Chapter 3 Resistance And Rebellion Characteristics And Analyses Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1: What do you mean by shifting cultivation?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation:
Shifting cultivation is the process in which forests are cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes after the first monsoon rains: and the crop is harvested by October- November. These plots are cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow for 12 to 18 years for the forest to grow back.
Question 2: List three groups involved in the exploitation of the Indian tribals.
Answer:
The three groups involved in the exploitation of the Indian tribals were-
[1] Landlords,
[2] Officials of the British government,
[3] Moneylenders.
Class 10 History Solution Wbbse
Question 3: Name two tribal revolts that took place during the first century of British rule.
Answer:
Two tribal revolts that took place during the first century of British rule were the Chuar Revolt and the Kol Revolt.
Question 4: Who is referred to as Adivasis?
Answer:
India has a sizeable tribal population. These people live in communities or groups. They lead a life that is closely interwoven with and dependent on nature. They are careful never to overexploit nature. They own land collectively. These people are referred to as Adivasis.
Question 5: Who were the jam radars?
Answer:
The jam radars were basically land speculators. They used to obtain the Jara of land on payment of a specific amount of money to the British government. Thus, the jam radars squeezed out as much money as possible in the form of revenue from the peasants during the period of their Jara.
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Question 6: What was the nature of the Kol Rebellion?
Answer:
The nature of the Kol Rebellion, which broke out in 1831, was as follows-
[1] Tribal people like the Mundas and the Oraons joined the Kol Rebels.
[2] The target of the attacks were the zamindars, grain merchants, Mahajan, and British officials.
[3] The Kol Rebels gradually turned against the English who were indiscriminately massacred and looted.
Question 7: Write a note on the nature of the Chuar Revolt.
Answer:
The nature of the Chuar Revolt:
The nature of the Chuar Revolt, which broke out in 1760 in Midnapore, Bankura, Dalbhum, and Manbhum, was as follows:
[1] The peasants were the main force behind the revolt;
[2] The subaltern class spontaneously joined the revolt;
[3] They were supported by the disgruntled zamindars.
Question 8: What was the nature of the Santhal Rebellion?
Answer:
The nature of the Santhal Rebellion:
The nature of the Santhal Rebellion, which broke out in 1855, was as follows-
[1] It was a rebellion of the tribal people against the colonial rulers.
[2] It was a protest of the poor peasants and workers against British imperialism.
[3] By nature, it was a resistance movement of the peasants and laborers against the British rule-supported by the potters, weavers, chamars and domes.
Question 9: What is the meaning of ‘Damin-i-Koh’?
Answer:
‘Damin-i-Koh’ means ‘Santhal Parganas. It was the area adjacent to the Rajmahal hills where the Santhals began to live after the introduction of the permanent settlement.
Question 10: What was the nature of the Munda Rebellion?
Answer:
The nature of the Munda Rebellion was as follows-
[1] The Mundas sought to reassert their rights as the real owners of the soil and to expel the middlemen and the British.
[2] The British imposed restrictions on the traditional rights of the Mundas. So, the Mundas tried to establish ‘Mundaraj’ and protect their traditional rights.
[3] The Mundas had no faith in the British administration and law courts. So, in order to protect their rights, they took to violence.
Question 11: Why did the people of Bastar rise in revolt against the Britishers?
Answer:
The people of Bastar rose in revolt against the Britishers because-
[1] The British stopped the practice of shifting cultivation, hunting, and collection of forest produce.
[2] The British decided to reserve two-thirds of the forests in 1905.
[3] Land rents were increased. Colonial officers demanded free labor.
Question 12: Into which three categories were the forests divided after the amendment of the Forest Act in 1878?
Answer:
The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories: Reserved, Protected, and Village forests.
Question 13: What do you mean by ‘Reserved Forest’?
Answer:
The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories:
[1] Reserved,
[2] Protected and
[3] Village forests. Reserved forests were the most commercially valuable and amenable to sustained exploitation. Rights to all activities like hunting, grazing, etc. in reserved forests were banned. Villagers could not take anything from these forests ever for their own use.
Class 10 History Solution Wbbse
Question 14: What is the meaning of ‘Ulghulan’?
Answer:
Ulghulan:
Ulghulan means ‘great tumult’ or ‘fierce rebellion’. The revolt of the Mundas, under the leadership of Birsa Munda, which rocked the foundation of the British was called Ulghulan in the local language.
Question 15: What was the aim of the Munda uprising?
Answer:
The Mundas rose in rebellion during 1899-91 1900 under the leadership of Birsa Munda.
The aim of the Munda uprising was:
[1] To drive away the British and establish Munda Raj and
[2] To reconstruct the tribal society from disintegration.
Question 16: Who was Dietrich Brandis?
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis was a German expert. He was invited by the British for advice and was made the first Inspector-General of Forests in India.
Question 17: Under whose initiative and in which year Indian Forest Service was set up?
Answer:
In 1864 under the initiative of Dietrich Brandis Indian Forest Service was set up.
Question 18: What was the effect of the Forest Act on the villagers?
Answer:
The effect of the Forest Act on the villagers:
The Forest Act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country. All their everyday practices of collecting fruits and roots, cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, hunting and fishing became illegal.
Chapter 3 Resistance And Rebellion Characteristics And Analyses Short Answer Type Questions
Answer in 2 to 3 sentences
Question 1: Explain the terms ‘Fakir’ and ‘Mahajan’.
Answer:
Fakir: Fakirs were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants.
Mahajan: Mahajan was the term used to refer to moneylenders.
Question 2: Under what circumstances did the Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellions start?
Answer:
The Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellions started against the oppressive tax collection by the British and also against the coercion of the leaseholders. The Hindu and Muslim saints ventilated their grievances against the despotic policy of the East India Company.
Question 3: Why was the Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellion unsuccessful?
Answer:
The Sannyasi and Fakir Rebellion (1763- 1800) was unsuccessful due to various reasons, namely:
[1] The rebels failed because the leaders were inexperienced.
[2] Communication prevented them from fighting unitedly against the British.
[3] The rebellion was limited to a small region.
[4] The rebels were not popular among all classes of people.
Question 4: What were the objectives of the Wahabi movement?
Answer:
The objectives of the Wahabi movement:
The objectives of the Wahabi Movement were as follows-
[1] Initially, the objective of the Wahabi Movement was religious. Syed Ahmed’s aim was to convert ‘Dar-Al-Harb’ (Unholy Land) into ‘Dar-Al-Islam’ (Land of Islam)
[2] The economic objective of the movement was to free the peasantry from economic exploitation.
[3] Ultimately the movement turned into an anti-imperialist struggle aiming at driving out the British from India.
Question 5: When and between whom was the battle of Balakot fought? What was the result of the battle?
Answer:
The battle of Balakot was fought between The Sikhs of Punjab and Syed Ahmed, the leader of the Wahabi movement In the battle of Balakot Syed Ahmed was defeated and killed.
Question 6: Who was the leader of the Wahabi Movement in Bengal? Where did the Wahabi Movement spread under his leadership?
Answer:
The leader of the Wahabi Movement in Bengal was Mir Nisar Ali popularly known as Titu Mir. The Wahabi Movement under the leadership of Titu Mir spread to 24 Parganas, Nadia, Dacca, Jessore, Rajshahi, Malda, etc.
Question 7: What was the Wahabi Movement?
Answer:
Wahabi Movement:
The Wahabi Movement was an Islamic reform movement founded by Abd al-Wahhab in the 18th century in Najd in Saudi Arabia.
Question 8: Was the Farazi Rebellion simply a religious movement?
Answer:
The Farazi Rebellion started as an Islamic revivalist movement but ultimately it turned into an anti-imperialist as well as anti-British struggle aiming at the restoration of Mohammedan power in India. It was a part of the freedom movement of India and the rebels aimed at ousting the British from India.
Chapter 3 Resistance And Rebellion Characteristics And Analyses Short Answer Type Questions
Answer in 2 to 3 sentences
Question 1: Write a note on the Indigo Commission.
Answer:
Indigo Commission:
The Indigo Commission was set up in 1860 to enquire into the grievances of indigo cultivators. It acknowledged the existence of forced cultivation of indigo and condemned it. In an official order it was declared that the peasants could plant indigo in their lands if they wished and the owners of indigo factories would not compel them to plant indigo. Undoubtedly this order was an achievement on the part of the rebels.
Question 2: What was depicted in the historic drama ‘Nil Darpan’? Who translated it into English?
Answer:
The historic drama ‘Nil Darpan’ depicted the horrors of the English planters and the heroic reaction of the peasants. It was translated into English by the poet Madhusudan Dutta under the alias Reverend Long.
Question 3: Who was the author of the historic drama ‘Nil Darpan’? When was it published?
Answer:
The author of the historic drama ‘Nil Darpan’ was Dinabandhu Mitra. It was published in 1860.
Question 4: What were the causes of discontent of the farmers cultivating indigo?
Answer:
The causes of discontent of the farmers cultivating indigo were as follows-
[1] They were paid very low prices for growing peasants’ houses and forcible seizure of their indigo.
[2] They were tortured and forced to cultivate indigo in lieu of other crops in their best lands in the interest of the British planters.
[3] The British indigo planters amassed huge profits at the cost of the poor Indian farmers.
Question 5: What were the main centers of the Indigo Rebellion?
Answer: The Indigo Rebellion spread in almost all the indigo-growing districts. The cultivators of Nadia district first rose in action. The movement then spread to Jessore, Khulna, Rajshahi, Pabna, Faridpur, Dacca, Malda, Dinajpur, and other places in Bengal.
Class 10 History Wbbse
Question 6: What were the recommendations of the Indigo Commission?
Answer:
Recommendations of the Indigo Commission:
The British government appointed the Indigo Commission on 31 March 1866 to enquire into the system of indigo production. The following were the recommendations of the Indigo Commission.
[1] The peasants could plant indigo in their lands if they wished and the owner of indigo factories would not compel them to plant indigo.
[2] The government does not intervene in the indigo crisis as it would further complicate the situation.
[3] The government to appoint an honest police force and honest magistrate to ensure justice for the indigo cultivators.
Question 7: How were the indigo cultivators tortured by the indigo planters?
Answer:
The indigo cultivators were brutally treated by the British indigo planters. The planters took recourse to all sorts of oppression. The planters appointed ‘lathes’ who committed all sorts of brutality-physical assault and burning of movable property. Their cattle were carried off and their crops and fruit trees were destroyed. The peasants were unlawfully confined in the indigo factories and were mercilessly beaten. Peasant women were abducted and other family members were also not spared.
Question 8: Name some important leaders of the Indigo Rebellion.
Answer:
Some important leaders of the Indigo Rebellion were Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Charan Biswas of Chaugacha, Nadia, Mahesh Chandra of Narail, Ramratan Mallick of Jairampur, Rafique Mondal of Malda, Shreehari Ray of Chandpur, Meghan Sardar of Asannagar.
Question 9: Why was Reverend James Long fined? Who paid off the fine?
Answer:
Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated ‘Nil Darpan’ in English in the name of Reverend James Long. The planters immediately filed a case against Long who was imprisoned for one month and fined one thousand rupees. A young writer and zamindar Kali Prasanna Sinha paid off the fine in the courtroom.
Question 10: Who was Harish Chandra Mukhopadhyay?
Answer:
Harish Chandra Mukhopadhyay was the editor of ‘Hindoo Patriot’. He published the day-to-day news of the tyranny and brutality of the planters and the progress of the rebellion. He questioned the indigo peasants and vehemently expressed his view against the European indigo planters. Besides his fiery editorials criticizing the administration. he considerably influenced public opinion against the government.
Question 11: What was the role of Christian missionaries in the Indigo Rebellion?
Answer:
The role of Christian missionaries in the Indigo Rebellion:
The Christian missionaries who came from Europe played an important part in the Indigo Rebellion. They supported the cause of indigo cultivators. They expressed their views against the oppression and tyranny of the indigo planters and published these in newspapers.
It may be mentioned here that James Long, a Christian missionary admitted the acts of violence on the part of the indigo planters. The Christian missionaries put increasing emphasis on mass education believing that a sound Christian education alone would help the peasants out of their miserable plight.
Question 12: What were the causes of the Pabna Rebellion?
Answer:
The causes of the Pabna Rebellion:
During the 1870s there was widespread resistance in large parts of East Bengal. The center of this widespread resistance was Pabna. The zamindars of this region deprived the ryots of their occupancy rights. The Occupancy Right under Act X of 1859 conferred occupancy rights on tenants who held lands for 12 years as well as pay their rent.
But the zamindars in different ways deprived the ryots of their Occupancy right. The peasants were also sometimes evicted from land due to non-payment. A revolt broke out in Pabna against the unjust demand of the zamindars.
