Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Salient Points – At A Glance
1. The defeat of Napoleon, the French emperor in the Battle of Waterloo (1815) meant the overthrow of the vast empire he had built. It was necessary to decide the fate of the territories which Napoleon, had conquered. So the leaders who played the most important part in defeating Napoleon met at Vienna (1815) to draw up a new map of Europe.
2. Metternich was the most powerful personality with the greatest influence on European politics in the post-Napoleonic period. The period between the Vienna Settlement and the Revolution of 1848 came to be known as the ‘Age of Metternich’. Metternich devised a system that aimed at maintaining peace and security in Europe as well as preventing the spread of progressive ideas.
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3. The spirit propagated by the French Revolution created problems. The concept of nationalism and nation-state was championed by the people. Thus a conflict between monarchical and nationalist forces arose. The conflict ultimately ended in the triumph of liberalism’s overreaction.
4. The Vienna Settlement (1815) restored the old ruling families to their respective thrones. Moreover, it stood for the restoration of pre-revolution conditions but the Vienna Congress completely ignored the will of the common people.
5. The people now demanded the right to participate in the government. Thus there was a conflict between monarchical and. nationalist ideals. In monarchical states like France, Austria, and other countries, people launched movements for democratic rights. Suppressed nationalities like the Germans, Italians, and Hungarians started movements for the establishment of nation-states. Italy and Germany emerged as nation-states.
6. The hopes and aspirations of the Christian nationalities in the Balkan region gave rise to complex problems. In 1854, the Crimean War broke out. The Treaty of Paris brought an end to it in 1856 but it failed to resolve the ‘Eastern Question’.
7. In Russia also revolutionary forces were increasingly active. Czar Alexander II passed the Emancipation Statute which generated new socio-political and intellectual forces- this clashed with the existing political framework of Czarist absolution.
8. The nationalistic and democratic ideals of the French Revolution influenced the Greeks and they also started their own struggle for freedom. The Greek struggle for independence began with the activities of secret societies. The Greeks ultimately severed themselves from Turkish domination and came to be recognized as an independent state.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences
Question 1. Why was there a conflict between monar- chemical and nationalist ideals after 1815?
Answer: The defeat of Napoleon, the French emperor, in the Battle of Waterloo (1815) meant the overthrow of the vast empire he had built. It was necessary to decide the fate of the territories which Napoleon had conquered. So the leaders who played the most important part in defeating Napoleon met at Vienna (1815) which completely ignored the will of the people.
The people did not forget the lessons of the French Revolution and demanded that the government should be formed so as to derive its right from the will of the governed. Moreover, in some countries like Italy and Germany, people who spoke the same language and were members of the same nationality were compelled to live in separate states into which these countries were artificially divided.
Thus the aspiration of the people were twofold:
[1] Democratic or liberal which aimed at winning for the people the right to participate in the government and
[2] nationalist which was the outcome of the people’s desire to form themselves into a unified state. As a result, there was a conflict between monarchical and nationalist ideals after 1815.
Question 2. “The Vienna Treaty was a reasonable and statesmanlike settlement.”-Write in support of the Vienna settlement. Or, On what ways was the Vienna Congress successful?
Answer: It is generally said that “The Congress of Vienna made mistakes both of omission and commission”. In spite of the mistakes, this conference proved very useful in the following ways.
[1] It was the first occasion when the representatives of almost all the countries of Europe gathered to solve the international problems.
[2] It saved Europe from the continental wars for a period of about forty years. No war was fought for about 40 years i.e. 1815-1856.
[3] It abolished the inhuman system of slavery. The diplomats passed a resolution and made an appeal to abolish slavery.
Thus it may be concluded that although the Vienna Congress committed many mistakes yet it is true that it was “an honest attempt to prevent future war and the best that could have been derived in 1815.”
Representatives Who Took Part in the vienna Congress
| Representatives | Countries to which they belonged |
| Metternich | Austria |
| Czar Alexander I | Russia |
| Hardenberg | Prussia |
| Castlereagh | Great Britain |
| Talleyrand | France |
| Francis I | Austria |
| Frederick William III | Prussia |
Question 3. What decisions were taken regarding France at the Vienna Congress (1815)?
Answer:
The following decisions were taken regarding France at the Vienna Congress (1815).
[1] The Bourbon dynasty was restored in France according to the Principle of Legitimacy. Louis XVIII of the Bourbon dynasty was placed on the throne of France.
[2] France was asked to pay the war expenses amounting to seventy million countries would stay in France till the full francs. [3] 150,000 soldiers of the allied countries would stay in France till the full payment of the war expenses had been made.
[4] France was to go back to her boundaries as payment of the war expenses had been made. in 1789 and sacrifice all lands conquered by Napoleon.
[5] States like Holland, and Piedmont, strengthened so that France would not be able Prussia, Austria bordering France were strengthened so that France would not be able to disturb the European order in future Years.
[6] France was required to restore all the historical artifacts and works of art which Napoleon had brought to France from different parts of Europe.
Question 4. Which period is known as the ‘Age of Conferences’? What were the conferences held during this period?
Answer: The period between 1815-1825 is called the ‘Age of Conferences’ in the history of Europe.
Five Conferences were held during this period.
These were-
[1] Aix-la-Chapelle (1818).
[2] Troppau (1820).
[3] Laibach (1822).
[4] Verona (1822).
[5] St. Petersburg (1825).
Question 5. What were the main objectives of the Quadruple Alliance?
Answer:
Quadruple Alliance:-
The Allied powers-Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia-signed a document in 1815 which was called the ‘Quadruple Alliance’.
Their main objectives were:
[1] To unitedly oppose the attempts of Napoleon and his descendants to grab the throne of France.
[2] To take united action, if necessary, in order to prevent the growth of the spirit of revolution in the European countries.
[3] To strictly implement the decisions of the Congress of Vienna in all countries of Europe.
[4] To make united attempts to maintain peace and order in Europe.
Question 6. What was the Concert of Europe? What were its objectives?
Answer:
Concert Of Europe:-
The Concert of Europe was the system to designate an agreement by the major European powers to act together on European questions of common interest. Metternich wanted to make the Concert of Europe between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria which was signed in 1815 into an instrument for preventing any future revolution in Europe.
Objectives: The main objectives were-
[1] Preservation of peace all over Europe by suppressing any move or development that might cause wars.
[2] Promotion of friendly relations among the four big powers-Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
[3] Preservation of political stability in Europe.
[4] To suppress nationalist and democratic forces.
[5] To prevent the rise of any powerful personality like Napoleon.
Question 7. What were the merits and demerits of the Metternich system?
Answer:
Merits And Demerits Of The Metternich System:-
Metternich was the most influential politician of Europe from 1815 to 1848. Owing to his unlimited influence, the period of 34 years (1815-1844) is called the ‘Age of Metternich’ in the history of Europe.
Merits:
Metternich was the architect of a diplomatic system that gave Europe over 30 years of relative stability. He negotiated the victory of all states who assembled at Vienna and established a system that, to a certain extent, allowed the ruling classes of Europe to cooperate rather than make war. In the field of domestic policy, he was no doubt repressive and tolerant, but he provided a strong central government.
Demerits:
Metternich resented liberalism, nationalism, and revolution. He suppressed nationalistic and democratic trends. But his policy was not in keeping with the trends of the prevalent situation of the time. His strict conservative policy gradually led to severe revolts in the Austrian empire. In the early and mid-19th century, several parts of the Austrian empire witnessed revolutionary activity.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System Mark True Or False
Question 1. The Vienna Congress dismantled the Napoleonic empire.
Answer: True
Question 2. The Vienna Congress marks the beginning of an era.
Answer: True
Question 3. According to the Principle of Reward and Punishment, Poland was punished.
Answer: True
Question 4. Metternich prided himself as the ‘vanquisher of Napoleon’.
Answer: True
Question 5. Metternich was the Chancellor of Austria.
Answer: True
Question 6. The period between the Vienna Settlement and the Revolution of 1848 is often dubbed as the Metternich Era in European politics.
Answer: True
Question 7. The period between 1815 and 1848 is known as the ‘period of peace’.
Answer: False
Question 8. After 1815 there was a conflict between monarchical and nationalist ideals.
Answer: True
Question 9. Czar Alexander, I was the leader of the Vienna Congress.
Answer: False
Question 10. The Four Big Powers in the Vienna Congress were Russia, Austria, England, and France.
Answer: False
Question 11. After the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis XVIII of the Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne of France.
Answer: True
Question 12. In accordance with the Principle of Balance of power, France was encircled with powerful states all around.
Answer: True
Question 13. Metternich was the leader of the concert of Europe.
Answer: True
Question 14. The July Revolution of 1848 paved the way for the destruction of the Metternich system.
Answer: False
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System Fill In The Blanks
1. After the fall of Napoleon, European statesmen assembled at a conference at the Austrian capital Vienna (Berlin/Vienna/Naples).
2. At the Congress of Vienna, Prussia was represented by Hardenberg (Castlereagh/Frederick William/Hardenberg).
3. In accordance with the principle of legitimacy, the Bourbon (Hohenzollern/ Bourbon/Stuart) dynasty was reestablished in France.
4. According to the Principle of Legitimacy the dominance of Austria (France/Austria/Italy)over Germany was revived.
5. In accordance with the Principle of Legitimacy the House of Orange was restored in Holland (France/Germany/Holland).
6. The conference at Carlsbad in 1819 was convened and dominated by Metternich (Castlereagh/Metternich/Louis XVIII).
7. The period from 1815 to 1848 (1830/1848/1850) is known as the age of Metternich.
8. The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of reactionary restrictions in the states of the German (French/Italian/German) confederation.
9. The President of the German Confederation was Austria (Russia/Italy/Austria).
10. The Protocol of Troppeau was drafted in the year 1820 (1810/1820/1830) in the Concert of Europe.
11. The July Revolution of 1830 (1820/1830/1848) gave a death blow to the Metternich system.
12. In accordance with the Principle of Balance of Power France (Italy/France/Germany) was encircled with powerful states all around.
13. With the exception of Alexander I (Frederich William III/Alexander I/Francis 1) all the diplomats of the congress of Vienna were devoted to ‘ancient regime’.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Choose Topic A Conception of Nation State, Vienna Settlement and Metternich System The Best Explanation
Question 1. The period between 1815 to 1848 is known as the ‘Era of Metternich’.
1. He became the Prime Minister of Austria.
2. He was the central figure at Vienna Congress.
3. He became the central figure in the politics of the whole of Europe.
Answer: 3. He became the central figure in the politics of the whole of Europe.
Question 2. At Vienna Congress, as a punishment, Norway was snatched away from Denmark and was given to Sweden.
1. Metternich had enmity with the king of Denmark.
2. King of Denmark helped Napoleon against the Allies.
3. Denmark was an ally of Britain.
Answer: 2. King of Denmark helped Napoleon against the Allies.
Question 3. The leaders who took the most important part in defeating Napoleon met at Vienna.
1. They wanted to reconstruct the political map of Europe.
2. They wanted to establish a democratic government in France.
3. They wanted to liberate Italy from the hands of Austria,
Answer: 2. They wanted to establish a democratic government in France.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830
Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences Marks 4
Question 1. What is the importance of the July monarchy of the Bourbons, the constitutional Revolution of 1830?
Answer: The July Revolution of 1830 is one of the most important events in the history of France. From the following facts, it can be proved that the July Revolution was an event of the utmost.
Importance:
[1] After the July Revolution, a constitutional monarchy was established in France under Louis Philippe in place of the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons.
[2] Before the July Revolution, the aristocracy and the clergy of France used to enjoy unlimited rights and privileges. However after the July Revolution, all these classes were deprived of their privileges.
[3] It affected not only France but almost all the countries of Europe. England, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Belgium, Switzerland, and some other countries were affected by this revolution. The July Revolution of 1830 was a death. warrant for the autocratic monarchs.
Question 2. What was the impact of the July Revolution on France?
Answer:
Impact Of The July Revolution On France:-
The July Revolution is regarded as one of the most important events in the history of France and its impact on France was undoubtedly significant.
[1] The July Revolution succeeded in securing revolutionary feelings i.e., liberty, equality, and fraternity.
[2] Although the July Revolution failed to remove the autocratic monarchy in France, the revolutionaries challenged the principle of legitimacy and it was replaced by the legitimacy of the nation.
[3] In place of absolute monarchy was established under Louis monarchy was Philippe.
[4] The nobles, lords, and clergy who enjoyed unlimited right and privileges were deprived of the privileges.
Question 3. How was Rammohan Roy influenced by the July Revolution?
Answer:
Rammohan Roy Influenced By The July Revolution As Follows:-
The July Revolution of 1830 in France bore a rich legacy for the people of the world during the 19th and 20th centuries. This was because the ideals of liberty, equality, liberalism, and democracy became popular among the people. These ideals spread rapidly from France to other countries of the world. Rammohan Roy, the ‘first modern man of India’ was greatly influenced by the July Revolution.
He took an intense interest in the July Revolution which he viewed as a triumph of liberty. He celebrated the success of the July Revolution in France. He was an internationalist and supported the cause of freedom everywhere. Deeply influenced by the ideals of the Revolution Rammohan Roy thought of monarchy and its absolutism as great evils.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Mark True Or False
Question 1. The July Revolution of 1830 in France brought an end to the Divine Right of Kingship in France.
Answer: True
Question 2. The king of France at the time of the July Revolution was Louis XIV.
Answer: False
Question 3. Inspired by the July Revolution the Polish people began their fight for freedom. against the Germans.
Answer: False
Question 4. The July Ordinance was issued by the French emperor Charles X in 1830.
Answer: True
Question 5. Lafayette was a leader of the July Revolution.
Answer: True
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Fill In The Blanks
1. The leader of the July Revolution was Thiers (Guizot/Polignac/Thiers).
2. Polignac(Thiers/Polignac/Guizot) was appointed by Charles X as his minister.
3. Louis Philippe came to the throne of France in 1830 (1830/1836/1840).
4. Thiers (Guizot/Polignac/Thiers) gave a call to the people of France to resist the illegal activities of the French government.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic B July Revolution of 1830 Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. The July Revolution is one of the most important events in the history of France.
1. It reformed the existing economic situation of France.
2. It helped to remove monarchy from France.
3. It succeeded in securing the revolutionary spirits (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
Answer: 3. It succeeded in securing the revolutionary spirits (liberty, equality, and fraternity).
Question 2. After the Fall of Napoleon Louis XVIII sat on the throne of France.
1. According to the principle of Legitimacy Louis XVIII was reinstated on the throne of France.
2. The people of France elected Louis XVIII as the ruler of France.
3. The leaders of the Vienna Congress supported the accession of a weak monarch to the throne of France.
Answer: 1. According to the principle of Legitimacy Louis XVIII was reinstated on the throne of France.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences Marks 4
Question 1. Give an account of the February Revolution in France (1848).
Answer: Louis Philippe came to the throne of France on 30th July 1830. After coming to the throne of France, Louis Philippe introduced some liberal reforms. He introduced freedom of press and declared France to be a secular state. He could not satisfy the different political parties of France and failed to keep pace with their ideals and aspirations.
Popular discontent gradually increased and a movement under the leadership of Thiers started. People demanded the end of monarchy in France. Guizot, the Prime Minister, was not in favour of any administrative reforms. As the popular agitation took a serious turn Guizot was dismissed from office.
An armed clash took place on 23 February in front of the house of the deposed Minister Guizot in which many agitators were killed. This happened in the month of February and came to be known as the February Revolution. Louis Philippe abdicated and France was declared a ‘Republic’.
Question 2. Why is the year 1848 called the ‘Year of advice of Guizot imposed restrictions on the Revolution’?
Answer: After the outbreak of the February Revolution of 1848 against the autocratic rule of Louis Philippe, a revolt broke out in Vienna in the month of March. This revolt ultimately led to the downfall of Metternich. Later on revolts broke out in Austria, Germany, and Italy.
Crete and Hungary also followed the same example. The people of Rome raised their voices against Pope and he had to provide constitution to his people. The rulers of Holland and Denmark also had to provide new constitutions to their people. The Revolution of 1848 also motivated the Chartist Movement of England. Thus the year 1848 is rightly called the ‘Year of Revolution’.
Question 3. Who was Guizot? Write about his repressive policy.
Answer: Louis Philippe, the ruler of France, appointed Guizot as his prime minister. Guizot was a reactionary and supported the autocracy of the king. His main aim was to maintain the policy of the ‘status quo’ in France. When the people of France placed their demands on Louis Philippe, through newspapers, meetings, etc., the monarch on the meetings, speeches, and newspapers.
This was a direct attack on the freedom of speech of the people. Due to the repressive policy of Guizot there was anarchy and discontent everywhere in France. In this way, Guizot and his repressive policy added fuel to the fire of discontent of the people and the February Revolution broke out.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Mark True Or False
Question 1. The foundation of Second French Republic was laid in 1840.
Answer: False
Question 2. Louis Napoleon in 1852 ended the Second French Republic in France and established the Second Empire.
Answer: True
Question 3. The book ‘Organisation of Labour’ was written by Louis Blanc.
Answer: True
Question 4. The socialists under the leadership of Louis Philippe were eager to end the French Monarchy.
Answer: False
Question 5. Guizot was the prime minister of king Louis Philippe.
Answer: True
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Fill In The Blanks
1. The Second French Empire was founded by Louis Napoleon (Louis Napoleon/Napoleon Bonaparte/Louis XVI).
2. The Second French empire was founded in 1852 (1851/1852/1853).
3. The foundation of the Second French Republic was laid in 1848 (1830/1848/ 1858).
4. The year 1848 (1848/1856/1864) is known as the ‘Year of Revolution’.
5. Louis Philippe, the ruler of France, abdicated to England (France/England/Russia).
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic C February Revolution of 1848 Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. The Revolution of 1848 brought about a change in the system of administration prevailing at that time.
1. Constitutional system of administration recognized.
2. Absolute monarchy was established in different countries of Europe.
3. In some countries of Europe autocratic rulers became popular.
Answer: 1. Constitutional system of administration recognized.
Question 2. Guizot, the Prime Minister of France, was dismissed from office by Louis Philippe.
1. Guizot rose in revolt against Louis Philippe.
2. Popular agitation took serious turn in France and Guizot was dismissed by Louis Philippe.
3. Guizot took part in an armed clash with the people and was dismissed.
Answer: 2. Popular agitation took serious turn in France and Guizot was dismissed by Louis Philippe.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences
Question 1. What were the impediments to the unification of Italy?
Answer: After the fall of Napoleon, Italy was divided into five principal political divisions in the Congress of Vienna, and Austria became a dominant power in Italy. Italy was just reduced to a mere ‘geographical expression’. There were certain impediments to the unification of Italy.
[1] The main impediment to the unification of Italy was the domination of Austria over Italian provinces.
[2] The whole of Italy except Piedmont- Sardinia was under foreign rule who were not interested in Italian unification.
[3] The leader of the Vienna Congress, Metternich followed an autocratic policy and destroyed the spirit of nationalism.
[4] There was no organization or Party at that time in Italy which could unite the patriots of Italy.
Question 2. What was the contribution of Mazzini in the Italian unification movement?
Answer: Mazzini was considered as the prophet of the Italian movement for unification. He was the founder of Young Italy movement. He founded a party known as Young Italy in 1832. He had immense faith in the power and strength of the Italian youths. Young men up to the age of forty could be its members.
The objective of Young Italy were as follows:
[1] Italy should be unified as one nation.
[2] Austria should be driven out of Italy.
[3] The republic should be established in Italy.
[4] In the war against Austria, foreign help was not necessary.
[5] Italian unification movement should be carried on by the Italians only.
The mass uprising organized by the Young Italians for the unification and liberation of Italy ended in failure due to lack of organization and plan of action among the rebels. His greatest contribution was that he could make the Italians realize that it was possible to have the dream of the unification of Italy materialized.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Mark True Or False
Question 1. The Battle of Sadowa was fought in 1860.
Answer: False
Question 2. The Battle of Sadowa was fought between Austria and Russia.
Answer: False
Question 3. The Battle of Sedan was fought between France and Austria.
Answer: False
Question 4. Carbonari was a secret society which was established during the German unification movement.
Answer: False
Question 5. By the Peace of Villafranca (1859) Austria. ceded Lombardy to Piedmont.
Answer: True
Question 6. Cavour was the Prime Minister of Austria.
Answer: False
Question 7. In the Battles of Magenta and Salferino the Austrians were defeated.
Answer: True
Question 8. Mazzini believed that in the war against Austria, foreign help was necessary.
Answer: False
Question 9. The Carbonari were so called because they used to burn charcoal.
Answer: True
Question 10. Austria was merely a ‘geographical expression’.
Answer: False
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Fill In The Blanks
1. Before unification of Italy, Naples, and Sicily in South Italy was ruled by the Bourbon (Savoy/ Hapsburg/Bourbon) dynasty.
2. Cavour(Cavour/Garibaldi/Emmanuel) was the editor of the Italian periodical ‘Risorgimento’.
3. In 1860 some states of Central Italy like Perma, Modena, and Tuscany expressed their desire to join Piedmont-Sardinia (France/Piedmont-Sardinia/Westphalia).
4. Italy (Italy/France/Germany) after the Vienna Congress was reduced to a mere geographical expression.
5. A united and independent Italy was born in 1870 (1860/1865/1870).
6. The pact of Plombieres was signed in 1858 (1848/1858/1862).
7. The Young Italians were disarmed by the Austrian (French/British/Austrian) army.
8. In 1852 King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia (Piedmont-Sardinia/Lombardy/Milan) appointed Cavour as his Prime Minister.
9. Mazzini believed that war with Austria (France Germany/Austria) was the only means to liberate Italy.
10. Mazzini favoured a republican (democratic/republican/monarchical) form of government in a free Italy.
11. The Pact of Plombieres was signed between Napoleon III and Count Cavour (Garibaldi/Count Cavour/Mazzini).
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Topic D Unification of Italy Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1 In Italy, a secret society ‘The Carbonari’ was established.
1. The purpose is to spread nationalist movements elsewhere in Europe.
2. The purpose is to unite Italy into a single state.
3. The purpose is to express discontent against the existing system.
Answer: 2. The purpose is to unite Italy into a single state.
Question 2. The Battle of Sadowa brought forth an important change.
1. The political center of central Europe shifted from Vienna to Berlin.
2. The relationship between Prussia and France became bitter.
3. Prussia and Spain came under the rule of the same dynasty.
Answer: 1. The political centre of central Europe shifted from Vienna to Berlin.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Question 1. What was the Confederation of the Rhine?
Answer: The first step to unify, Germany was taken by Napoleon Bonaparte. During the French Revolution Germany was divided into 300 states under Austrian domination. Napoleon used the German states as an instrument of crushing the political power of Austria and Prussia.
Napoleon realized that the invasion of France by Austria and Prussia could be easily removed by the reorganization of the German states. Napoleon formed 39 states out of the 300 states and inaugurated a federal administrative system known as the Confederation of the Rhine.
Question 2. What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer: The national leaders of Germany established a Parliament whose members were elected on the basis of a universal adult franchise. The main function of this Parliament was to frame a constitution for Germany to achieve political unity and liberty and establish a popular government in place of the government of absolute monarchy.
According to the decisions of the Frankfurt Parliament, the crown of a united Germany was offered to Frederick William. But he refused this offer. His view was that he should not receive the crown as a gift from the representatives of the people. He believed in the unification of Germany through sheer force.
Question 3. Bismarck fought three wars to achieve the complete unification of Germany- Discuss.
Answer: Germany was divided into many small kingdoms for a long time. Bismarck, the leader of Germany, was determined to unite all the kingdoms of Germany. He fought three wars to achieve the complete unification of Germany.
[1] War on Denmark (1864):
Bismarck waged war against Denmark in 1864. Denmark surrendered the two provinces- Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. The Treaty, of Gastin (1865) was signed between Austria and Prussia. But Bismarck wanted Austria to teach a lesson.
[2] Austro-Prussian War (1866):
Next the Prussian army defeated Austria in the battle of Sadowa (1866). It ended Austria’s leadership in Germany.
[3] Franco-Prussian War (1870-71):
Next Germany defeated France in the Battle of Sedan in 1870. France was compelled to sign the humiliating Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). Thus emerged a unified Germany.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Mark True Or False
Question 1. Before the rule of Napolean, Germany was divided in to several small kingdoms.
Answer: True
Question 2. The foundation of the Frankfurt Parliament was an important step towards German unification.
Answer: True
Question 3. Bismarck planned for the unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia.
Answer: True
Question 4. Mutternich followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’.
Answer: False
Question 5. Count Benedett was sent by Apollon bo the Prussian king to get assurance that none of the Prussian dynasties would ever lay any claim on the Spanish throne.
Answer: True
Question 6. The treaty of Berlin (1878) under the leadership of Bismarck tried to solve the Balkan question.
Answer: True
Question 7. The Treaty of Zurich was signed in 1869 between Austria and Piedmont-Sardinia.
Answer: False
Question 8. After the battle of Sadowa Germany was united.
Answer: False
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Fill In The Blanks
1. The first stage in the unification of Germany was the creation of Zollverein (Zollverein/Philiki Hetaira/Carbonari).
2. In 1848 (1848/1849/1850) the German nationalists convened a parliament called Frankfurt Parliament.
3. Under the rule of Napoleon (Metternich/Napoleon/Bismarck) the Germans became acquainted with democratic and nationalist ideas.
4. The Confederation of the Rhine was inaugurated by Napoleon (Louis Philippe/ Napoleon/Mazzini).
5. During the French Revolution Germany was divided into 300 (300/400/500) large and small states.
6. The leadership in the unification of Germany was given by Prussia(Russia/Prussia/Lombardy).
7. The Danish (Danish/Spanish/ Prussian) war was the first step towards German unification.
8. After a crushing defeat at Sedan (Sadowa/Sedan/Waterloo) France was compelled to sign the treaty of Frankfurt.
9. The German states formed a tariff organisation on the basis of commercial cooperation known as Zollverein(Carbonari/Kulak/Zollverein).
10. The German unification was completed with the declaration of the Prussian (Russian/Prussian/Italian) king as the ‘Emperor of Germany’.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC E Unification of Germany Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. France signed the Treaty of Frankfurt with Prussia in 1871.
1. France was defeated at the battle of Sedan.
2. France did not fight but surrendered to Prussia.
3. Both France and Prussia agreed to support each other by the Treaty of Frankfurt.
Answer: 1. France was defeated at the battle of Sedan.
Question 2. Bismarck signed the Treaty of Gastein with Austria.
1. Bismarck’s aim was to take the help of Austria for German unification.
2. Bismarck’s aim was to settle the confrontation with Austria.
3. The treaty was a temporary solution and Bismarck resolved to teach Austria a proper lesson in time.
Answer: 3. The treaty was a temporary solution and Bismarck resolved to teach Austria a proper lesson in time.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Analytical Answer (AA) Type Questions
Answer in 7 to 8 sentences
Question 1. What led to the rise of Balkan nationalism?
Answer: The Balkan nations like Greece, Egypt Romania, Serbia, Albania, and others were white-skinned Europeans and Christian by religion.
The causes of the rise of Balkan nationalism are as follows:
[1] The Balkan nationalities were ruled by the Asiatic and Islamic power Turkey. Turkey followed a policy of Turkofication. The French Revolution inspired the Balkan nationalities to agitate against Turkish rule.
[2] The Turkish Sultanate ruled the Balkan people through military ‘force and the people of the Turkish empire owed no allegiance to the Sultan.
[3] The Christians of the Balkan peninsula were oppressed by the ruling Sultans of Turkey.
[4] During the later seventeenth century, Turkey’s power was gradually declining. The civil administration and the army became weak and failed to keep the Balkan people under their control.
Question 2. What is the significance of the Greek War of Independence?
Answer:
Significance Of The Greek War Of Independence:-
The Greek War of Independence is a landmark in the history of Europe.
[1] It showed that the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna were impractical and that national forces could not be checked by reactionary guiding principles.
[2] The Greek War of Independence was a great blow to the Metternich system.
[3] The European powers were attracted towards the near east for the first time.
[4] They felt that each had a common interest in the region. They also felt the need to free the Christian states from the oppressive Turkish rule.
[5] The weakness of Turkey was also exposed.
Question 3. What is the significance of the Crimean War?
Answer:
Crimean War:-
The war declared against Russia by England and France in support of Turkey in 1854 is known as the Crimean War. In this war Russia was defeated. The war is of great significance.
Significance Of The Crimean War:-
[1] The Crimean War laid the foundation of the unification of Italy and Germany.
[2] As a consequence of the Crimean War, the internal political situation of Russia was greatly affected. It exposed the weakness of Russia and the people put their demands before this government to introduce reform in the administration.
[3] The Crimean War had a great impact upon international politics too. When Russia saw no chance to extend her empire in the Balkan States, she decided to increase her influence in East Asia.
Question 4. Which treaty was concluded after the Crimean War? What were the provisions of the treaty?
The Treaty of Paris (1856) was concluded after the Crimean War (1854).
According to the provisions of the treaty-
[1] England, France, and Austria admitted Turkey to the European family of states.
[2] The Sultan of Turkey promised to improve the condition of the Christians living in Turkey.
[3] Russia and Turkey returned the conquered provinces to each other.
[4] Russia promised not to interfere in the internal affairs of Turkey.
[5] Russia gave up the right to protect the Christians of Turkey.
Question 5. How would you criticize the ‘Emancipation Statute’ of 1861?
Answer: The Emancipation Statute of 1861 passed by Alexander II, the Czar of Russia, was criticized on the following grounds:
[1] The nobles resented the loss of land. The Act also deprived them of the services of the serfs.
[2] The edict did not fulfill the expectations of the serfs. The ownership of land was denied to them and was vested in the hands of ‘mirs’.
[3] The serfs were subjected to the village mirs instead of the lords.
[4] The annual installment of redemption money payable to the government by the serfs in addition to other taxes put a heavy burden on them.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Mark True Or False
Question 1. The absolute rule of the French monarchs was known as Czardom.
Answer: False
Question 2. The Russian serfs were emancipated in 1721.
Answer: False
Question 3. The Balkan means the hilly areas between the Aegean Sea and the Danube.
Answer: True
Question 4. In the Crimean War, England and France fought against Austria.
Answer: False
Question 5. The treaty which brought an end to the Crimean War was the Treaty of Paris (1856).
Answer: True
Question 6. The Treaty of San Stephano was concluded after the Crimean War.
Answer: False
Question 7. In Russia, the serfs were subjected to the village mirs.
Answer: True
Question 8. According to the ‘Emancipation Statute’ of 1871 the Russian serfs were declared free.
Answer: False
Question 9. Greece was conquered by Russia and lost her independence.
Answer: False
Question 10. In the famous Vienna Note Russian Guardianship over the orthodox Greek Church in Turkey was admitted.
Answer: True
Question 11. According to the Emancipation Statute, the serfs were to pay back the advance money to the government in 49 installments.
Answer: True
Question 12. Louis Kossuth was known as the ‘Mazzini of Hungary’.
Answer: True
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Fill In The Blanks
1. The Emancipation Statute was passed by Alexander II (Alexander I/Alexander II/Nicholas I) of Russia.
2. England and France participated directly in the Crimean War in support of Turkey(Egypt/Greece/Turkey).
3. The Crimean War came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris(Adrianople/Versailles/Paris).
4. The Balkan means the hilly area between the Aegean sea and the Danube (Danube/Adriatic/Mediterranean Sea).
5. Turkey(Greece/Turkey/Austria) included vast areas of Africa and Europe and was known as the Ottoman empire.
6. In 1821, the people of Greece revolted against Turkey (Russia/Turkey/France).
7. The Treaty of Adrianople was signed in 1829 (1829/1830/1840).
8. The Treaty of Prague was signed in 1866 (1865/1866/1867).
9. The Greek people, under the Turkish (British/Spanish/Turkish) rule, began their national liberation movement.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC F Ottoman Empire and Balkan Nationalism; Abolition of Serfdom in Russia Choose The Best Explanation
Question 1. Czar Alexander II is called the ‘Czar Liberator’.
1. He improved the condition of the workers.
2. He changed the system of production in industries.
3. He abolished serfdom is Russia.
Answer: 3. He abolished serfdom is Russia.
Question 2. There were some defects in the Emancipation Statute of 1861.
1. The amount of compensation payable to the landlord by the peasant fixed by the Act was much higher than the customary prices of land in the market.
2. The landlords were required to part with 50% of their land to be given to the liberated serfs.
3. The serfs were to be, full-fledged citizens of Russia.
Answer: 1. The amount of compensation payable to the landlord by the peasant fixed by the Act was much higher than the customary prices of land in the market.
Question 3. Czar Peter the Great is known as the ‘Father of modern Russia’.
1. Under his leadership modernization of Russia was started.
2. He abolished serfdom.
3. He improved the economic system of Russia.
Answer: 3. He improved the economic system of Russia.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas TOPIC G Miscellaneous
Explanatory Answer (EA) Type Questions Answer in 12 to 15 sentences
Question 1. What were the similar and dissimilar traits between the July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848?
Answer:
Similar traits between the July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848:
[1] Both the July and February Revolution originated in France.
[2] The impact of both revolutions was felt all over Europe-Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and England and there were revolutionary uprisings.
[3] There was a demand for the abolition of the monarchy during both revolutions.
[4] Both revolutions witnessed lack of effective leadership and the strong emergence of liberal forces.
Dissimilar traits between the July Revolution of 1830 and the February Revolution of 1848:
[1] The Revolution of 1830 broke out as a protest against the reactionary policies of Charles X, the ruler of France. The demand of the liberals was a constitutional government. On the other hand the revolution of 1848 was purely a Republican movement influenced by
socialist ideas.
[2] The July Revolution was peaceful and democratic in character. But the February Revolution was violent and nationalist in character.
[3] In the July Revolution of 1830, the people who participated belonged to the middle class whereas in the 1848 Revolution, people devoted to socialism participated.
Question 2. Was the Crimean war justified?
Answer: Declaration of war: The war declared against Russia by England and France in support of Turkey in 1854 is known as the Crimean War. It was an important event in the history of Europe.
View of Robert Morier:
Many modern politicians and historians have criticized the nature of this war. They have regarded the Crimean War as a useless modern war of Europe. Robert Morier writes. “The Crimean War was the only perfectly useless war that has been waged.”
Useless War:
[1] The Crimean War could not give a permanent solution to the Eastern Question. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris. The provisions of this treaty could not remain permanent. According to the Treaty of Paris, the Sultan of Turkey was supposed to improve the condition of the Christian population living in Turkey. But the Sultan never carried out his promise which he had given at Paris for improving the condition of the Christian population living in Turkey.
[2] The aim of the war was to weaken Russia forever. In the Treaty of Paris she was insulted and several restrictions were imposed upon Russia. Russia could never forget her humiliation.
[3] England and France could not get any advantage from this war. The Crimean War proved disastrous for the allies. Therefore, it may be said that the Crimean War was quite useless and it might have been avoided.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas Very Short Answer (VSA) Type Questions
Match The Columns
| 1. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Crimean War | (A) Secret society of Italy |
| 2. Carbonari | (B) Austria |
| 3. 1870 | (C) 1854-56 |
| 4. Congress of Vienna held | (D) Italy united |
Answer: 1.-C,2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-B
| 2. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Leading person at Congress of Vienna | (A) France |
| 2. Mazzini | (B) Bismarck |
| 3. Talleyrand | (C) Metternich |
| 4. Blood and Iron policy | (D) Leader of Italy |
Answer: 1.-C,2.-D, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 3. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. February Revolution | 1. 1830 |
| 2. July Revolution | 2. 1848 |
| 3. Defeat of Austria by Prussia | 3. 1870 |
| 4. Unification of Germany completed | 4. 1866 |
Answer: 1.-B,2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-C
| 4. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Philke Hetaira | (A) Italy |
| 2. Carbonari | (B) Odessa |
| 3. Ems Telegram | (C) Ambassador |
| 4. Count Benedetti | (D) Bismarck |
Answer: 1.-B,2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-C
| 5. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Foundation of Second French Republic | (A) 1830 |
| 2. Loins Philippe becomes the king of France | (B) 1848 |
| 3. William II became the first German empeor | (C) 1870 |
| 4. United Italy born | (D) 1866 |
Answer: 1.-B,2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-C
| 6. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Pact of Plombieres | (A) 1856 |
| 2. Treaty of Villafranca | (B) 1878 |
| 3. Treaty of Paris | (C) 1858 |
| 4. Treaty of San Stephano | (D) 1859 |
Answer: 1.-C,2.-D, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 7. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Nicholas I | (A) Central figure in European politics |
| 2. Cavour | (B) Czar of Russia |
| 3. Charles | (C) Prime Minister of Piedmont |
| 4. Metternich | (D) Ruler of France |
Answer: 1.-B, 2.-C, 3.-D, 4.-A
| 8. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Bourbon | (A) Holland |
| 2. Orange | (B) Piedmont |
| 3. Savoy | (C) France |
| 4. Hapsburg | (D) Austria |
Answer: 1.-C, 2.-A, 3.-B, 4.-D
| 9. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. 1848 | (A) Battle of Sadowa |
| 2. 1854 | (B) Battle of Sedan |
| 3. 1866 | (C) Crimean War |
| 4. 1870 | (D) Year of Revolution |
Answer: 1.-D,2.-C, 3.-A, 4.-B
| 10. Column 1 | Column 2 |
| 1. Emancipation Statute, 1861 | (A) Germany |
| 2. Zollverein | (B) Austria |
| 3. Philke Hetaira | (C) Russia |
| 4. Vienna Congress | (D) Greece |
Answer: 1.-C,2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-B
