True
Question 5. Ramtanu Lahiri was the president of the first all-India conference of the Indian Association held in Kolkata.
Answer: True
Question 6. Most of the Extremists regarded British rule as the dictate of Providence.
Answer: False
Question 7. C.P. Ilbert was a member of the legislative council of Governor General Bentinck.
Answer: False
Question 8. The ‘Shivaji Utsav’ began in Maharashtra under the leadership of Shivaji.
Answer: False
Question 9. The final split between the Moderates and the Extremists took place in the Surat session of the National Congress in 1907.
Answer: True
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Fill In The Blanks By Selecting The Appropriate Expressions From The Brackets
Question 1. The President of the first session of the National Congress was _________ (Surendranath Banerjee/Womesh Chunder Banerjee/Dadabhai Naoroji).
Answer: Womesh Chunder Banerjee
Question 2. The great orator _________ (Keshab Banerjee/Chandra Sen/Surendranath Bipin Chandra Pal)was called the ‘Burke of Bengal’.
Answer: Bipin Chandra Pal
Question 3. In the _________ (Madras/Surat/Kolkata) session the National Congress got divided into two distinct groups the Moderates and the Extremists.
Answer: Surat
Question 4. A dispute arose between Moderate Gokhale and Extremist Tilak over the control of _________ (Indian Association/ Poona Sarvajanik Sabha/Zamindar Sabha).
Answer: Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Question 5 _________ (Dr. Nilratan Sarkar/Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar/Acharya Prafulla Chandra Rai) established Bengal Chemical Pharmaceutical to establish indigenous industries.
Answer: Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy
Question 6. Santiniketan was established by the initiative of _________ (Rabindranath Tagore/Bankim Chandra Chatterjee/Aurobindo Ghosh).
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Answer In A Complete Sentence
Question 1. Which period is called the ‘age of sabha samitis’ of India?
Answer: The period from 1857 to 1885 is called the ‘age of sabha samitis’ of India.
Question 2. Who founded the Theosophical Society?
Answer: Theosophical Society was founded by Colonel Olcott and Madame Blavatsky.
Question 3. Which is the first political organization of India?
Answer: The first political organization of India was Landholder’s Society.
Question 4. Who started a movement in support of Ilbert Bill?
Answer: The Indian Association started a movement in support of the Ilbert Bill.
Question 5. Who is known as Lal-Bal-Pal?
Answer: Extremist Congress leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal together known as Lal-Bal-Pal.
Question 6. What was the aim of the moderates?
Answer: The moderate’s aim was to achieve partial autonomy for India within the fold of the British Empire.
Question 7. Write down the proposals which were accepted in the Calcutta session of 1906.
Answer:
Swaraj, swadeshi, boycott, and national education-these four proposals were accepted in the Calcutta session of 1906.
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Select The Most Appropriate Explanation For The Following Statement
Question 1. The political leaders of various provinces had contact with Allan Octavian Hume, a retired English official.
- Hume had toured the entire subcontinent in order to carry out duties related to his job.
- He was the appointed authority in different provinces.
- He was the chief spokesman of the government.
Answer: 1. Hume had toured the entire subcontinent in order to carry out duties related to his job.
Question 2. The Ilbert Bill Agitation was led by the Indian Association.
- According to this Bill, the police were allowed to keep Indians in custody without trial.
- Ilbert Bill was withdrawn due to the movement of the Europeans.
- The appointment of Indians. judges in the judiciary were prohibited by the provisions of this Bill.
Answer: 2. Ilbert Bill was withdrawn due to the movement of the Europeans.
Question 3. Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British official, wanted to form a political association to protect the interest of the Indians.
- The Indians continuously launched ant British movements.
- Armed uprisings against the British were being organized in different regions of India.
- Dissatisfaction against the British could be felt among the Indians through various incidents.
Answer: 3. Dissatisfaction against the British could be felt among the Indians through various incidents.
Question 4. There were variations within the organizational weaknesses Congress had from the very beginning.
- People belonging to all sections of society were not included in Congress.
- The Congress leaders were quite weak.
- The Congress was not financially strong.
Answer: 1. People belonging to all sections of society were not included in Congress.
Question 5. Bombay was the most significant province for the Congress from a geographical point of view.
- Most of the industrialists of Bombay became members of Congress.
- Thirty-eight out of the seventy-two participants of the first session were from the Bombay Presidency.
- The head office of the Congress was in Bombay.
Answer: 2. Thirty-eight out of the seventy-two participants of the first session were from the Bombay Presidency.
Question 6. The activities of the National Congress had lost their national character from social and communal points of view.
- The activities of the Congress were communal.
- The lower class people and their grievances did not find any place in the agenda of the Congress.
- The leaders felt proud to declare themselves as ‘representatives of the nation’.
Answer: 3. The leaders felt proud to declare themselves as ‘representatives of the nation’.
Question 7. In the first phase, Congress did not want an end to British colonial rule in India.
- In the first phase, the political agenda of the National Congress was not anti-British.
- In the first phase, the National Congress recognized the necessity of British rule for the Indians.
- In the first phase, Congress wanted to consolidate the economic base of India through the machinery of colonial rule.
Answer: 1. In the first phase the political agenda of the National Congress was not anti-British.
Question 8. The Congress lacked the capacity of organizing a national movement with their agenda.
- They lacked the financial capacity to conduct the movements.
- Most of the leaders were concerned with their personal professions throughout the year.
- There was no able and skillful leader to conduct the movement on a national level.
Answer: 2. Most of the leaders were concerned with their personal professions throughout the year.
Question 9. The British Government did not accept any demands of the Moderates.
Their demands were unreasonable.
- The demands seemed immoral to the British.
- The demands were quite significant for the colonial administration.
Answer: 3. The demands were quite significant for the colonial administration.
Question 10. The British did not accept the demand of holding the civil services examination in India and London simultaneously.
- The British did not want the Indianization of the administration.
- They did not want many Indians to participate in the administration.
- They had anticipated that the Indians, who would qualify for the examination and participate in the administration, would oppose the British
Answer: 1. The British did not want the Indianization of the administration.
Chapter 6 The Beginnings Of Nationalism Topic A Nationalist Organisation Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1. The founder of the Indian League was
- Allan Octavian Hume
- Anandamohan Bose
- Colonel Olcott
- Sishir Kumar Ghose
Answer: 4. Sishir Kumar Ghose
Question 2. The Vernacular Press Act was repealed by
- ALord Bentinck
- Lord Ripon
- Lord Canning
- Lord Cornwallis
Answer: 2. Lord Ripon
Question 3. Which organization was called ‘representatives of the minority’ by Lord Dufferin?
- Indian League
- Hindu Mela
- Indian Association
- Congress
Answer:4. Congress
Question 4. There was a clash of opinions between Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Brahmabandhab Upadhyay around the editorial policy of the newspaper
- Amrit Bazar Patrika
- Kranti
- Bande Mataram
- DJugantar
Answer: 3. Bande Mataram
Question 5. The one who was not an extremes
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Bipin Chandra Pal
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale
- Brahmabandhab Upadhyay
Answer: 3. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Question 6. Ramesh Chandra Dutta was a
- A Businessman
- Judge
- Civil servant
- Writer
Answer: 3. Civil servant
Question 7. Who was the Governor General of India during the Ilbert Bill Controversy?
- Madame Blavatsky
- Lord Ripon
- Lord Dalhousie
- Lord Cornwallis
Answer: 2. Lord Ripon
Question 8. “Congress was no anti-British conspiratorial platform” Who said this?
- Anandamohan Bose
- Surendranath Banerjee
- Womesh Chunder Banerjee
- Nabagopal Mitra
Answer: 3. Womesh Chunder Banerjee
Question 9. Lala Lajpat Rai was a member of
- Prarthana Samaj
- Arya Samaj
- Arya Bandhab Samaj
- Satyashodhak Samaj
Answer: 2. Arya Samaj
Question 10. The first session of the National Congress was held in Bombay in 1885 with a membership of
- 72
- 82
- 92
- 102
Answer: 72
