WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Physical Science Chapter 4 Matter Solution

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Synopsis

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which the amount of each constituent can be varied within a certain limit.
2. The component of a solution which is present in greater amount is called the solvent. The solution has the same physical state as that of the solvent.
3. On the other hand, the component of the solution which is present in lesser amount is called the solute.
4. A colloidal solution is a stable heterogeneous system of two immiscible phases in which one phase (solid, liquid or gas) is dispersed as particles with diameter ranging from 10^-7-10^-5 cm, in another phase (solid, liquid or gas).
5. Colloid is not a special type of substance, rather it is a state of the substance.
6. The medium in which the colloidal particles remain uniformly dispersed is known as the dispersion medium and the substance whose particles remain dispersed in a colloidal solution is called the dispersed phase.
7. When light rays are passed through a colloidal solution, the rays get scattered by the colloidal particles and as a result tye path of light becomes clearly visible. This phenomenon is known as Tyndai. effect.
8. Tyndall effect helps to distinuguish between true solutions and colloidal solutions.
9. On the basis of the physics states of the re dispersion medium and dispersed phase, colloids areclassified into eight groups.
10. Colloids are classified into eight groups. They are sol, solid, sol, gel, emulsion, solid aerosol, liquid aerosol, solid foam and foam.
11. An emulsion is a colloidal solution in which both the dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquid.
12. Emulsions are of two types: oil-in-water type and water-in-oil type emulsion.
13. The chemical substances used to enhanse the stability of an emulsion are called emulsifiers. Soaps and detergents are well-known emulsifiers.
14. A suspension is a heterogeneous and unstable system in which particles having diameter greater than 10^-5 cm remain dispersed in the solvent. On standing, the particles slowly separate out from the mixture and settle at the bottom.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Short And Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is a solution?

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Answer:

Solution:-

If a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (solid, liquid or gas) have uniform properties (in terms of constituents and structure) throughout the mixture and the amounts of the constituents can be varied within certain limits, then the homogeneous mixture is said to be a solution.

Question 2. What do you mean by solvent and solute?

Answer:

Solvent And Solute:-

Solvent: The component of a solution which is generally present in greater amount and whose physical state is the same as that of the solution is known as the solvent.

Solute: The component of a solution which is present in lesser amount and which remains dissolved in another solid, liquid or gaseous substance to form a homogeneous mixture (solution) is called a solute. For example, sugar dissolves in water to form a homogeneous mixture. Here, sugar is the solute.

In some solutions, where both solvent and solute are in the same phase, the terms solvent and solute is defined with respect to their relative quantities in the solution.

For example, when 70 parts of alcohol mix with 30 parts of water, alcohol is considered as the solvent and water as the solute. On the other hand, in a mixture of 70 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol, water is the solvent and alcohol is the solute.

Question 3. All solutions are mixtures but all mixtures are not solutions. Justify.

Answer:

All Solutions Are Mixtures But All Mixtures Are Not Solutions:-

If a mixture of two or more substances is homogeneous in nature and their composition can be varied only within a certain limit, then the mixture is called a solution. For example, common salt dissolved in water forms a solution.

However, a mixture may also be heterogeneous in nature, in which the composition is not uniform throughout and can be changed in any proportion. This type of mixtures cannot be termed as solution. For example, a mixture of sand and sugar cannot be called a solution.

Thus, all solutions are mixtures but all mixtures are not solutions.

Question 4. Define homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Answer:

Homogeneous And Heterogeneous Mixtures:-

Homogeneous Mixtures: A homogeneous mixture is a solid, liquid or gaseous mixture that has the same proportions of its components throughout any given sample.

Example: air or sugar solution.

Heterogeneous Mixture: A heterogeneous mixture is simply a mixture that is not uniform in composition. It has components in which proportions vary throughout the sample.

Example: mixture of sand and sulphur powder.

Question 5. Why is an aqueous solution of sugar called a true solution?

Answer:

An Aqueous Solution Of Sugar Called A True Solution:-

When sugar is added to water, the sugar molecules occupy the intermolecular spaces between the water molecules and dissolve in it. As a result, the sugar molecules form a homogeneous mixture with water and cannot be separated easily. This is why an aqueous solution of sugar is called a true solution.

Question 6. Discuss the properties of a true solution.

Answer:

The Properties Of A True Solution:-

1. A true solution possesses the following properties
2. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute. It has uniform properties (in terms of components, physical properties and structural features) throughout the solution.
3. The solute particles present in a true solution are so small (particle diameter is less than or equal to 10^-8 cm) that they cannot be seen even under an ultramicroscope.
4. In a true solution, the solvent and solute may exhibit some changes in their physical properties, but their chemical properties remain unchanged.
5. The relative amount of the components in a solution can be increased or decreased within a certain limit.
6. The solute and solvent in a true solution cannot be separated by filtration or by gravitational separation. Even if the solution is kept undisturbed for a long period of time, the solute does not settle down.
7. The components of a true solution can be separated by physical methods such as, evaporation, distillation or crystallisation.
8. Heat may or may not be evolved or absorbed during formation of a true solution.

Question 7. What is a colloidal solution?

Answer:

Colloidal Solution:-

A colloidal solution is said to be a stable heterogeneous system of two immiscible phases in which one phase (solid, liquid or gas) comprises of the particles with diameter ranging from 10^-7 – 10^-5 cm, is dispersed into another phase (solid, liquid or gas).

For example, freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide when shaken with water and small amount of ferric chloride, it forms a colloidal solution.

Question 8. What is meant by dispersion medium and dispersed phase of a colloidal solution?

Answer:

Dispersion Medium: The medium in which the colloidal particles remain uniformly dispersed is called the dispersion medium.

Dispersed Phase: The component of a colloidal solution which remain uniformly dispersed in the dispersion medium and consists of particles with diameter ranging from 10~7-10-5 cm is called the dispersed phase.

Example: In a gold sol, water is the dispersion medium while gold particles form the dispersed phase.

Question 9. State whether colloidal particles can be separated from a solution by filtration using a filter paper.

Answer:

1. The pores of the filter paper are generally larger than 10^-5 cm. So, the colloidal particles having diameter of 10^-7 to 10^-5 cm can easily pass through a filter paper. So, colloidal particles cannot be separated from a solution using a filter paper.
2. On the other hand, colloidal particles cannot pass through a parchment paper. So, parchment paper is effective in separating colloidal particles from a solution.

Question 10. State the imporatnt properties of a colloidal solution.

Answer:

The Important Properties Of A Colloidal Solution:-

A colloidal solution has the following properties

1. Heterogeneity:

Colloidal solutions are heterogeneous in nature. The dispersed phase neither dissolves completely in the dispersion medium nor does it separate out from the dispersion medium. The colloidal particles remain dispersed in the dispersion medium.

2. Tyndall Effect:

When a beam of light is allowed to pass through a colloidal solution, scattering of light by the colloidal particles occurs and the path of the beam through the solution gets illuminated and clearly visible. This phenomenon is called Tyndall effect.

3. Brownian Motion:

The colloidal particles in the dispersion medium are in continuous random motion moving in zigzag paths. This motion is known as Brownian motion.

4. Electrophoresis:

The colloidal particles are charged particles. If electricity is passed through a colloidal solution, then the colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrodes. This movement of colloidal particles towards a specific electrode, under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis.

5. Passage Through Filter Paper And Parchment Paper:

Colloidal particles can pass through filter paper but cannot pass through parchment paper.

Question 11. What are the diameters of the solute particles in true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions?

Answer:

In true solutions, diameter of solute particles is less than or equal to 10^-8 cm or 0.1 nm.

In colloidal solutions, the diameter of solute particles ranges from 10^-7 -10^-5 cm or 1-100 nm. In suspensions, the diameter of solute particles is greater than 10^-5 cm or 100 nm.

Lyophilic And Lyophobic Sol:

If the dispersed phase of a sol has high affinity for the molecules of dispersion medium, then it is called a lyophilic sol. Sols of starch, gum, gelatin, glue etc. are examples of such sol. If the dispersion medium of such sols is water, then these are called hydrophilic sols.

If the dispersed phase of a sol has a very little or almost no affinity for the molecules of the dispersion medium, then it is called a lyophobic sol. Some common examples are ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃] sol, arsenius sulphide [As₂S₃] sol, etc. If water is the dispersion medium, then such sols are called hydrophobic sols.

Question 12. Discuss the significance of Brownian motion.

Answer:

The Significance Of Brownian Motion Are As Follows:-

1. Brownian motion is an inherent evidence of the incessant motion of particles in a solution.
2. The value of Avogadro’s number can be determined by measuring Brownian motion.
3. Due to Brownian motion, the colloidal particles are in continuous motion. This motion prevents the particles to settle down even under gravitational force. Thus, Brownian motion plays a very significant role in stabilising a colloidal solution.

Question 13. What is a suspension?

Answer:

Suspension:-

A heterogeneous and unstable system in which particles of a substance (usually a solid) of diameter greater than 10^-5 cm remain suspended in another substance (usually a liquid) is called a suspension. On standing, the particles slowly separate out from the mixture and settle down at the bottom of the vessel.

Example:

When finely powdered barium sulphate (BaSO₄) is shaken vigorously with water, it is observed that the particles get evenly distributed throughout the solvent and remain suspended in water to form a suspension. If the beaker is kept undisturbed for some time, then barium sulphate particles begin to settle down at the bottom of the beaker.

Question 14. State the properties of a suspension.

Answer:

Properties Of A Suspension:-

A suspension has the following properties

1. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. When kept undisturbed for some time, the suspended particles gradually settle down under gravity.
3. The solution is turbid and hence light cannot pass through a suspension. However, a suspension may sometimes exhibit the Tyndall effect.
4. The suspended particles are visible under ordinary microscopes and sometimes even to the naked eyes.
5. The suspended particles cannot pass through a parchment paper or a filter paper.

Question 15. Colloidal particles do not settle down at the bottom of the beaker, but particles of suspensions do. Explain with reason.

Answer:

Colloidal particles do not settle down at the bottom of the beaker, but particles of suspensions do.

Due to Brownian motion of the colloidal particles, they are always in a continuous random motion. The possibility of aggregation of colloidal particles is thus very low. So, colloidal particles do not settle down at the bottom of the beaker.

On the other hand, particles of a suspension do not exhibit Brownian motion. Hence, on standing, the particles come closer to each other and aggregate to form larger particles which eventually settle down under gravity.

Question 16. Explain why turbid water collected from ponds or rivers do not become clear on prolong standing.

Answer:

Mud particles act as colloid particles in the turbid water of ponds or rivers. These colloid particles can not be precipitated out naturally. That is why those water do not become clear on prolong standing.

Question 17. Compare the properties of a true solution, a colloidal solution and a suspension.

Answer:

The properties of a true solution, a colloidal solution and a suspension are compared in the following table

Question 18. What is the Tyndall effect?

Answer:

Tyndall Effect:-

When a beam of light is allowed to pass through a colloidal solution, scattering of light by the colloidal particles occurs and the illuminated path of light can be visualised from a direction at right angles to the incident light. This phenomenon is called Tyndall effect and it has been named after the Irish physicist John Tyndall.

Question 19. Mention some practical applications of Tyndall effect.

Answer:

Some Practical Applications Of Tyndall Effect:-

1. Ultramicroscope was developed on the basis of Tyndall effect. It is used to determine the size of particles in aerosols by using the principle of Tyndall effect.
2. Tyndall effect is used to determine the presence of particulate matter (which destroys the efficiency of catalyst) in air during the reaction of sulphur dioxide and air in the preparation of sulphuric acid by contact process.

Question 20. Cigarette smoke sometimes light blue in colour. Why?

Answer:

Cigarette Smoke Sometimes Light Blue In Colour Because:-

Cigarette smoke is a colloidal system which belongs to the category of solid aerosol. It consists of fine particles of carbon dispersed in air (dispersion medium).

Due to its colloidal nature, it can scatter light beam passing through it, which is known as Tyndall effect. As blue light is scattered to the maximum extent, cigarette smoke sometimes appears light blue in color.

Question 21. Classify colloids on the basis of the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium and give examples for each category.

Answer:

On the basis of the physical states of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium, colloids can be classified into eight categories as described below

Question 22. Why do colloidal solutions formed by different methods exhibit different colours?

Answer:

The colour of a colloidal solution depends on the wavelength of visible light scattered by the colloid particles. The scattering of light, on the other hand, depends on the size of colloidal particles in the solution.

The size of colloidal particles formed is different for different methods. So, a colloidal solution exhibits different colours when formed by different methods.

Question 23. What is a sol? Give example.

Answer:

Sol:-

Colloidal solutions in which the dispersed phase is a solid while the dispersion medium is a liquid is called a sol.

Example: Gold sol, sulphur sol, arsenius sulphide sol etc. In each of these sols, gold, sulphur and arsenius sulphide particles respectively form the dispersed phase while water acts as the dispersibn medium.

Question 24. What is an aerosol? How are they categorised?

Answer:

Aerosol:-

An aerosol is a colloidal system in which the dispersion medium is a gas or air. p If the dispersed phase in an aerosol is solid, then it is called solid aerosol such as smoke, dust particles floating in air etc. On the other hand, if the dispersed phase of an aerosol is liquid, then it is called liquid aerosol such as fog, cloud etc.

Question 25. What are alcohol and hydrosol?

Answer:

Alcohol And Hydrosol:-

Colloids with alcohol as dispersion medium and having solids as dispersed phase are termed as alcohols.

Again, colloids whose dispersed phases and dispersion medium are solid and water respectively are termed as hydrosol.

Question 26. State some important applications of emulsions.

Answer:

Some Important Applications Of Emulsions Are Given Below:-

1. Milk, butter, margarine, vanishing cream, and cold cream used in our everyday life are all emulsions.
2. Cleansing action of soap is due to the emulsification of grease with water. Water and soap together forms a colloidal solution and removes grease along with dirt and dust from clothes by forming emulsion.
3. A wide variety of medicines like cod liver oil, and vitamin B-complex are oil-in-water type emulsions. These are easily absorbed by our digestive system and provide quick relief.

Question 27. Classify emulsions and define each of them with examples.

Answer:

Emulsions Are Of Two Types:-

1. Oil-in-water type emulsion and
2. Water-in-oil type emulsion.

Here, the term oil represents any liquid that is immiscible with water.

1. Oil-In-Water Type Emulsion:

When small quantity of oil is agitated with an excess amount of water, an oil-in-water type emulsion is formed.

Here, water is the dispersion medium and oil is the dispersed phase.

Example: Milk, vanishing cream etc. When small amount of nitrobenzene is agitated with water, this type of emulsion is produced.

2. Water-In-Oil Type Emulsion:

When small quantity of water is agitated with an excess amount of oil, a water-in-oil type emulsion is formed. Here, oil is the dispersion medium and water is the dispersed phase.

Examples: Butter, cod liver oil, cold cream etc.

Question 28. Write the differences between oil-in-water type emulsions and water-in-oil type emulsions.

Answer:

The major differences between oil-in-water type emulsions and water-in-oil type emulsions are given below

Question 29. What is Brownian motion? How does this motion arise?

Answer:

Brownian Motion:-

1. The continuous, random motion of particles of the dispersed phase in a colloidal solution in zigzag paths is known as Brownian motion.
2. Brownian motion arises due to random collisions of the particles of the dispersion medium with the colloidal particles in dispersed phase.

Question 30. What is an emulsifier? Give example.

Answer:

Emulsifier:-

While preparing an emulsion of two immiscible liquids, a third substance is generally added to the mixture. The mixture is then vigorously agitated. The third substance which is added in small quantity to stabilise the emulsion is known as an emulsifier or emulsifying agent.

Example: In case of milk which is a colloid (emulsion), a protein named casein acts as the emulsifier.

Question 31. How will you prepare colloidal sulphur?

Answer:

Preparation Of Colloidal Sulphur:-

Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium thiosulphate to produce sulphur. When the concentration of sulphur in the solution reaches a certain level, the sulphur particles instead of getting precipitated, form colloidal particles and remain in the colloidal solution as the dispersed phase.

\(\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{~S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3+2 \mathrm{HCl} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{S}+\mathrm{SO}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\)

This reaction is called clock reaction.

Question 32. Name a substance that is used as an emulsifying agent. Mention its role as an emulsifying agent in our daily life.

Answer:

1. Soaps, detergents etc. act as emulsifying agents.
2. Soaps and detergents help in the formation of emulsion between water and grease or oil. When soap or sodium stearate is dissolved in water, it dissociates to form a stearate ion.

The ion has two different parts—the long hydrocarbon part (C₁₇H₃₅ —) which is hydrophobic and the ionic part ( — COO^–) which is hydrophilic. Thus, the hydrocarbon chain dissolves in oil or grease of the clothes while the ionic part dissolves in water.

In this way, an emulsion is formed and oil or grease, along with dirt and dust is easily removed from clothes by the action of soap.

Question 33. Water from a tube well sometimes becomes turbid and brownish on standing. Explain with reason.

Answer:

Water From A Tube Well Sometimes Becomes Turbid And Brownish On Standing:-

Water collected from tube wells sometimes contains ferrous bicarbonate [Fe(HCO₃)₂] salt dissolved in it. This compound is oxidised by aerial oxygen to produce brown ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃]. This ferric hydroxide forms colloidal solution with water. As a result, the water becomes turbid and brownish on standing.

4Fe(HCO₃)₂ + 2H₂O + O₂ → 4Fe(OH)₃  ↓+ 8CO₂

Question 34. Proteins, DNA, starch etc. form colloidal solution with water. Why?

Answer:

Proteins, DNA, starch etc. form colloidal solution with water.

Proteins, starch, DNA etc. are polymeric biomolecules. These are large molecules known as macromolecules. The diameter of the molecules of these substances is larger than that of the solute particles of a true solution (diameter ≤ 10^-8 cm).

Hence, these molecules cannot occupy the intermolecular spaces between water molecules. So, these substances cannot form true solutions with water.

However, macromolecules have great affinity towards water molecules and when these substances are added to water, they do not separate out from the mixture. The dimension of the particles is in the range of ≤10^-7 – ≤10^-5 cm. Therefore, they form a colloidal solution with water.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Very Short Answer Type Questions Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1. Which of the following is a true solution?

1. Aqueous solution of sugar
2. Cod liver oil
3. Mixture of sand and water
4. Milk

Answer: 1. Aqueous solution of sugar

Question 2. Which of the following is a colloidal solution?

1. Aqueous solution of sugar
2. Mixture of BaS04 and water
3. Mixture of sand and water
4. Milk

Answer: 4. Milk

Question 3. Which of the following is an emulsion?

1. Curd
2. Milk
3. Milk of magnesia
4. Soda water

Answer: 2. Milk

Question 4. The solution in which scattering of light can be observed is

1. Blood
2. Mixture of sand and water
3. Aqueous solution of copper sulphate
4. Aqueous solution of sodium chloride

Answer: 1. Blood

Question 5. The correct order of stability is

1. Suspension < colloidal solution < true solution
2. Colloidal solution < true solution < suspension
3. True solution < colloidal solution < suspension
4. Colloidal solution < suspension < true solution

Answer: 1. Suspension < colloidal solution < true solution

Question 6. For which of the following solutions, the solute particles can pass through parchment paper?

1. Milk
2. Cod liver oil
3. Aqueous solution of sugar
4. Sand mixed with water

Answer: 3. Aqueous solution of sugar

Question 7. Which of the following solutions is homogeneous in nature?

1. Milk
2. Cod liver oil
3. Aqueous solution of sugar
4. Mixture of sand and water

Answer: 3. Aqueous solution of sugar

Question 8. Which of the following acts as dialyzer in human body?

1. Lungs
2. Kidneys
3. Liver
4. Stomach

Answer: 2. Kidneys

Question 9. In which of the following, the dispersion medium is not a liquid?

1. Fog
2. Foam
3. Sulphur sol
4. Cream

Answer: 1. Fog

Question 10. Milk is a type of

1. Gel
2. Foam
3. Oil-in-water type emulsion
4. Water-in-oil type emulsion

Answer: 3. Oil-in-water type emulsion

Question 11. An example of a solid sol is

1. Metal alloy
2. Gold sol
3. Paneer
4. Pumice stone

Answer: 1. Metal alloy

Question 12. An example of gel is

1. Milk of magnesia
2. Paneer
3. Cream
4. Lather of soap

Answer: 2. Paneer

Question 13. A colloidal solution of a liquid dispersed in another liquid is known as

1. Sol
2. Gel
3. Foam
4. Emulsion

Answer: 4. Sol

Question 14. The easiest way to identify a colloidal solution is by

1. Observing Tyndall effect
2. Observing Brownian motion
3. Electrodialysis

Answer: 1. Observing Tyndall effect

Question 15. The molecules of which of the following substances will not occupy the intermolecular spaces between water molecules when it is dissolved in water?

1. Ethanol
2. Sugar
3. Glycerin
4. Protein

Answer: 4. Protein

Question 16. In presence of colloidal particles, light rays get

1. Reflected
2. Refracted
3. Scattered
4. Deviated

Answer: 3. Scattered

Question 17. For which of the following dispersion medium is not liquid?

1. Fog
2. Lather
3. Sulphur sol
4. Cream

Answer: 1. Fog

Question 18. Descending order of the size of particles of true solution (A), Colloidal sol (B) and suspension (C) is

1. A >B > C
2. B > A > C
3. C >B > A
4. A < B > C

Answer: 3. C >B > A

Question 19. Particle with which diameter, can fit in the intermolecular space of water

1. 10^-9 cm
2. 10^-6 cm
3. 10^-5 cm
4. 10^-4 cm

Answer: 1. 10^-9 cm

Question 20. Example of liquid aerosol

1. Cloud
2. Smoke
3. Milk
4. Cream

Answer: 1. Cloud

Question 21. For which of the following dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquid and gas respectively?

1. Emulsion
2. Sol
3. Gel
4. Liquid Aerosol

Answer: 4. Liquid Aerosol

Question 22. Example of emulsifier

1. Arrowroot
2. Gelatine
3. Dettol
4. Cod liver oil

Answer: 2. Gelatine

Question 23. Which one is suspension?

1. Milk
2. Milk of magnesia
3. Cake
4. Shaving cream

Answer: 4. Shaving cream

Question 24. Which one is not an example of emulsion?

1. Butter
2. Shampoo
3. Cake
4. Shaving cream

Answer: 4. Shaving cream

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Answer In Brief

Question 1. The diameter of a particle ‘O’ present in water is 80 nm. What is the nature of the solution?

Answer: Q will form a colloidal solution.

Question 2. Name a colloidal solution which is used in our daily life.

Answer: Milk.

Question 3. Mention the type of solutions formed when sulphur is separately dissolved in water and alcohol.

Answer: Sulphur remains dispersed in water to form a colloidal solution. On the other hand, it completely dissolves in alcohol to form a true solution.

Question 4. Give some examples of solid sol.

Answer:

Some examples of solid sol

Coloured glass, ruby glass (Au/glass), gemstones, metal alloys etc.

Question 5. The particulate matter in air belongs to which type of colloid?

Answer: Solid aerosol.

Question 6. What is meant by gel?

Answer:

Gel meaning:

Gel is a colloidal solution in which a liquid is dispersed in a solid. So, the dispersion medium is solid and dispersed phase is liquid. Jelly, gelatin etc. are some examples of gel.

Question 7. Give some examples of liquid aerosol.

Answer: Fog and cloud are some examples of liquid aerosol.

Question 8. Give an example of a colloid in which the dispersion medium is solid and the dispersed phase is gas.

Answer: The colloids in which the dispersion medium is solid and the dispersed phase is gas are known as solid foams. Some common examples are, cake, pumice stone (air dispersed in silicate compounds) etc.

Question 9. Give some examples of hydrophilic colloids.

Answer: Starch, gelatin, protein, cellulose, soap etc. are some examples of hydrophilic colloids.

Question 10. Give some examples of hydrophobic colloids.

Answer: Silver sol, gold sol, arsenius sulphide sol, ferric hydroxide sol etc. are some examples of hydrophobic colloids.

Question 11. Which substance acts as the emulsifying agent in milk?

Answer: In milk, casein (which is a protein) acts as the emulsifying agent.

Question 12. What is the type of colloid in which both the dispersion medium and dispersed phase are liquid known as?

Answer: The colloids in which both the dispersion medium and dispersed phase are liquid are known as emulsions.

Question 13. Name some covalent compounds which are soluble in water.

Answer: Some covalent compounds which are soluble in water are sugar, alcohol, HCl etc.

Question 14. Name a water soluble organic compound.

Answer: Sugar is a water-soluble organic compound.

Question 15. Name an electrovalent compound which is insoluble in water.

Answer: An electrovalent compound which is insoluble in water is barium sulphate (BaSO₄).

Question 16. Give an example of a colloidal solution in which the colloidal particles are large molecules.

Answer: Starch remains dispersed in water to form a colloidal solution. Here, large starch molecules are present as colloidal particles.

Question 17. What is the diameter of solute particles in a true solution?

Answer: ≤ 10^-8 cm.

Question 18. What is the diameter of solute particles in a colloidal solution?

Answer: 10^-7-10^-5 cm.

Question 19. What is the diameter of solute particles in a suspension?

Answer: 10^-5 cm.

Question 20. Which method is used for the separation of crystalloids from colloids?

Answer: electrodialysis.

Question 21. Name the random, continuous motion exhibited by colloidal particles in a colloidal solution

Answer: Brownian motion.

Question 22. Why gas mixtures cannot form colloidal systems?

Answer: Gas mixtures always form homogeneous mixtures irrespective of the ratio in which they are mixed. Thus, they cannot form colloidal systems.

Question 23. The suspended particulate matters belong to which type of colloids?

Answer: SPM belong to the solid aerosol class of colloid.

Question 24. By which property colloids and True solutions can be distinguished?

Answer: Tyndall Effect.

Question 25. Name an emulsifier used in daily life.

Answer: Soap or detergent.

Question 26. Name the process by which crystalloid can be separated from colloid using diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane.

Answer: Dialysis.

Question 27. Which solution is used with HSO to prepare colloidal Sulphur?

Answer: Hypo solution or the dilute solution of Sodium thiosulphate.

Question 28. Name two diseases caused due to solid aerosol.

Answer: Asthma and silicasis.

Question 29. Which protective colloid is used in icecream?

Answer: Gelatine.

Question 30. Given an example of a solution where salute and solvent both are solid.

Answer: Brass.

Question 31. Give an example of a colloid which is an essential component of our body.

Answer: Blood (colloidal solution of Albumin).

Question 32. Give an example of a colloidal system where finer particles of water are dispersed in fat.

Answer: Butter.

Question 33. Mention the dispersion phase in O/W type Emulsion.

Answer: Oil.

Question 34. Give an example of colloid causing air pollution.

Answer: Solid aerosol.

Question 35. Why Gelatine is used to prepare ice cream?

Answer: Gelatine is used to produce ice cream to give the stability of the colloidal system (ice cream).

Question 36. Give an example of a colloidal system where the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium are gas and liquid respectively.

Answer: Soda-water.

Question 37. Which type of colloid is the soap-lather? Mention the nature of dispersed phase and dispersion medium of soap lather.

Answer:

1. Soap-lather belong to the ‘Foam’ family of colloid.
2. The dispersed phase and dispersion medium here are of gaseous and liquid respectively.

Question 38. Which type of solution will formed by dissolving starch in water?

Answer: Colloidal solution.

Question 39. Which type of solution is formed by dissolving barley in hot water.

Answer: Colloidal solution.

Question 40. Name the property of scattering of light by colloid particles.

Answer: Tyndall effect.

Question 41. Give an example of a colloid whose dispersed phase and dispersion medium, both are solid.

Answer: Curd.

Question 42. Give an example of a colloid which is used as disinfectant.

Answer: Dettol.

Question 43. How solute and solvent are termed in colloidal system?

Answer: Solute and solvent are termed as dispersed phase and dispersion medium respectively in colloidal system.

Question 44. Name the solvent and solutes of air.

Answer: Solvent of air is nitrogen and oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases are the solutes of air.

Question 45. Name the solutes and solvents in—brass and sodium amulgum.

Answer: In brass the solvent is copper and the solute is zinc.ln sodium amulgum solute and solvents are mercury and sodium respectively.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. True solutions are _______ in nature.

Answer: Homogeneous

Question 2. A Colloidal solutions are ____ in nature.

Answer: Heterogeneous

Question 3. Milk is a colloid in which ______ is the dispersed phase and ______ is the dispersion medium.

Answer: Far, water

Question 4. ________ solutions show Tyndall effect.

Answer: Colloidal

Question 5. The colloidal particles in a colloidal solution can be observed by using ______

Answer: Ultramicroscope

Question 6. When sodium chloride is dissolved in water, it forms a ________ solution.

Answer: True

Question 7. When starch is dissolved in water, it forms a _________ solution.

Answer: Colloidal

Question 8. A ________ is a is a colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase is solid.

Answer: Sol

Question 9. A _________ is a colloidal system in which the dispersed phase is liquid and the dispersion medium is solid.

Answer: Gel

Question 10. An example of solid foam is ________

Answer: Cake

Question 11. A colloidal system is known as _______ if the dispersed phase is a gas and the dispersion medium is solid.

Answer: Solid foam

Question 12. Dispersed phase and dispersion medium, in case of pumice stone, are _______ and _______ respectively.

Answer: Gas, solid

Question 13. The solutes in case of colloidal solution are termed as _______

Answer: Dispersed phase

Question 14. Dispersed phase and dispersion medium for emulsions are _______ and _______ respectively.

Answer: Liquid, liquid

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water State Whether True Or False

Question 1. The component of a solution, which is present in a lesser amount is known as the solute.

Answer: True

Question 2. The amount of CaCI₂ present in 500 mL of 25% CaCI₂ solution is 125 g.

Answer: True

Question 3. The solute particles of a colloidal solution can pass through parchment paper.

Answer: False

Question 4. The solute particles of a true solution are visible under an ultramicroscope.

Answer: False

Question 5. A true solution does not exhibit Tyndall effect.

Answer: True

Question 6. If the diameter of solute particles is 10^-4 cm, the corresponding solution is a true solution.

Answer: False

Question 7. Colloidal system whose dispersed phase and dispersion medium both are gaseous, does not exist.

Answer: True

Question 8. Particles of a true solution can not be observed even with the help of a powerful microscope.

Answer: True

Question 9. Example of water-in-oil type emulsion is butter.

Answer: True

Question 10. Colloidal solution are homogeneous.

Answer: False

Question 11. Colloidal solution are transparent.

Answer: False

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic A True Solution Colloid And Suspension Dissolution Of Smaller Ion Or Molecules And Larger Molecules In Water Numerical Examples

Question 1. 8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 2 L of its aqueous solution, Calculate the strength of the solution in mole/litre unit.

Answer:

Given

8 g of NaOH is dissolved in 2 L of its aqueous solution

Molecular mass of NaOH = (23 + 16 + 1) = 40

mass of 1 mol NaOH = 40 g

∴ 8g NaOH = 8/40 mol =0.2 mol

∴ Amount of NaOH in 2 L solution =0.2 mol

∴ Amount of NaOH in 1 L solution = 0.2/2 mol = 0.1 mol

∴ Strength of the solution =0.1 mol/L

Question 2. 300 g saturated solution of KNO₃ at 100°C is cooled down to 10°C. Calculate the amount of salt that should be crystallised out from the solution (Solubility of KNO₃ at 100°C and 10°C are 250 and 20 respectively).

Answer:

Given

300 g saturated solution of KNO₃ at 100°C is cooled down to 10°C.

At 100°C, amount of KNO₃ dissolved in 100 g H₂O = 250 g

∴ (100 + 250)g saturated solution contains 100 g solvent

∴ 300 g saturated solution contains \(\frac{100 \times 300}{350}\)g solvent = 85.71 g solvent

∴ Amount of solute in 300 g solution (300 – 85.71)g = 214.29g

Now at 10°C,

Amount of KNO₃ that can be dissolved in 100 g solvent = 20 g

∴ Amount of KNO₃ that can be dissolved in 85.71 g solvent = \(\frac{20 \times 85.71}{100} \mathrm{~g}\) g = 17.142 g

∴ Amount of KNO₃ that should be crystallised out = (214.29 – 17.142)g = 197.148g

Question 3. 4 g of NaOH (molar mass 40) is dissolved in 500 ml of a solution. Calculate the strength of the solution in

1. g • L^-1,
2. % strength (w/v) and
3. mol • L^-1.

Answer:

Given

4 g of NaOH (molar mass 40) is dissolved in 500 ml of a solution.

1. Amount of NaOH in 500 ml solution = 4 g

∴ Amount of NaOH in 1000 ml or 1 L

= \(\frac{4 \times 1000}{500} \mathrm{~g}\) = 8g

∴ Strength of solution = 8 g • L^-1

2. Amount of NaOH in 500 ml solution = 4 g

∴ Amount of NaOH in 100 ml solution

= \(\frac{4 \times 100}{500} g\) = 0.8 g

∴ Strength of the solution is 0.8% (w/v)

3. Again, 4 g NaOH = 4/40 mol = 0.1 mol

∴ Strength of the solution = 0.1/500 x 1000 = 0.2 mol • L^-1

Question 4. Strength of a glucose solution is 0.8 mol • L^-1. Express the strength in % (w/v).

Answer:

Molar mass of glucose is = 180.

1 L or 1000 ml. solution contains 0.8 mol glucose = 0.8 x 180 g = 144 g of glucose

∴ 100 mol of solution contains = \(\frac{144 \times 100}{1000}\) g of glucose = 14.4 g glucose.

∴ % strength (w/v) of the solution is 14.4%.

Question 5. Calculate the amount of salt required to prepare 200 ml 2% sodium bicarbonate solution. Express the strength in gram per litre.

Answer:

100 ml of 2% solution contains 2 g of sodium bicarbonate.

∴ Amount of salt in 200 ml solution = 2/100 x 200 g = 4g

∴ Amount of salt in 1000 ml solution = 4/100 X 1000 = 20 g

Strength of the solution is 20 g • L^-1.

Question 6. Among 120 ml 10 % NaCI solution and 120 ml, 1 mol • L^-1 NaCI solution, which contains a greater amount of NaCI?

Answer:

Amount of NaCI present in 120 ml of 10% NaCI solution = 10/100 x 120 g = 12 g

Amount NaCI present in 120 ml of 1 mol • L^-1 solution = \(\frac{(23+35.5) \times 120}{1000}\) g = 7.02 g

∴ 120 ml 18% NaCI solution contains greater amount of sodium chloride.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Synopsis

1. Solubility of a substance at a given temperature is the maximum number of gram units of the substance that can be dissolved in 100g of a solvent at that temperature.
2. The curve obtained by plotting the solubility of a substance in a given solvent along the y-axis against temperature along x-axis is called the solubility curve of that solute.
3. Solubility of solids in liquids generaily increases with increase in temperature.
4. Example: KNO₃, NaCI, NH₄CI. sugar, blue vitriol etc.
5. Solubility of CaSO₄, Ca(OH)₂, etc. in water decreases with incease in temperature.
6. Solubility of gases in liquid decreases with increase in temperature and increases with decrease in temperature.
7. At constant temperature solubility of gaseous solutes in liquid solvents increases with increase in pressure and decreases with decreases in pressure.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Short And Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Why It necessary to mention temperature in the definition of solubility?

Answer:

The solubility of a substance in a given solvent varies with temperature. Hence, the amount of a particular solute required to saturate 100 g of a solvent will be different at different temperatures. Thus, it is necessary to mention temperature in the definition of solubility.

Question 2. Why is it necessary to mention a definite amont of solvent in the definition of solubility?

Answer:

At a particular temperature, the amount of solute required to make a saturated solution depends on the amount of solvent. If greater amount of solvent is taken, then it can dissolve more amount of solute whereas, lesser amount of solvent dissolves lesser amount of solute.

Hence, we cannot determine the amount of solute required to make a saturated solution, if the amount of solvent is not specified. Thus, it is necessary to specify the amount of solvent in the definition of solubility.

Question 3. What are the units used to express the strength of a solution? Comment on their dependence on temperature.

Answer:

Units used to express the strength of a solution

Different units used to express the concentration or strength of a solution are volume percentage (% W/V), moles per litre or molarity (mol • L^-1) and gram per litre (g • L^-1).

Although mass or number of moles of a substance is independent of temperature, volume of a solution changes with temperature. As all the units are dependent on volume of the solution, these are also dependent on temperature.

Question 4. What is meant by molarity or moles per litre strength of a solution? Give example.

Answer:

Molarity or moles per litre strength of a solution

At a given temperature, the number of gram-moles of a solute dissolved in 1 litre (or 1000mL) of a solution is known as the molarity or moles per litre strength of the solution.

Example: 5 gram-moles of HN03 is dissolved in 1 litre aqueous solution. Hence, the molarity of the solution will be 5. The molar strength is expressed as mol • L^-1 or (M).

Question 5. What is meant by gram per litre strength of a solution? Give example.

Answer:

Gram per litre strength of a solution

The amount of solute in gram dissolved per litre of the solution is expressed in gram per litre unit.

Example: If 5.0g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 1 L of solution, then the strength of the sodium chloride solution in gram per litre unit will be 5. The unit is expressed as g • L^-1.

Question 6. What changes will be observed in the (W/V) concentration of a solution if the temperature of the solution is raised?

Answer:

The following changes will be observed in the (W/V) concentration of a solution if the temperature of the solution is raised

1. With the increase in temperature, the volume of the solution increases. Hence, the ratio of mass of solute to the volume of solution decreases. As a result, concentration of the solution also decreases.
2. If some amount of solvent vapourises due to increase in temperature, then the volume of solution also decreases. Hence, the concentration of the solution also increases.

Question 7. Why molarity depends on temperature?

Answer:

We know molarity of solution = \(\frac{\text { number of } \mathrm{g} \cdot \text { mol of solute }}{\text { volume in } \mathrm{L} \text { of the solution }}\)

Now volume of the solution changes with temperature. Thus molarity of the solution also changes with temperature, although the number of g • mol of the solute remains unaltered. Hence molarity depends on temperature.

Question 8. If the amount of the dissolved solute in a gram of saturated solution is b gram, calculate the solubility of the solute at that temperature.

Answer:

We know, solubility of a solute at t°C = \(\frac{\text { mass of the solute in saturated solution }}{\text { mass of the solvent in-the solution }} \times 100\)

= \(\frac{b \mathrm{~g}}{(a-b) g} \times 100=\frac{100 b}{(a-b)}\)

Question 9. What are the factors on which the solubility of a substance depends?

Answer:

The solubility of a substance in a given solvent depends on the following factors

1. Nature of solute:

Different solutes dissolve to various extents in a given solvent at a particular temperature.

2. Temperature:

For most solid substances, solubility in a given liquid increases with the rise in temperature. However, there are some gases whose solubility in a given liquid decreases with the rise in temperature.

3. Atmospheric pressure:

At a particular temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid generally increases with the increase in pressure above the liquid and vice-versa. This is why C02 dissolved in water under very high pressure comes out as bubbles when a sodawater bottle is opened.

Question 10. What is a solubility curve? Draw the solubility curve of Glauber’s salt in water and explain its solubility with the help of the curve.

Answer:

Solubility curve

The curve obtained by plotting the solubility of a solute in a given solvent along the Y-axis against temperature along X-axis, is called the solubility curve of that solute. This curve easily demonstrates the relation between temperature and solubility of a substance.

The solubility curve of Glauber’s salt in water (hydrated sodium sulphate) rapidly rises up with the rise in temperature upto 32.38°C. After 32.38°C, if the temperature is further increased, the solubility gradually starts decreasing.

Above 32.38°C, hydrated crystals of sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄ – 10H₂O) give up ten water molecules to form anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄). So, above 32.38°C, the solubility curve actually represents the solubility of anhydrous sodium sulphate.

Question 11. Draw the solubility curves of KNO₃ and NaCI in water and mention the effect of temperature on solubility of these salts.

Answer:

The solubility curve of KNO₃ rises steeply with rise in temperature. This means that the solubility of KNO₃ increases rapidly with the increase in temperature.

The solubility curve of NaCI is almost parallel to the X-axis. This indicates that the solubility of NaCI in water remains almost unchanged over a wide range of temperature.

Question 12. How does the solubility of Ca(OH)₂ in water changes with the rise in temperature? Explain with the help of its solubility curve.

Answer:

From the solubility curve, it can be said that the solubility of Ca(OH)₂ in water decreases with the rise in temperature.

Question 13. State the significance of solubility curve.

Answer:

Significance of solubility curve

1. Without actually performing an experiment, the solubility of a substance at different temperatures can be determined with the help of the solubility curve.
2. It helps to compare the solubilities of different substances at a given temperature.
3. The solubility curve helps us to determine which substance will preferentially crystallise out if a solution of a mixture of substances is subjected to cooling or evaporation.

Question 14. Discuss the effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

Answer:

The effect of temperature on the solubility of a gas in a liquid

In general, the solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with the rise in temperature. For example, CO₂ is soluble in water. At ordinary temperature, some amount of C02 gas dissolves in water. However on heating, the dissolved CO₂ fizzles out from the solution.

Question 15. Discuss the effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

Answer:

The effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas in a liquid

At a particular temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid generally increases with the increase in pressure and decreases with the decrease in pressure. So, at a higher pressure relatively large amount of gas dissolves in a liquid. This principle is used in the preparation of soda water where excess CO₂ is dissolved in water by applying pressure.

Question 16. Why does soda water fizz when the cap of the bottle is removed?

Answer:

At a particular temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with increase in pressure. In soda water bottles, carbon dioxide is dissolved in water applying high pressure.

When the cap of the bottle is removed, the pressure suddenly decreases and as a result the solubility of CO₂ in water decreases. Consequently, excess carbon dioxide comes out from water and eventually causes the fizz.

Question 17. A bottle containing liquor ammonia must be cooled before opening. Why?

Answer:

A bottle containing liquor ammonia must be cooled before opening.

A saturated aqueous solution of ammonia is called liquor ammonia. With rise in temperature, solubility of NH₃ in water decreases and hence some NH₃ gas comes out of the solution and causes excess pressure inside the bottle.

If the bottle is opened under this condition, then excess NH₃ gas along with some dissolved NH₃ gas may spurt out from the bottle causing serious accident. However, if the bottle is cooled down, the excess NH₃ again dissolves in water and no such accident occurs when the bottle is opened.

Question 18. Why bubbles are formed when water is heated?

Answer:

Some amount of air generally remains dissolved in water at room temperature. Now solubility of gases in liquid decreases with increase in temperature. That is why solubility of air decreases when we heat the water and hence the excess air comes out of water forming bubbles.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Very Short Answer Type Questions Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1. HCI (g) dissolves in water, because HCI

1. Is a gaseous substance
2. Reacts with water
3. Is an ionic compound
4. Is a polar covalent compound

Answer: 4. Is a polar covalent compound

Question 2. Water can dissolve ionic compounds, because water is a/an

1. Covalent compound
2. Ionic compound
3. Polar covalent compound
4. Liquid

Answer: 3. Polar covalent compound

Question 3. The temperature upto which the solubility curve for the solubility of Glauber’s salt in water rises is

1. 25.5°C
2. 32.4°C
3. 35.2°C
4. 37.24°C

Answer: 2. 32.4°C

Question 4. At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a given volume of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. This statement is known as

1. Boyle’s law
2. Charles’ law
3. Raoult’s law
4. Henry’s law

Answer: 4. Henry’s law

Question 5. 01 Unit of solubility is

1. g • cm^-3
2. kg • m^-3
3. g
4. Unitless

Answer: 4. Unitless

Question 6. With rise in temperature, the solubility of Glauber’s salt (Na₂SO₄ • 10H₂O) in water

1. Decreases
2. Increases
3. Remains almost unchanged
4. Initially increases and then decreases

Answer: 4. Initially increases and then decreases

Question 7. With rise in temperature, the solubility of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) in water

1. Decreases
2. Increases
3. Remains almost unchanged
4. Initially increases and then decreases

Answer: 1. Decreases

Question 8. Which of the following units of concentration is not affected by any change in temperature?

1. Mass-volume percentage (% W/V)
2. Mass percentage (% W/W)
3. Moles per litre
4. Gram per litre

Answer: 2. Mass percentage (% W/W)

Question 9. With rise in temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remains almost unchanged
4. Initially increases and then decreases.

Answer: 2. Decreases

Question 10. 10% Na₂CO₃ solution means

1. 10g Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in 100 mL solution
2. 100g Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in 10 mL solution
3. 10g Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in lOmL solution
4. 10g Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in 100g solution

Answer: 1. 10g Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in 100 mL solution

Question 11. The amount of NaCI present in 200 mL of 50% NaCI solution is

1. 50 g
2. 75 g
3. 100 g
4. 150 g

Answer: 3. 100 g

Question 12. The concentration of a solution prepared by dissolving 40 g NaOH in 1000 mL water will be

1. 1 mol • L^-1
2. 2 mol • L^-1
3. 3 mol • L^-1
4. 4 mol • L^-1

Answer: 1. 1 mol • L^-1

Question 13. If xg of a solute is required to make yg saturated solution at f°C temperature; solubility at that temperature will be

1. x/y x 100
2. y
3. \(\frac{x}{y-x} \times\) x 100
4. \(\frac{y}{x-y} \times\) x 100

Answer: 3. \(\frac{x}{y-x} \times\) x 100

Question 14. With increase in temperature, the solubility of slaked lime in water

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Remains same
4. Increases firstly then decreases

Answer: 2. Decreases

Question 15. Solubility does not depend upon

1. Temperature
2. Pressure
3. Nature of solvent
4. Gravitational force of the earth

Answer:  4. Gravitational force of the earth

Question 16. The gas which comes out as effervescence from a bottle of soda water when we open it is

1. NH₃
2. H₂
3. He
4. CO₂

Answer: 4. CO₂

Question 17. The solubility of which one decreases with increase in temperature?

1. KNO₃
2. Ca(OH)₂
3. NaCI
4. NH₄CI

Answer: 2. Ca(OH)₂

Question 18. Solubility of NaCI in water at 273K is 37. Amount of water required to make a saturated solution containing 100g of NaCI at that temperature will be

1. 270.27g
2. 245 g
3. 222.22g
4. 145 g

Answer: 1. 270.27 g

Question 19. Solubility of which one in water increases reading with increase in temperature?

1. Ca(OH)₂
2. NaNO₃
3. NaCI
4. NH₄CI

Answer: 2. NaNO₃

Question 20. Solubility of which one increases slightly with increase in temperature?

1. ZnSO₄
2. CaSO₄
3. NaCI
4. Na₂SO₄-10H₂O

Answer: 3. NaCI

Question 21. With increase in pressure, the solubility of a solid in a liquid

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Firstly increases and then decreases
4. Remains same

Answer: 4. Remains same

Question 22. Amount of Na₂CO₃ in 100 ml of 25% Na₂CO₃ solution

1. 25 g
2. 2.5 g
3. 225 g
4. 250g

Answer: 4. 250g

Question 23. If we express the strength of 10% Na₂CO₃ solution as mol/litre, it will be

1. 2.00
2. 1.00
3. 0.74
4. 0.94

Answer: 4. 0.94

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Answer In Brief

Question 1. What is the unit of solubility?

Answer: Solubility is a unitless physical quantity. It has no unit.

Question 2. Name some compounds whose solubility in water decreases with the increase in temperature.

Answer: The compounds whose solubility in water decreases with the increase in temperature are calcium sulphate (CaSO₄), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], slaked lime or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], cerium sulphate [Ce₂(SO₄)₃] etc.

Question 3. Name a solid whose solubility in water remains almost constant with change in temperature.

Answer: Solubility of common salt or sodium chloride (NaCI) in water remains almost constant with change in temperature

Question 4. Name a solid whose solubility in water initially increases with the rise in temperature but starts to decrease when the temperature is further increased.

Answer: The solubility of Glauber’s salt (Na₂SO₄-10H₂O) in water initially increases with the rise in temperature up to 32.4°C and then the solubility begins to decrease when the temperature is further increased.

Question 5. How is the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent affected by pressure?

Answer: There is no effect of pressure on the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent.

Question 6. State Henry’s law.

Answer:

Henry’s law:

At constant temperature, the solubility of a given gas in a given volume of liquid solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas.

Question 7. What will happen if a saturated solution of sugar prepared at room temperature is cooled down to 5°C?

Answer: When a saturated solution of sugar prepared at room temperature is cooled down to 5°C, the solubility of sugar decreases and some amount of sugar settles down at the bottom.

Question 8. How much NaCI is present in 50 mL of 20% aqueous solution of NaCI?

Answer: 50 mL of 20% aqueous solution of NaCI will contain 10 g of NaCI.

Question 9. What change in W/V concentration of a • solution will be observed with the rise in temperature?

Answer: If the solvent does not evaporate on heating, then the W/V concentration of a solution generally decreases if the temperature is increased.

Question 10. Why does molarity of a solution depend on temperature?

Answer: Molarity of a solution is the number of moles, of solute present per litre of a solution. As the volume of solution depends on temperature (although mass of solute is independent of temperature), the molarity of a solution also depends on temperature.

Question 11. Why the statement—“Solubility of NaCO₃ in water is 20“—is erroneous?

Answer: The temperature is not mentioned here which makes the statement erroneous.

Question 12. What do you mean by the statement— Solubility curve of NaCI is almost parallel to x-axis?

Answer: It means that the solubility of NaCI in water remains almost unaltered with change in temperature.

Question 13. State whether the solubility of gas in water increases or decreases with decrease in pressure.

Answer: Solubility of gas in water decreases with decrease in pressure.

Question 14. How the solubility of Ca(OH)₂ changes with increase in temperature.

Answer: Solubility of Ca(OH)₂ in water decreases with increase in temperature.

Question 15. Which of the following solutions of higher concentration: 100 g/L NaOH and 10 molar NaOH.

Answer: Concentration of NaOH in 10 molar NaOH solution is higher.

Question 16. What do you mean by 15% Na₂CO₃ solution.

Answer: 15% Na₂CO₃ solution means that 15 g of Na₂CO₃ is dissolved in 100 ml solution.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. If 5 g of a salt is dissolved in 50 mL water, then the strength of the solution will be _______ % (W/V).

Answer: 10

Question 2. The solubility of those substances which absorb heat during dissolution in water, _______ with the rise in temperature.

Answer: Increase

Question 3. The chemical substance added to a mixture of two immiscible substances to increase the stability of the emulsion is called a/an _______ agent.

Answer: Emulsifying

Question 4. The solubility-curve for the solubility of NaCI in water is almost ________ to the temperature-axis.

Answer: Parallel

Question 5. The solubility curve of ________ rises up with the rise in temperature and then starts decreasing after reaching a maximum.

Answer: Glauber’s salt

Question 6. The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water ________ with rise in temperature.

Answer: Decreases

Question 7. The solubility of Glauber’s salt at 32.4°C as obtained from its solubility curve actually represents the solubility of ________

Answer: Anhydrous Na₂SO₄

Question 8. CO₂ is dissolved in water at ________ pressure to produce soda water.

Answer: High

Question 9. With rise in temperature, the %(W/V) strength of a solution _________

Answer: Decreases

Question 10. To express the solubility of a substance, mentioning of ________ is necessary.

Answer: Temperature

Question 11. If 10 g of NaOH is dissolved in 100 ml of NaOH solution, strength of the solution is ________

Answer: 10%

Question 12. Solubility of CO₂ in water _______ with increase in temperature.

Answer: Decreases

Question 13. Solubility of solids in liquid depends on _______

Answer: Temperature

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit State Whether True Or False

Question 1. The amount of CaCI₂ present in 500 mL of 25% CaCI₂ solution is 125 g.

Answer: True

Question 2. The unit of solubility is gram per litre.

Answer: False

Question 3. The solubility of cerium sulphate decreases with the rise in temperature.

Answer: True

Question 4. Molarity of a solution is independent of temperature.

Answer: False

Question 5. The solubility of a gas in a liquid usually decreases with the increase in pressure above the liquid.

Answer: False

Question 6. W/V concentration of a solution increases with the rise in temperature.

Answer: False

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic B Solubility Strength Of Solution And Its Unit Numerical Examples

Question 1. At 50°C, 100g of a saturated solution on complete evaporation gives 5O g of residue. Find the solubility of the substance at that temperature.

Answer:

Given

At 50°C, 100g of a saturated solution on complete evaporation gives 5O g of residue.

Amount of solvent = Amount of solution – Amount of solute = (100 – 50) g = 50 g

∴ At 50°C, 50 g of solvent dissolves 50 g of solute

∴ 1 g of solvent dissolves 50/50 g of solute

∴ 100 g of solvent dissolves 50/50 x 100 g of solute = 100 g of solute.

Hence, solubility of the substance at 50°C is 100.

Question 2. At 30°C, the solubility of a salt in water is 40. Find the amount of water required to make a saturated solution of 30 g of the salt at that temperature.

Answer:

Given

At 30°C, the solubility of the salt in water is 40.

∴ 40 g of the solute dissolves in 100 g of water.

∴ 30 g of the solute dissolves in x 30 g of water = 75 g of water.

Thus, 75 g of water will be required to make a saturated solution of 30 g of the salt at 30°C.

Question 3. The solubility of a salt in water at 60 30°C are 140 and 75 respectively. 50 g of the saturated solution of that salt at 60°C is cooled down to 30°C. How much of the salt will separate out from the solution?

Answer: 

At 60° C, 100g of water disisolves 140g salt.

∴ 50g of water dissolves (\(\frac{140}{100} \times 50\))g =70g salt.

At 30°C, 100g of water dissolves 75 g salt.

∴ 50g of water dissolves (\(\frac{75}{100} \times 50\)) g = 37.5g salt.

∴ When the solution is cooled down to 30°C, the amount of solute that will separate out from the solution = (70 – 37.5)g = 32.5g

Question 4. At 40°C, 20g of an unsaturated solution on evaporation gives 4g residue. What amount of salt has to be dissolved in 100 g of solution to make a saturated solution? [Solubility of the salt in water at 40°C is 40]

Answer:

Given

20 g of solution has 4g of salt dissolved in it.

∴ 100g of solution will contain 4/20 x 100 g of the salt = 20g of the salt

∴ 100g of the solution contains = (100 – 20)g = 80 g water

∴ At 40°C, 100 g of water is saturated by \(\frac{40 \times 80}{100}\) g salt = 32 g of the salt

Hence, amount of salt required to make the solution saturated = (32 – 20) g = 12g

Question 5. Concentration of a solution containing NaOH is 100 g • L^-1. Express the concentration in mass-volume percentage (% W/V).

Answer:

1000 mL of the solution contains 100g NaOH.

∴ 100 mL of the solution contains \(\frac{100 \times 100}{1000}\) g of NaOH = 10 g of NaOH.

Hence, concentration in mass-volume percentage (% W/V) = 10%

Question 6. 1.575 g oxalic acid is dissolved in 250 mL water. Find the cone, of the solution in g-L^-1 & %W/V.

Answer:

In 250 mL water, the amount of oxalic acid dissolved is 1.575 g.

∴ In 1000 mL water, the amount of oxalic acid dissolved will be = \(\frac{1.575 \times 1000}{250} \mathrm{~g}\) = 6.3 g

Hence, concentration of the solution is 6.3g • L^-1.

Again, 1000 mL of water dissolves 6.3 g oxalic acid.

∴ 100 mL of water dissolves \(\frac{6.3 \times 100}{1000}\) g = 0.63 g

oxalic acid. Hence, concentration of the solution in % W/V = 0.63%

Question 7. 60g NaOH is dissolved in 500 mL water. Express the cone, of the solution in mol • L^-1.

Answer:

In 500 mL water, mass of NaOH dissolved = 60g

∴ In 1000 mL water, mass of NaOH dissolved = 60/500 x 1000 = 120g

Now, molecular mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40.

∴ 1 mol NaOH = 40 g NaOH.

∴ 120 g NaOH = 120/40 mol Na0H = 3 mo1 NaOH

Hence, 1 L of the solution contains 3 mol of NaOH. So, the concentration of the solution is 3mol • L^-1.

Question 8. How many grams of 50% (W/W) H₂SO₄ solution will be required to prepare 500 mL 2 (M) H₂SO₄ solution?

Answer:

Molecular mass of H₂SO₄ = 98.

∴ Mass of H₂SO₄ in 1000mL 2 (M) H₂SO₄ = 2 x 98 = 196g

Mass of H₂SO₄ dissolved in 500 mL 2 (M) H₂SO₄= 2 x 98/1000 x 5008 = 98g

Now, in 50% (W/W) H₂SO₄ solution, 100 g of the solution has 50g of H₂SO₄ dissolved in it.

∴ 98g H₂SO₄is dissolved in 100/50 x 98g = 196 g solution.

Hence, 196 g of H₂SO₄ solution will be required.

Question 9. Mass percentage & molar concentration of an HNO₃ solution are 31.5 and 4 (M) respectively. Express the density in g • mL^-1.

Answer:

Mass percentage of HNO₃ solution is 31.5. Hence, 100g of solution has 31.5 g HNO₃.

Let, the density of the solution be d g • mL^-1.

∴ Volume of 100 g of the solution = 100/d mL

Now, 31.5g HN03 = 31.5/63 mol = 0.5 mol HNO₃

Hence, the molar concentration of the solution = \(\frac{0.5}{100 / d} \times 1000\)  = 5  x d(M)

Now, 5 x d = 4; Hence, d = 0.8

Thus, density of the solution is 0.8 g • mL^-1.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution Synopsis

1. The solution in which the maximum amount of solute remains dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature is called a saturated solution.
2. An unsaturated solution is one in which, the solvent has the capacity to dissolve more amount of solute at a particular temperature.
3. A supersaturated solution at a particular temperature is defined as the solution in which the solvent, under special conditions, contains more amount of solute than that required to form a saturated solution.
4. A supersaturated solution is highly unstable. It readily precipitates the excess solute, when the solution is disturbed or shaken.
5. The strength of a solution is generally expressed in mass percentage (% W/W), mass-volume percentage (% W/V), volume percentage (% V/V), mol • L^-1 or g • L^-1 units.
6. x% W/V aqueous solution of a substance means that, at a given temperature x g of the substance is dissolved in 100mL water.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution Short And Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is a saturated solution?

Answer:

Saturated solution

A solution in which, the maximum amount of solute remains dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature, is called a saturated solution. If more amount of solute is further added to the solution at that temperature, the excess solute settles at the bottom, but the concentration of the solution remains unchanged

Question 2. What is an unsaturated solution?

Answer:

Unsaturated solution

An unsaturated solution is one in which, at a particular temperature, the solvent has the capacity to dissolve more amount of solute. On adding more solute, the concentration of the solution increases and after some time the solution becomes saturated.

Question 3. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated solutions.

Answer:

The differences between saturated and unsaturated solutions are as follows

Question 4. How will you convert a saturated solution into an unsaturated solution?

Answer:

A saturated solution can be converted to an unsaturated solution by the following methods

1. At a particular temperature, a saturated solution can be made unsaturated by adding some more amount of solvent.
2. In most cases, on heating, a saturated solution becomes unsaturated at a higher temperature.

Question 5. How will you convert an unsaturated solution into a saturated solution?

Answer:

An unsaturated solution can be converted to a saturated solution by the following methods

1. At a particular temperature, an unsaturated solution can be made saturated by adding some more amount of solute.
2. In most cases, on cooling, an unsaturated solution becomes saturated at a lower temperature.
3. Evaporating some amount of solvent from a solution by heating and then subsequently cooling the solution to its initial temperature will decrease the amount of solvent in the solution. The solution thus obtained is a saturated solution at that temperature.

Question 6. Why the saturated solution of glauber salt cannot be unsaturated by heating the solution?

Answer:

The solubility of glauber salt (Na₂SO₄ – 10H₂O) increases rapidly with increase in temperature upto 32.4°C. At a higher temperature than 32.4°C, the salt looses its water of crystallisation and transform to anhydrous sodium sulphate.

On increasing the temperature above 32.4°C solubility of anhydrous sodium sulphate decreases with increase in temperature. As a consequence, the excess salt gets precipitated out from the saturated solution. Hence the above solution cannot be unsaturated by heating.

Question 7. What is a supersaturated solution?

Answer:

Supersaturated solution

A supersaturated solution at a particular temperature is defined as the solution in which the solvent contains more solute at a specific condition than that required to form a saturated solution at that temperature.

Question 8. State two important characteristics of a supersaturated solution.

Answer:

Two important characteristics of a supersaturated solution are

A supersaturated solution is highly unstable. Excess solute from the solution settles down at the bottom of the beaker on slightly shaking the solution, by adding a small crystal of the solute or in presence of dust particles.

On adding more solute to a supersaturated solution at a particular temperature, the concentration of the solution decreases.

Question 9. How will you prepare the super saturated solution of sodium thiosulphate?

Answer:

A small amount of hypo or sodium thiosulphate crystal is taken in a test tube and closed at top with cotton. The test tube is then immersed partially in boiling water bath. Crystals lose their water of crystallisation and get dissolved in that water forming a clear solution.

The test tube is then cooled, without stirring, to room temperature. The solution thus obtained is the super saturated solution of sodium thiosulphate.

Question 10. Differentiate between saturated and supersaturated solutions.

Answer:

The differences between saturated and supersaturated solutions are as follows

Question 11. With the help of a simple experiment, how will you determine whether a solution is saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated?

Answer:

A solution of a given solute in a given solvent is taken. Some more amount of the solute is added to the solution. The following observations will help us to identify whether this solution is saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated

1. If the solute completely or partially dissolves in the solution on stirring at the same temperature, then the solution is an unsaturated solution.
2. If the added solute deposits at the bottom of the beaker instead of dissolving and its concentration remains unchanged, then it is a saturated solution.
3. If on addition of excess solute, the added solute separates out from the solution and settles at the bottom of the beaker instead of dissolving and the amount of deposited solute is more than the added amount of solute, then the solution is a supersaturated solution.

Question 12. You have been given a saturated solution of common salt at room temperature. If the temperature of the solution has been reducedto5°Cby keeping it in an ice block, will the solution remain saturated? What will bethe probable observations?

Answer:

1. The solution will remain saturated.
2. Solubility of common salt changes slightly with temperature. So by cooling the solution only a little amount of salt will be observed to get precipitated out.

Question 13. what is the reason behind the damage of health of the paint workers?

Answer:

Many volatile substances like methylated spirit, tarpene oil, naptha, acetone etc. are used as solvent of paints during painting. These solvents evaporated at room temperature and enter easily to the body of the paint workers through inhalation. These can easily be in contact with the skin of the workers also.

These solvents cause allergy and several bronchiole or lung diseases which causes harm to the health of the workers involved in painting.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution Very Short Answer Type Questions Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1. A supersaturated solution in water can be prepared by

1. CuSO₄ • 5H₂O
2. Na₂SO₄ • 10H₂O
3. FeSO₄ • 7H₂O
4. Na₂S₂O₃ • 5H₂O

Answer: 4. Na₂S₂O₃ • 5H₂O

Question 2. The amount of dissolved solute present in a supersaturated solution compared to the maximum amount of solute that can be present in a saturated solution at a given temperature is

1. Less
2. More
3. Equal
4. None of these

Answer: 2. More

Question 3. Formula of hypo

1. Na₂SO₄  • 10H₂O
2. Na₂S₂O₃
3. Na₂S₂O₃  • 5H₂O
4. NaHSO₄

Answer: 3. Na₂S₂O₃  • 5H₂O

Question 4. What happens when the temperature of the KNO₃ solution saturated at 80°C reduces to 40°C?

1. No change
2. Solution will become unsaturated
3. Some amount of KNO₃ will settle down
4. Solution will become supersaturated

Answer: 3. Some amount of KNO₃ will settle down

Question 5. The solution in which more solute can be dissolved, is

1. Saturated solution
2. Unsaturated solution
3. Supersaturated solution
4. Colloid

Answer: 2. Unsaturated solution

Question 6. If some amount of solute is added to a saturated solution at a definite temperature, density of the solution will

1. Increase
2. Reduce
3. Remain same
4. None of the above

Answer: 3. Remain same

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution Answer In Brief

Question 1. Classify solutions on the basis of their concentration.

Answer: On the basis of their concentration, solutions can be classified into three types—saturated solution, unsaturated solution and supersaturated solution.

Question 2. Among saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions, which one is the least stable?

Answer: A supersaturated solution is the least stable.

Question 3. Name a solid which can form a supersaturated solution.

Answer: Sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂O₃ 5H₂O), commonly known as hypo, can form a supersaturated solution.

Question 4. State whether the solubility of common salt dissolved in a cup of water will be equal in Kolkata and Sikkim.

Answer: The solubility of a substance salt depends on temperature. As the temperature of the two places are different, the solubility of common salt in a cup of water will also be different.

Question 5. What amount of of acid (in g) is present per litre of 2 (M) H₂SO₄ solution? (Molecular mass of H₂SO₄ is 98)

Answer: Per litre of 2 (M) H₂SO₄ solution will contain 98 x 2 = 196 g of acid.

Question 6. Which type of solutions cannot form a saturated solution?

Answer: Solutions consisting of two miscible liquids can never form a saturated solution. For example, a solution of water and ethyl alcohol cannot form a saturated solution.

Question 7. On cooling a saturated solution, whether it remains saturated or not?

Answer: If we cool a saturated solution, some amount of solute gets precipitated out. But the remaining solution remains saturated.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution Fill In The Blanks

Question 1. A _______  solution is one, whose concentration increases if some more solute is added to the solution.

Answer: Unsaturated

Question 2. In a ________ solution, the concentration remains unchanged even if some amount of solute is added to it.

Answer: Saturated

Question 3. A saturated solution dissolves more solute under a specific condition to produce _______ solution.

Answer: Supersaturated

Question 4. At a particular temperature, the dissolved solute particles in a saturated solution is in _______ with the precipitated particles.

Answer: Equilibrium

Question 5. At a given temperature, if some more solute is added to a supersaturated solution, its solubility ________

Answer: Decreases

Question 6. Unsaturated solution can absorb more _______

Answer: Solute

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic C Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Solution State Whether True Or False

Question 1. An unsaturated aqueous solution of ammonia is called liquid ammonia.

Answer: False

Question 2. Supersaturated solutions are stable in nature.

Answer: False

Question 3. A saturated solution remains saturated at any temperature.

Answer: False

Question 4. When more solute is added to a saturated solution, the excess solute will be sedimented.

Answer: True

Question 5. Supersaturated solution cannot be prepared by heating copper sulphate crystal in water- bath.

Answer: True

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Synopsis

1. The continuous random motion of colloidal particles in a colloidal solution is known as Brownian motion.
2. Colloidal particles exhibit Brownian motion in a colloidal solution. However, Brownian motion is not observed in case of particles of a suspension.
3. The process by which crystals of a substance are formed from its saturated solution or its molten state either by cooling the solution or by sublimation is known as crystallisation.
4. The phenomenon of spontaneous mixing of two or more substances irrespective of their nature without any external help to form a homogeneous mixture is called diffusion.
5. Apart from water, compounds such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, chloroform, kerosene etc, are also used as solvents. These are known as aprotic solvents.
6. Use of volatile solvents may cause serious health hazards.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Short And Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are crystals? On which factors does the shape of a crystal depend?

Answer:

Crystals:-

1. Homogeneous solid substances having definite geometrical shape and bounded by symmetrically arranged plane surfaces that meet up at sharp edges are known as crystals. The substances formed of crystalline particles are known as crystalline substances. Some common examples are alum, diamond, sugar, copper sulphate etc.
2. The shape of a crystal entirely depends on the number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) present in the crystal and their geometrical arrangement.

Question 2. What do you mean by crystallisation and residue?

Answer:

Crystallisation And Residue:-

Crystallisation: The process by which crystals of a substance are formed from its saturated solution or molten state either by cooling the solution or by sublimation is known as crystallisation.

Residue: The remaining solution that is left behind in the beaker after a solid is separated out as crystals from its saturated solution on cooling is called residue.

Question 3. What is the primary condition for the purification of a solid by crystallisation?

Answer:

The Primary Condition For The Purification Of A Solid By Crystallisation:-

To purify a solid by crystallisation method, the solid must be soluble in a specific solvent while the impurities present in the solid must be insoluble or have different solubilities in that particular solvent.

Question 4. Mention two important applications of crystallisation.

Answer:

Two Important Applications Of Crystallisation:-

1. Sea water contains different impurities along with dissolved salts. The method of crystallisation is applied for the removal of those impurities and extraction of salt from sea water.
2. Impure samples of potash alum [K₂SO₄ – AI₂(SO₄)₃– 24H₂O] and nitre (KNO₃) are purified by crystallisation.

Question 5. Crystallisation is a more effective method for purifying a solid than evaporation. Explain.

Answer:

Crystallisation Is A More Effective Method For Purifying A Solid Than Evaporation:-

1. Crystallisation is a more effective method for purifying a solid than evaporation because of the following reasons
2. During evaporation, the solvent is evaporated from the solution by applying heat. However on heating, some solids may decompose to produce new substances or substances like sugar may also get burnt to form a black mass of carbon particles.
3. During evaporation, the solid impurities present in the solution do not separate out from the solution. So, the residue may contain large amount of impurities along with the desired substance. Thus, the solid obtained by evaporation may not be pure. However, during crystallisation, the impurities remain in the solution, while the solid crystallises out in pure form.

Question 6. What is overgrowth? What is seed crystal? Give examples.

Answer:

Overgrowth:-

1. When a small crystal of the solute is dipped into its saturated solution with the help of a thread, the crystal grows bigger in size due to deposition of more solute crystals on its surface. This phenomenon is known as overgrowth of crystal.
2. Seed crystal is a small crystal of the solute, dipped into its saturated solution with the help of a thread. The crystal becomes larger due to deposition of more solute crystals on its surface.
3. If a small crystal of potash alum is dipped into a saturated solution of alum, alum starts depositing on the surface of the crystal and it grows bigger in size. Here, the small crystal is the seed crystal and the phenomenon is called overgrowth.

Question 7. Mention some uses of seed crystals in different industries.

Answer:

Uses Of Seed Crystals In Different Industries:-

1. Seed crystals find important applications in many industries, such as
2. During production of cane sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane juice, pure crystals of sugar are used as seed crystals.
3. Seed crystals are used to accelerate the crystallisation of precious stones (like diamond), gemstones (like sapphire) and semiconductors (like silicone, germanium etc.)
4. In Baeyer’s process of extraction of alumina, hydrated crystals of Al₂O₃ are used as seed crystals to accelerate precipitation of alumina.

Question 8. What is diffusion?

Answer:

Diffusion:-

The phenomenon of spontaneous mixing of two or more substances irrespective of their nature and. molar mass, without any external help to form a homogeneous mixture is called diffusion. In a solution, the solute particles move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration due to diffusion until a homogeneous mixture is formed.

Question 9. How does diffusion take place?

Answer:

Diffusion Take Place As Follows:-

In a solution, both solvent and solute molecules move incessantly due to their high kinetic energy.

Consequently, the solute molecules collide among themselves as well as with the solvent molecules leading to continuous and random motion (Brownian motion). As a result, the solute particles move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration by the process of diffusion until an equilibrium is reached.

Question 10. “Like dissolves like”— explain the statement with examples.

Answer:

“Like Dissolves Like”:-

When a solute is added to a solvent, three different types of interactions take place in the solution

1. Solvent-solvent interaction,
2. Solute-solute interaction and
3. Solvent-solute interaction.

When the nature and extent of these three interactions are similar, then the solute dissolves in the solvent. For example, polar solutes like sodium chloride dissolve easily in polar solvents like water.

In this solution, the interaction between two water molecules is almost identical to the interaction between sodium chloride molecules as well as that between water and sodium chloride molecules. Similarly, a non-polar solute is found to be highly soluble in non-polar organic solvents.

Question 11. Write some uses of solvent.

Answer:

Some Uses Of Solvent:-

In different industries, methyl alcohol is extensively used as a solvent for colours, varnishes, celluloid substances, cements, fats etc.

Question 12. Write some uses of ethyl alcohol as a solvent.

Answer:

Uses Of Ethyl Alcohol As A Solvent:-

Ethyl alcohol is a very important solvent. It is used in different industries to dissolve resins, soaps, varnishes, colours, rayons, lax, synthetic rubbers, synthetic fibres, dyes etc. Ethyl alcohol is also used extensively as a solvent in pharmaceutical industries.

Question 13. Write some uses of acetone as a solvent.

Answer:

Uses Of Acetone As A Solvent:-

Acetone is a widely used organic solvent in chemical industries. It is used as a solvent for acetylene and semi-synthetic polymers like nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate etc. It is also used to dissolve varnishes and polishing materials.

Question 14. Write some uses of kerosene as a solvent.

Answer:

Uses Of Kerosene As A Solvent:-

Kerosene is an important organic solvent. It is used to dissolve different organic substances as well as colours. It can also remove colour stains from clothes.

Question 15. Write some uses of chloroform as a solvent.

Answer:

Uses Of Chloroform As A Solvent:-

Chloroform is an excellent organic solvent. In different industries, it is used to dissolve substances like fat, rubber, wax, resin etc. It is also widely used in the extraction of oils, gums and alkaloids.

Question 16. Why are volatile solvents used to dissolve colours and varnishes?

Answer:

Volatile Solvents Used To Dissolve Colours And Varnishes:-

Colours and varnishes are generally dissolved in volatile solvents because of the following reasons

1. When the colour or varnish is applied on a surface, the volatile solvent evaporates easily. As a result, a smooth layer of colour or varnish is obtained.
2. When a colour is sprayed by dissolving it in a volatile solvent, less amount of colour is required thus, making the process more cost-effective.

Question 17. Discuss some harmful effects of using volatile solvents.

Answer:

Harmful Effects Of Using Volatile Solvents:-

In our everyday life, we come across a number of volatile solvents. Volatile organic solvents like methyl alcohol, methylated spirit, turpentine or tarpin oil, naphtha, acetone etc. are widely used as solvents for oil paints, paint thinners, spray paints, varnishes etc.

Being volatile in nature, these solvents evaporate very fast even at ordinary temperature and can enter our body through respiratory system and get absorbed in the blood through our lungs.

In fact, these solvents may directly come in contact with our skin. Thus exposure to these solvent may cause serious damage to our body. The harmful effects caused by volatile solvents can be categorised into two groups

1. Harmful effects due to short-term exposure and
2. Harmful effects due to long-term exposure.

Harmful effects due to short term exposure to volatile solvents include

1. Allergies,
2. Headache,
3. Asthma,
4. Nausea and vomiting tendency,
5. Drowsiness,
6. Burning sensation in respiratory tract eyes, nose etc.

Harmful effects due to long term exposure to volatile solvents include

1. Increased risk of cancer,
2. Damage of kidneys and liver,
3. Delayed childhood development and
4. Damage of central nervous system.

Question 18. Mention the harmful effects of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and acetone when they are used as solvents.

Answer:

Harmful Effects Of Ethyl Alcohol:

It is used as a solvent for different medicines. On entering the human body, it affects the nervous system. Thus, transmission of nervous impulse across the body gets disrupted and the person suffers from dizziness, Ethyl alcohol also reacts with some medicines and cause adverse side effects.

Harmful Effects Of Methyl Alcohol:

Methyl alcohol (CH₃OH) is a volatile toxic compound and it decomposes to form formaldehyde (HCHO). If 10 mL CH₃OH enters into the body, it may cause blindness due to the effect of HCHO, if 30 mL enters, the person may become unconscious and if 100 mL enters the body, the person may even die.

Harmful Effects Of Acetone:

If excess acetone enters into the body through respiration, then it may lead to temporary nervous breakdown.

Question 19. Mention the harmful effects of chloroform and kerosfene when they are used as solvents.

Answer:

Harmful Effects Of Chloroform:

Excess chloroform on entering the body through respiration, paralyses the central nervous system. It can even cause cardiac problems leading to death. In presence of light and air, chloroform gets oxidised to form poisonous carbonyl chloride or phosgene (COCI₂) gas.

Harmful Effects Of Kerosene:

Kerosene has a suffocating and choking odour and it adversely affects living organisms.

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Very Short Answer Type Questions Choose The Correct Answers

Question 1. Brownian motion of colloidal particles is caused due to

1. Convection
2. Attraction between the particles of dispersed phase and dispersion medium
3. Unequal collision between the particles of dispersed phase and dispersion medium
4. Change in temperature

Answer: 3. Unequal collision between the particles of dispersed phase and dispersion medium

Question 2. The correct order for diffusion is

1. Solid > liquid > gas
2. Liquid > solid > gas
3. Gas > solid > liquid
4. Gas > liquid > solid

Answer: 4. Gas > liquid > solid

Question 3. The Brownian motion of colloidal particles indicates

1. Linear motion
2. Circular motion
3. Spiral motion
4. Random motion

Answer: 4. Random motion

Question 4. Which of the following is not an organic solvent?

1. Liquid ammonia
2. Benzene
3. Chloroform
4. Acetone

Answer: 1. Liquid ammonia

Question 5. Which of the following substances cannot form crystals by sublimation?

1. Iodine
2. Ammonium chloride
3. Sodium chloride
4. Benzoic acid

Answer: 3. Sodium chloride

Question 6. Just before crystallisation, the solution somewhat becomes

1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
3. Supersaturated
4. Precipitated

Answer: 3. Supersaturated

Question 7. An example of a crystalline solid is

1. Glass
2. Wax
3. Pitch
4. Common salt

Answer: 4. Common salt

Question 8. An example of an amorphous solid is

1. Sugar
2. Salt
3. Glass
4. Blue vitriol

Answer: 3. Glass

Question 9. Which of the following is a method of crystallisation?

1. Sublimation
2. Filtration
3. Fractional distillation
4. Decantation

Answer: 1. Sublimation

Question 10. Mixing of the solute and solvent particles due to continuous, random motion of the particles is known as

1. Osmosis
2. Diffusion
3. Effusion
4. Distillation

Answer: 2. Diffusion

Question 11. An example of an organic solvent is

1. Water
2. Liquid ammonia
3. Acetone
4. Liquid SO₂

Answer: 3. Acetone

Question 12. An inorganic solvent except water is

1. Chloroform
2. Kerosene
3. Liquid ammonia
4. Ethyl alcohol

Answer: 3. Liquid ammonia

Question 13. An example of lyophilic sol is

1. Gold sol
2. Silver sol
3. Sulphur sol
4. Starch sol

Answer: 4. Sulphur sol

Question 14. An example of a lyophobic sol is

1. Ferric hydroxide sol
2. Starch sol
3. Gelatin
4. Soap

Answer: 1. Ferric hydroxide sol

Question 15. In which of the following diffusion does not take place?

1. Hydrogen and nitrogen
2. Oxygen and water
3. NaCI and Na₂SO₄
4. Sugar and water

Answer: 3. NaCI and Na₂SO₄

Question 16. In which of the following, there is no water of crystallisation?

1. Blue vitriol
2. Borax
3. Washing soda
4. Sugar

Answer: 4. Sugar

Question 17. Anhydrous copper sulphate, by nature, is

1. Deliquescent
2. Hygroscopic
3. Supersaturated
4. None of these

Answer: 2. Hygroscopic

Question 18. The residual solution after separating the crystal by crystallisation is

1. Saturated
2. Unsaturated
3. Supersaturated
4. Colloid

Answer: 1. Saturated

Question 19. Inorganic, non-aqueous solvent is

1. Chloroform
2. Liquid CO₂
3. Ethanol
4. Kerosene

Answer: 2. Liquid CO₂

Question 20. Universal solvent is

1. Alcohol
2. Water
3. Ether
4. All of the above

Answer: 2. Water

Question 21. Which solvent is used to remove nail polish?

1. Ethyl alcohol
2. Methyl alcohol
3. Acetone
4. Tarpene oil

Answer: 3. Acetone

Question 21. Crystal without water of crystallisation is

1. Common salt
2. Blue vitriol
3. Alum
4. Epsom salt

Answer: 1. Common salt

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Answer In Brief

Question 1. Define water of crystallisation.

Answer: One or more than one water molecule attached to the crystals of certain compounds on which the colour and shape of the crystal largely depend is known as water of crystallisation.

Question 2. Write the formula of common alum.

Answer: The formula of common alum is K₂SO₄ – AI₂(SO₄)₃– 24H₂O.

Question 3. Why does diffusion take place in a solution?

Answer: Diffusion takes place due to continuous random motion of solute and solvent particles in a solution.

Question 4. What is the effect of temperature on diffusion of a liquid?

Answer: With the rise in temperature, diffusion in a liquid occurs at a faster rate.

Question 5. Give some examples of organic solvents.

Answer: Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, acetone, chloroform, kerosene, carbon tetrachloride etc., are some examples of organic solvents.

Question 6. Give some examples of inorganic solvents other than water.

Answer: Some examples of inorganic solvents other than water are liquid ammonia, liquid nitrogen dioxide, liquid sulphur dioxide etc.

Question 7. Name a poisonous organic solvent.

Answer: Methyl alcohol

Question 8. Name an organic solvent which is actually a mixture.

Answer: Kerosene is an organic solvent which is actually a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Question 9. Which volatile solvent acts as a anaesthetic?

Answer: Chloroform is used as anaesthetic.

Question 10. Give an example of a solvent which can dissolve both of sulphur and phosphorous.

Answer: Carbon disulphide (CS₂).

Question 11. Name two non-aqueous solvent.

Answer: Ethyl alcohol and chloroform.

Question 12. Name a crystal containing water of crystallisation.

Answer: Hypo or sodium thiosulphate (Na₂S₂O₃ – 5H₂O).

Question 13. Name the solvent used in paint and varnish.

Answer: Methylated spirit, tarpene oil, naptha, acetone etc.

Question 14. Give an example of efflorescent crystal.

Answer: Blue vitriol or blue stone i.e. CuSO₄, 5H₂O is an example of efflorescent crystal.

Question 15. Give an example of a crystal which control water of crystallisation but is not an efflorescent one.

Answer: Common alum [K₂SO₄ – AI₂(SO₄)₃– 24H₂O].

Question 16. What happens when blue vitriol is heated over 250°C?

Answer: Water of crystallisation of blue vitriol crystal evaporated upon heating over 250°C to produce white powder of amorphous copper sulphate.

Question 17. Mention the number of water of crystallisation in common alum.

Answer: 24

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Fill In the Blanks

Question 1. The size of a crystal depends upon the _______ and _______ of the constituent atoms or particles present in the crystal.

Answer: Size, arrangement

Question 2. Glass is a/an _______ solid.

Answer: Amorphous

Question 3. Acetone is an example of ________

Answer: Organic

Question 4. Number of water of crystallisation in glauber Salt is ______

Answer: 10

Question 5. Example of a crystalline compound without water of crystallisation is _________

Answer: Sodium chloride

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water State Whether True Or False

Question 1. Brownian motion of colloidal particles is continuous and random in nature.

Answer: True

Question 2. In diffusion, the solute particles move from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Answer: True

Question 3. Methyl alcohol on entering the body decomposes to form acetaldehyde.

Answer:  False

Question 4. Chloroform is a volatile solvent which is oxidised to form the toxic compound, phosgene.

Answer: True

Question 5. Seed crystals can accelerate the process of crystallisation of gemstones.

Answer: True

Question 6. Sublimation is a method of crystallisation.

Answer: True

Chapter 4 Matter Solution Topic D Crystallisation Motion Of ParticlesIn Solution And Different Solvents Other Than Water Miscellaneous Type Questions

Match The Column

1.

Answer: 1.D, 2. C, 3. A, 4. B

2.

Answer: 1. B, 2. D, 3. A, 4. C