WBBSE Solutions For Class 7 History Chapter 5 The Mughal Empire Topic C Miscellaneous

Chapter 5 The Mughal Empire Topic C Miscellaneous Descriptive Questions

Question 1. What is your opinion about the place of Akbar in the administrative history of the Mughals?
Answer:

Akbar in the administrative history of the Mughals:

Akbar’s achievements as an empire-builder consisted not merely in the acquisition of territory through conquest but also in the organization of an administrative system.

His intention was to knit the annexed regions into a more or less centralised unit.

Distinctive features:

Naturally, he built upon foundations laid by the former rulers of Delhi, particularly Sher Shah. The Afghan ruler was in his turn indebted to his predecessor, Alauddin Khalji. Sher Shah just revived the regulations of Alauddin.

To a large extent, the British rulers of India adopted Akbar’s system. The British government adopted the principal feature of his revenue system and the bureaucratic structure of government.

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The British rule carried many traces of his handiwork. In short, his administrative edifice influenced the subsequent system very much.

Conclusion: In my opinion, Akbar’s reign policy played a pivotal role in the Indian administrative system.

History Class 7 WBBSE

Chapter 5 The Mughal Empire Topic C Miscellaneous Objective Type Questions

Strike the odd one out

Question 1. Babur, Humayun, Ibrahim Lodi, Jahangir
Answer: Ibrahim Lodi

Question 2. Akbar, Shah Jahan, Babur, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
Answer: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

Question 3. Uzbek, Suba, Sarkar, Pargana
Answer: Uzbek

Question 4. Abul Fazl, Badauni, Todarmal, Abdul Hamid Lahori
Answer: Todarmal

Question 5. Humayun, Sher Shah, Akbar, Jahangir
Answer: Sher Shah

Question 6. Pratapaditya, Chand Roy, Kedar Roy, Man Singh
Answer: Man Singh

Question 7. Aurangzeb, Akbar, Suja, Murad
Answer: Akbar

Question 8. Dewan, Bakshi, Kotwal, Din-i Ilahi
Answer: Din-i Ilahi

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Question 9. Ahmednagar, Golconda, Bijapur, Punjab
Answer: Punjab

Question 10. Babur, Akbar, Jahangir, Sangram Singh
Answer: Sangram Singh

History Class 7 WBBSE

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Match The Columns

1.

Answer: 1. D, 2. C, 3. B, 4. F, 5. A

2.

Answer: 1. D, 2. A, 3. E, 4. B, 5. C

3.

Answer: 1. E, 2. D, 3. B, 4. C, 5. A

 

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Exercise

Fill in the blanks

Question 1. At the battle of Gharghara Babur’s main opponent was ________(Rana Sanga/Ibrahim Lodi/Nusrat Shah).
Answer: Nusrat Shah

Question 2. The battle of Bilgram took place in ________ (1539/1540/1541).
Answer: 1540

Question 3. During the reign of Jahangir, the Sikh Guru ________(Jay Singh/Arjun/Hemu) was executed.
Answer: Arjun

Question 4. The Rajput leader who did not join the Mughals was Rana ________ (Pratap Singh/Man Singh/Jaswant Singh).
Answer: Pratap Singh

Question 5. The Prime Minister of Ahmednagar was ________(Todarmal/Malik Amber/Bairam Khan).
Answer: Malik Amber

Class 7 WBBSE History Question Answer

Match The Statements With The Following Options.

Question 1. The Mughals were proud of their Timuride heritage.
1. Timur established Mughal rule in India.
2. Timur once attacked Northern India and occupied Delhi.
3. Timur was a Safavid ruler.

Answer: 2. Timur once attacked Northern India and occupied Delhi.

Question 2. Once Humayun had to leave India.
1. He was defeated by his brothers.
2. He was defeated by Sher Khan.
3. He was defeated by Rana Sanga.

Answer: 2. He was defeated by Sher Khan.

Question 3. Mahesh Das came to be known as Birbal.
1. He was very strong.
2. He was very intelligent.
3. He was valiant against the Mughals.

Answer: 2. He was very intelligent.

Class 7 WBBSE History Question Answer

Question 4. The maritime commerce of Bengal developed during the reign of Aurangzeb.
1. He defeated the Portuguese pirates.
2. He defeated Shivaji.
3. He exempted tax on Bengal trade.

Answer: 3. He exempted tax on Bengal trade.

Question 5. The system of measurement of land for assessment during the time of Akbar was called Zabti.
1. Zabat means the fixation of the market price of crops.
2. Zabat means only the Emperor could collect tax.
3. Zabat means calculations of land revenue.

Answer: 3. Zabat means calculations of land revenue.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 5 Question Answer

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Answer The Following Questions Briefly

Question 1. Why did the Mughal rulers call themselves Badshah?
Answer:

Literal meaning:

The term ‘Badshah’ or ‘Padshah’ is a Persian word, wherein ‘Pad’ means God and ‘Shah’ means ruler.

The reason behind naming Badshah:

The two terms are nearly synonymous. So, they are used together as the Mughals tried to indicate their absolute power. In 1507, when Babur became the ruler of Kabul, he took the title ‘Badshah’.

Question 2. Why did Humayun lose to the Afghans?
Answer:

Humayun lost to the Afghans. The reasons were

Role of military aristocrats:

During Humayun’s reign, the ancestral and familial ties between the imperial Mughals and the aristocrats loosened up.

Violation of Timurid tradition:

Unlike the Timurid tradition, he did not divide the empire among his brothers but merely put them in charge of different territories. So they had no compunction or loyalty towards him.

False steps:

He immersed himself in pleasure after conquering the fort of Chunar and provided ample opportunity to Sher Shah to attack his empire.

Question 3. Why did the conflict among the Mughal nobility increase?
Answer:

The conflict among the Mughal nobility increased. The reasons were

Distribution and possession over mansab:

During Aurangzeb’s reign, the number of Mansabdars went up but the Mansabs remained unchanged. So the Mansabs were partitioned to accommodate them. Deccan nobles became a part of the Mughal polity after Aurangzeb conquered Bijapur and Golconda.

So, a struggle began among the nobles to occupy the best and most fertile jagirs. They preferred North Indian Jagirs due to the political turmoil in South India.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 5 Question Answer

Self-interest:

The nobles now began to misuse their power and became greedy for wealth. Their relationship among themselves and with the emperor deteriorated. So, corruption of the aristocracy became a major cause for decline of the Mughal Empire.

Question 4. What is Sulh-i kul?
Answer:

Background:

The Mughal Emperor Akbar adopted the policy of Sulh-i kul or the policy of Universal Tolerance to protect and preserve the vast empire in India.

Meaning:

The term ‘Sulh-i kul’ means tolerance towards other religions. This policy implies that the individual is free to follow the religion of his choice and the state shall not interfere in it.

Introduction of Din-i Ilahi:

Akbar put this concept into practice through the propagation of his religious faith Din-i Ilahi.

Question 5. Give an account of the ‘Suba’ administration of the Mughals.
Answer:

Akbar divided the Mughal Empire into Subas for administrative convenience. There were fifteen Subas in his empire.

Administration of Suba:

Each Suba had two administrative heads, the Subadar (military head) and the Dewan (civil head) who ruled from an administrative center. The former looked after law and order and criminal administration.

The Dewan collected land revenue and looked after civil administration. Emperor’s role: The Subadar was the representative of the emperor. So he had to abide by the orders of the emperor.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 5 Question Answer

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Answer The Following Questions In Detail

Question 1. Compare the First Battle of Panipat, the Battle of Khanua, and the Battle of Gharghara. If the Mughals were not victorious in the First Battle of Panipat, who would have ruled in Northern India?
Answer:

Comparison of battles

 

Alternative results of the First Battle of Panipat:

The defeat of the Mughals would have ensured the establishment of an independent Hindu kingdom under Hemu. Several Rajput clans of North India would have become powerful and might have tried to capture Delhi.

The Afghans might have subdued the Indian rulers and controlled the empire.

Question 2. What are the philanthropic aspects of Sher Shah’s administrative system?
Answer:

Sher Shah ruled over North India for five years from 1540 to 1545. He built a powerful, efficient, and advanced system of administration with the sole objective of the welfare of his people.

Philanthropic aspects of Sher Shah’s administration

1. Construction of roads:

One of Sher Shah’s greatest contributions was the improvement of the road network of the country. He built many roads to improve transport and communication all over the empire.

The most notable one is the Sarak-i Azam (Grand Trunk Road), running from Sonargaon in Bengal to Peshawar in the northwestern frontier region.

2. Construction of rest houses:

Sher Shah planted trees on both sides of the roads and built inns at regular intervals so that weary travelers could rest in the course of long, cross-country journeys.

3. Introduction of the Postal system:

Sher Shah improved communication by introducing the system of sending letters from one place to another by men on horseback.

4. Revenue tax based on land fertility:

Sher Shah improved revenue administration by categorizing land on the basis of the fertility of its soil and then, determining the rate of revenue from separate plots of land accordingly.

5. Patta:

The Patta document authenticated and certified the right of the peasant upon his land.

6. Exemption of Tax:

Another benevolent and judicious measure introduced by Sher Shah was the exemption of land revenue in case of less crop production in times of natural calamities like floods and famines.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 5 Question Answer

7. Judicial administration:

Sher Shah’s judicial administration was highly advanced and impartial.

Question 3. What were the similarities and dissimilarities in the Rajput policy of the Mughal rulers?
Answer:

The Rajputs were a martial race of North India who were known for their great bravery and their quality of loyalty. Their whole-hearted support was indispensable for the consolidation and further strengthening of the Mughal Empire.

The similarity in Rajput policy of Mughals

Both Humayun and Akbar wanted to develop friendships with the Rajputs in order to obtain their support. This was because they understood that having the Rajputs as allies and friends would greatly benefit the Mughal Empire.

Akbar went a step further by incorporating Rajput nobles in the Mansabdari System. He married Rajput princesses and allowed them to practise their own religion. He repealed Jizya and pilgrim tax from upon the Hindus.

He ended forcible conversions of Hindu prisoners of war to Islam. However, he relentlessly pursued Rajputs like Rana Pratap who refused to accept his suzerainty. Jahangir and Shah Jahan followed a similar strategy.

Differences in the Rajput policy of Mughals

When Aurangzeb came to the throne, he reversed the policy of friendship towards the Rajputs. He put conditions over the accession of Yashwant Singh’s son to the throne of Marwar. As a result, the Mughal-Rajput conflict ensued.

Aurangzeb was orthodox and followed an anti-Hindu policy to convert Dar-ul-Harb into Dar-ul- Islam. He reimposed Jizya and the pilgrim tax and incurred Rajput resentment.

Finally, Aurangzeb’s religious bigotism destroyed the cordial relations between the Mughals and the Rajputs.

Question 4. What was the impact of the Deccan ulcer on Mughal rule?
Answer:

Apparently, the Deccan policy of the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb was a success, but it had a deep far-reaching impact on Mughal polity and economy.

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Impact of the Deccan ulcer on the Mughal rule

1. Rise of Maratha power:

The Mughal realm in South India was enlarged due to the inclusion of Bijapur and Golconda. However, it also enabled the Marathas to gain in influence and power without any hindrances as Bijapur and Golconda could not be administered well from distant Delhi.

 

 

2. Huge expenditure:

Countless Mughal soldiers died in the Deccan expeditions.

3. Administrative disorder:

Aurangzeb’s stay in the Deccan for nearly 25 years dismantled the administration in North India. Malwa, Rajasthan, Mathura, Gondwana, Bihar, Bengal, and several other kingdoms revolted against the central government.

This created further deterioration in the law and order situation in the empire.

4. Resentment among the army:

The Deccan expeditions exhausted the Mughal treasury. Soldiers could not be paid their wages. They felt disheartened and their resentment grew. The ultimate result was that they became disloyal.

So we see, there was all-round decay in the Mughal polity. As historian V. Smith says, the Deccan policy created the grave of both Aurangzeb’s body and his empire.

Question 5. Was there any definite law of succession among the Mughal Emperors? How did the policy of succession influence their administration?
Answer:

The Mughals had no definite and clear law of succession. They had no law of primogeniture i.e. the eldest born to become the legitimate heir. All the sons of the ruler were eligible to ascend the throne.

Class 7 History WBBSE

This meant that every time an emperor died, a bloody war of succession would break out among his sons for the throne. The sole objective was spelt out as ‘Takht-aur-Takhta’-which when translated means either throne or grave.

Method of a succession of Mughals

1. Timurid tradition:

Babur’s ancestor, Timurlane initiated the process of among his subdividing his empire descendants.

2. Mughal tradition in India:

After establishing the Mughal Empire in India, Babur ignored the Timurid tradition. Humayun also followed his father’s footsteps.

Effects of absence of a clear rule of succession

Babur had nominated Humayun as his successor. But after the sudden death of Humayun, his son Akbar became the ruler of Delhi. He was then barely thirteen. After Akbar, his eldest son Jahangir ascended the throne.

But dissension soon arose among the Mughals. In 1627 Jahangir died and a war of succession began between his sons. Ultimately Shah Jahan came out victorious and occupied the throne with the support of the army and nobles.

Class 7 History WBBSE

The last years of Shah Jahan’s life was miserable. Even in his lifetime, a war of succession began between his sons. In a fratricidal strife, Aurangzeb killed Dara and Murad. After some time Suja fled to Arakan and died there.

As a result of these wars of succession, the unity, and stability of the empire got much impaired.

Question 6. If you were an emperor like Akbar of a country with multiple religions, then what would have been your religious policy?
Answer:

My religious policy

1. Religious freedom:

Suppose I am an emperor like Akbar of a country with multiple religions. Then my religious policy would have been a bit different from that of Akbar. I would not have imposed my own religious belief on others.

Everyone has the right to practice and preach his own religion. Therefore it would have been unethical on my part to thrust my religion on others.

2. Secular administration:

I know it very well that a secular administration only can offer oneself religious independence. To me, therefore, personal qualification would have been the only criteria of being appointed to an official post. Religion would have been no bar there.

3. Secular judiciary:

Irrespective of all the religions, justice would have been my ultimate goal. Judges were to be impartial for the purpose. I would have attached much importance to this matter.

4. Formation of the human temple:

To arrest religious strife, I would have built up a human temple, where all the religious experts were to be invited and exchange their religious views.

Question 7. Imagine yourself to be Emperor Aurangzeb. How would you tackle the Deccan problem?
Answer:

If I were Emperor Aurangzeb then I would tackle the problem in a bit different way. I would not drag religion into politics. To me, it would have been rather better to remain impartial to all the subjects of all religions.

My Deccan policy

1. Situation of the Deccan:

The greatest hurdle of the Deccan problem were, I think, Bijapur and Golconda and of course, the emerging Marathas.

2. Steps against Bijapur:

The Sultan of Bijapur had not been remitting taxes for long. Apart from this, all these three powers had come closer to one another. Above all they had formed an alliance which aimed at expulsion of the Mughals.

Therefore my next step would have been to organise an expedition against Bijapur. In spite of their defeat, I would have remained satisfied with the proper indemnity and taxes.

I would have promised full protection to them from the danger of external attack. They must have promised on the contrary to be with us.

3. Steps against Golconda:

According to our promise, we would have marched them towards Golconda. As per our assumption, they would have been compelled to surrender. They must have helped us similarly.

4. Steps against the Marathas:

Thus I would have formed a tripole alliance with them and marched forward to crush the Marathas. I would have been surely successful in my attempt.

Class 7 History Solution WBBSE

Question 8. Suppose You are a Maratha mansabdar of the 17th century. Your income from the ‘jagir’ has gone down. Meanwhile, the Mughal- Maratha conflict has started. What will you do now? And why?
Answer:

Mughal-Maratha conflict and myself

I am Jasobant Rao Deshmukh. I live in Maharashtra. This is my motherland.

1. Present situation:

At present, a severe battle is going on here between the Mughals and the Marathas. Aurangzeb is fully prepared now to crush the Marathas any moment. But till now success is at a distance.

Though strong enough to fight a long and bloody war, the emperor is not familiar with the hilly region around Pune. As a result, the war efforts of the Mughal soldiers are being foiled again and again.

2. My duties:

Shivaji has promised us a Hindu state. He is our national hero. He must look after our professional interests. Under the rule of Aurangzeb, a bigot Sunni Muslim, our occupation is not safe.

So I must join with Shivaji, not with the emperor. My income has fallen far short of my necessity. Pay of the soldiers fell into arrears. Their mutiny is not at all impossible.

 

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Short Answer Questions

Question 1. The eleven persons you find in the above picture were never alive at the same time. Why was then such a picture painted?
Answer: In my opinion, the reasons for keeping these eleven people in the same picture are

1. All of them were Timurid rulers.
2. All of them were related to India. Many of them were invaders of India and the rest were rulers of the Mughal dynasty of India.

Question 2. Have you read the tales of Birbal? If so, write the story in your own words.
Answer: Story of Birbal: The Crows in the Kingdom On one fine sunny day, Akbar and Birbal were taking a leisurely walk in the palace gardens. Suddenly Akbar thought of testing Birbal’s wits by asking him a tricky question.

Emperor asked Birbal, “How many crows are there in our kingdom?” Birbal could sense the amusement in the emperor’s voice and within a few minutes replied, “My King, there are eight thousand nine hundred seventy-one crows in our kingdom.”

Surprised and amazed, Akbar further tested Birbal, “What if we have more crows?” Birbal replied, “Oh, then the crows from the other kingdoms must be visiting us.” “What if there are lesser crows?” asked Akbar.

“Well then some of our crows must be visiting other kingdoms”, replied Birbal with a grin on his face. Akbar smiled at Birbal’s great sense of humor and wit.

Class 7 History Solution WBBSE

Question 3. Prepare a list of Mughal emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb with their dates.
Answer:

 

Question 4. Which weapons and animals do you see being used in battle in pictures 5.4, 5.7, 5.8 and 5.10 (of textbook pages 75, 78 and 83 respectively)? What to do you learn about Mughal warfare?
Answer:

1. Weapons are: Shields, swords, bows extended from Kabul in the north-west tomorrow, cannon, and spear
2. Animals are: Horses and elephants

These pictures show that, the Mughals used old weapons in warfare such as bows and arrows as well as modern weapons such as cannons.

Question 5. Compare maps 5.1 and 5.2 (of textbook pages 77 and 84 respectively). Now say which area was under the Mughal Rule in the early part of the 18th century.
Answer: It has been observed, the Mughal empire extended from Kabul in the northwest to Brahmaputra in the northeast and from Kashmir to ‘Far South’ in the early part of the 18 century.

In this period, Aurangzeb was the Mughal emperor. So, from the two maps, it can be said that he was more successful in Deccan than any other Mughal emperor.

Class 7 History Solution WBBSE

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Formative

Excerpt from the text:

Of the many celebrities in the court of Akbar, nine of them were collectively called the Navratna (nine gems). One of them was Birbal. Many of you must have read the stories of Birbal’s wit.

Although much of it is a legend, it is true that Birbal was very intelligent. He was born in a Brahmin family of Madhya Pradesh. His name was Mahesh Das. He secured a position in the court of Akbar by his wit. Akbar renamed him as ‘Birbal.

Here the ‘bir’ and ‘bal’ were used to indicate the power of intelligence. He was also endowed with the title ‘Raja. During the reign of Akbar, he became Wazir-i Azam or the Prime Minister.

Questions related to the above text are given below for formative evaluation.

 

Participation

Question 1. The government cannot be run by a single person. Many other persons play a vital role in the governance. The same thing is applicable for Akbar’s administration. The ‘nine gems’, excepting a few mentioned in the text above, played a leading role in the administration of that time. Can you say, how is the present administration of our country?
Answer: Our country, India, is a vast one. To govern this country, there is a central government on the one hand and the state governments on the other.

To govern the administrative functions, there are three departments, namely Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The first and foremost function of a legislature is to legislate i.e., to make laws for the country.

The primary function of the executive is to enforce laws and to maintain law and order in the country so that the interests of the land are protected. The role of the judiciary is to adjudicate.

The duty of the court of law is to look after the proper implementation of laws. If anyone goes against the rule, then the government takes proper arrangements as a remedial measure.

The questions set above may lead to a discussion among the students very easily and by that means their participation is assured.

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Questioning And Experimentation

Question 1. Where do you live? Gram Panchayat or Municipality? Students will answer after a discussion with his/her teacher. Do you know your local representative of people?
Answer: The student may respond by replying ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

Question 2. What sort of duties he/she performs? (if the reply is ‘yes’)
Answer: He performs developmental work of the area.

Question 3. Do you know about the ‘nine gems’ of Vikramaditya or Chandragupta II?
Answer: Yes. I know. The court of Vikramaditya or Chandragupta II was adorned with nine celebrities. They are called ‘nine jewels’.

Through the aforesaid questions, curiosity will grow among the students in their mental space. As a result, they will get deep into their textual subjects.

 

Interpretation And Application

Question 1. Why the court of ‘nine gems’ of Akbar is important in medieval history?
Answer: If we notice the assemblage of the court of ‘nine gems’, we can easily realize that the medieval emperors used to take the advice of the wise persons in the matter of governance. That is why the court of ‘nine gems’ is important.

Question 2. Why did Akbar appreciate intelligence of Birbal?
Answer: Birbal was very intelligent. His name was Mahesh Das. He acquired his place in the court by dint of his merit. He was also offered the title of ‘Raja’. Akbar appreciated Birbal only for his expertise.

Through the aforesaid questions, the ability of infer about textual matters will be formed among the students. Therefore, their capacity of interpretation and application will get strengthened.

Class 7 History Solution WBBSE

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Chronology

 

Class 7 WBBSE History Question Answer

Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1. The greatest ruler of the Mughals

1. Babur
2. Akbar
3. Humayun
4. Jahangir

Answer: 2. Akbar

Question 2. ‘Akbarnama’ was composed by

1. Badauni
2. Jahangir
3. Abul Fazl
4. Faizi

Answer: 3. Abul Fazl

Question 3. The Mansabdari system was introduced by

1. Man Singh
2. Todarmal
3. Sher Shah
4. Akbar

Answer: 4. Akbar

Chapter 5 Topic C Miscellaneous Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. 1st Battle of Panipat was fought in ________ (1526/1556/1707).
Answer: 1526

Question 2. The finance minister of Akbar was ________ (Todarmal/Man Singh/Abul Fazl).
Answer: Todarmal

State Whether The Following Statements Are True Or False.

Question 1. Sher Shah introduced the ‘mansabdari’ system.
Answer: False

Question 2. Akbar introduced ‘Dag’ and ‘Huliya’.
Answer: False

Question 3. Golconda was in the Deccan.
Answer: True

Write In A Complete Sentence

Question 1. Who created ‘Deccan Ulcer’?
Answer: Aurangzeb created ‘Deccan Ulcer’

Question 2. Who introduced ‘Din-i Ilahi’?
Answer: Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.

Answer The Following Questions

Question 1. Was the Battle of Khanua a religious one?
Answer:

Battle of Khanua a religious one:

The Battle of Khanua was fought between Babur and the Rajput chief Rana Sangram Singh. Before the war, Babur motivated his soldiers against the Rajputs on religious grounds. In fact, he liked to unite them. But the battle was not a religious one.

Question 2. What was Sulh-i kul? What were its effect?
Answer:

Sulh-i Kul:

The theory of divine right was very much linked with the concept of Akbar’s paternal government. One of the necessary virtues of this type of government was the promotion of ‘peace with all’.

Sulh-i Kul which implied religious toleration. The outcome of Sulh-i Kul was Din-i Ilahi which was introduced by Akbar in 1582.

Effects:

By Sulh-i Kul, Akbar, as a national monarch, wanted to establish a national religion. Sulh-i kul as well as Din-i Ilahi was an experiment in that direction.

This principle provided a common platform for all the people, where they can unite for God and the king. It must have strengthened the hands of Akbar and his administration.

Question 3. Was there any law of succession among the Mughals? How far did it affect the rule?
Answer:

The law of succession among the Mughals Babur’s ancestor Timur adopted the policy of dividing the empire among the heirs. After the foundation of the Mughal empire in India, Babur was the first to break up the Timurid policy.

Humayun also followed the same tradition. However, the Mughals had no definite law of succession.

Its influence on the future policy

Babur had nominated Humayun as his successor. But after the sudden death of Humayun, his son Akbar became the ruler of Delhi. He was then barely thirteen. After Akbar, his eldest son Jahangir ascended the throne.

But dissension soon arose among the Mughals. In .1627 Jahangir died and a war of succession began between his sons. Ultimately Shah Jahan came out victorious and occupied the throne with the support of the army and nobles.

The last years of Shah Jahan’s life was miserable. Even in his lifetime, a war of succession began between his sons. In fratricidal strife, Aurangzeb killed Dara and Murad. After some time Suja fled to Arakan and died there.

As a result of these wars of succession, unity, and the stability of the empire got much impaired.