Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Summary
- The process by which foodstuffs are oxidized in cells to release their energy for utilization in the body is known as respiration. In respiration, O2 is used up and CO2 is released.
- Respiratory organs are semipermeable, most well-developed gas exchange surfaces, and also present a profuse network of blood vessels.
- The chief respiratory sites of plants are stomata, lenticels, pneumatophores, and pneumatophores.
- The different respiratory organs of different animals are seen like body surface, trachea, gill, lungs, etc.
- The accessory respiratory organ of Koi (Anabas), Magur (Clarias), and Singhi (Heteropneustes) are also used where oxygen supply is scanty, so respiration occurs by gills.
- In the case of a human being respiration is associated with the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, diaphragm, and respiratory muscles.
Read and Learn More WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Life Science and Environment
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1 What is meant by organ-level respiration?
Answer:
Organ-Level Respiration:-
The physical process involving the intake of oxygen in the body and the release of carbon dioxide from the body, with the help of typical respiratory organs, is known as organ-level respiration.
WBBSE Class 9 Respiration Solutions
Question 2 How do unicellular organisms perform organ-level respiration?
Answer:
Unicellular Organisms Perform Organ-Level Respiration As Follows:-
Unicellular organisms do not possess organs, therefore they do not perform organ-level respiration, but perform gaseous exchange of O2 and CO, by diffusion through the cell membrane.
WBBSE Life Science And Environment Class 9 Solutions
Question 3 How do sponges and jellyfishes perform organ-level respiration without a respiratory organ?
Answer:
Sponges and jellyfish do not have any respiratory organs. Their body cells perform gaseous exchange by diffusion through respective cell membranes. This is how they perform organ-level respiration.
Question 4 How does the skin of an earthworm act as a respiratory organ?
Answer:
Skin Of An Earthworm Act As A Respiratory Organ As Follows:-
The skin of earthworms always remains moist. Atmospheric oxygen is dissolved in the film of fluid over the skin’s surface. By diffusion, this gas gets mixed in the blood of the capillaries below the skin. The blood plasma of earthworms contains hemoglobin, which receives oxygen and carries it to different parts of the body. This is how the skin of an earthworm acts as a respiratory organ.
Key Questions on Respiration for Class 9
Question 5 Mention the role of spiracles and trachea in the respiration of cockroaches.
Answer:
In cockroaches, 10 pairs of spiracles are present at the two lateral sides of the body. Through these pores, air enters into the trachea. The trachea forms an intricate network inside the body of a cockroach, which ramifies into several branches that help in gaseous exchange.
Question 6 When and how do toads and frogs perform organ-level respiration by skin?
Answer:
Frogs and toads perform organ-level respiration by the skin during hibernation. They have moist, naked glandular skin. This is well permeable to gases. The cutaneous capillaries below the skin can absorb oxygen from the atmosphere by diffusion, which may fulfill their need for oxygen during hibernation.
WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Solutions
Question 7 How does smoking affect the lungs?
Answer:
Smoking Affect The Lungs:-
The smoke of cigarettes and bidis contains different harmful compounds. This smoke enters the human lungs and forms a sticky tar which accumulates in the walls of the alveoli. Due to continuous smoking gradually the lungs lose the ability to gaseous exchange. The harmful compounds cause several diseases emphysema, COPD, and even lung cancer.
Question 8 How many types of intercostal muscles are there? Name them.
Answer:
Types Of Intercostal Muscles:-
There are two types of intercostal muscles external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles. These muscles are present in between 12 pairs of rib bones.
Question 9 How do plants respire?
Answer:
Plants respire with the help of openings or tiny holes called stomata that are present on the underside of leaves. Stomata are able to trap air containing oxygen and carbon dioxide and the exchange of gases occurs within the plant cells. Other respiration sites of plants are lenticels and cuticles.
Practice Questions for Chapter 3 Respiration
Question 10 How does the diaphragm help in breathing?
Answer:
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle underneath the lungs. When it contracts, oxygen-rich air is pulled inside the lungs and when it relaxes, CO2 is pumped out from the lungs.
Question 11 What is operculum?
Answer:
Operculum:-
It is a plate-like cover made up of muscles and a bony layer present on the outer side of the gills.
WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Solutions
Question 12 Distinguish between the trachea of a cockroach and the trachea of humans.
Answer:
The differences between the trachea of cockroaches and the trachea of humans are:
Question 13 Differentiate between breathing and respiration.
Answer:
The differences between breathing and respiration are:
Question 14 Write the differences between external respiration and internal respiration.
Answer:
The differences between external respiration and internal respiration are:
Important Concepts in Human Respiration for Class 9
Question 15 Write the differences between the right lung and the left lung.
Answer:
The differences between the right lung and left lung are:
Table
WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Solutions
Question 16 Write the differences between inspiration and expiration.
Answer:
The differences between inspiration and expiration are:
Image
Question 17 What is mountain sickness? What are its symptoms?
Answer:
When a person climbs a mountain at 12000- 18000 ft. height, some symptoms of physical sickness are seen due to lack of O, in the body cells. This sickness at high altitudes in mountains is called Mountain sickness.
The symptoms are:
1. Headache
2. Dyspnoea
3. Nausea
4. Pain in the chest
5. Tachycardia
6. Rapid pulse rate
7. Loss of appetite
8. sleeplessness
9. senselessness etc.
Question 18 What are alveoli?
Answer:
Each lung consists of numerous sac-like structures called alveoli. The total number of alveoli in human lungs is 30 x 107 in 70 m2 area of both lungs. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries that help the ‘gaseous exchange between blood and respiratory air.
Question 19 What is pleura?
Answer:
Both lungs are covered by a thin elastic membrane called a pleural membrane. It is two layered membranes. The outer layer is called the visceral layer and the inner one is called the parietal layer.
WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Solutions
Question 20 Write about Adam’s apple.
Answer:
With increasing age at puberty, the thyroid This protrusion of the larynx in front of the neck is cartilage is increased angularly in front of the neck. called ‘Adam’s apple’ which is prominent in males.
Understanding Breathing Mechanisms for Solutions
Question 21 What do you mean by total lung capacity?
Answer:
Total Lung Capacity:-
It is the volume of air that the lungs can hold after maximal inspiration. It varies from 5000-6000 ml in adult males.
Question 22 What is tidal volume?
Answer:
Tidal Volume:-
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing is called tidal volume.
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Answer In A Single Word Or Sentence
Question 1 Which physiological process provides energy to perform life activities?
Answer: Respiration
Question 2 Name two organisms, which exchange respiratory gases through the body surface.
Answer: Amoeba and Hydra
Question 3 Which typical respiratory organ is seen in halophytic plants?
Answer: The pneumatophore or breathing root is the typical respiratory organ of halophytic plants.
Question 4 Name two invertebrates, which perform organ-level respiration by the skin.
Answer: Earthworms and leeches
WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Question And Answer
Question 5 Name two invertebrates, which perform organ-level respiration by gills.
Answer: Crabs and prawns
Question 6 Name a vertebrate, which is capable of performing organ-level respiration by skin.
Answer: Frogs are capable of performing organ-level respiration through the skin.
Question 7 Which parts of the gills act as the site of gaseous exchange?
Answer: Gill lamellae
Question 8 Which part of the lungs acts as the site of gaseous exchange?
Answer: Alveoli of the lungs act as the site of gaseous exchange.
Question 9 Mention a common feature of gill lamellae and alveoli of the lungs.
Answer: Both the gill lamellae and alveoli of the lungs are well vascularised.
Question 10 Name two parts of the human respiratory system, which do not take part in gaseous exchange.
Answer: Trachea and bronchioles
Question 11 Name the opening through which, air enters into the trachea from the pharynx.
Answer: Glottis
Question 12 Where is the larynx located?
Answer: Larynx is located at the upper end of the trachea.
Question 13 Where is the bronchus located?
Answer: Bronchus is located at the lower end of the trachea.
Question 14 Which bony structure holds the gill lamellae in fishes?
Answer: In fishes, the gill lamellae are held by a bony gill arch.
Question 15 Which bony plate covers the gill chamber of bony fishes?
Answer: Operculum
WBBSE Class Nine Life Science
Question 16 Which fine tubular structures supply air directly to the cells in the body of insects?
Answer: Tracheoles supply air directly to the cells in the body of insects.
Question 17 How much air does a healthy adult human inhale or exhale during normal breathing?
Answer: A healthy adult human inhales or exhales 500 ml of air during normal breathing.
Question 18 What is the maximum volume of air, that a healthy adult human can hold in the lungs?
Answer: A healthy adult human can hold a maximum of 4500-5000 ml of air in the lungs.
Question 19 Name the flattened sheet of respiratory muscle, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Answer: The flattened sheet of respiratory muscle which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, is called the diaphragm.
Question 20 How can a person increase the vital capacity of the lungs?
Answer: A person can increase the vital capacity of the lungs by performing breathing exercises or ‘pranayam’
Question 21 Mention two very common diseases caused due to smoking.
Answer: Emphysema and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Question 22 Which typical structure prevents the entry of food particles into the larynx?
Answer: A cartilaginous valve, called the epiglottis, prevents the entry of food particles into the larynx.
Question 23 What is the accessory respiratory organ of Koi fish?
Answer: Labyrinth organ
WBBSE Class Nine Life Science
Question 24 Name two muscles of the human body, which help in breathing.
Answer: Intercostal muscles and the muscular diaphragm of the human body help in breathing.
Sample Solutions from WBBSE Class 9 Life Science Chapter 3
Question 25 Which structures prevent flattening of the trachea during exhalation?
Answer: There are 16 to 20 half ring-like cartilaginous structures, fitted anteriorly to the trachea, which prevent its flattening during exhalation.
Question 26 Name the two parts of the pleura.
Answer: The outer part of the pleura is called the parietal pleura, and the inner part of the pleura is called the visceral pleura.
Question 27 Name a respiratory pigment of vertebrates.
Answer: A respiratory pigment of vertebrates is hemoglobin.
Question 28 Name a respiratory pigment of invertebrates.
Answer: A respiratory pigment of invertebrates is hemocyanin.
Question 29 When do frogs respire through their skin?
Answer: Frogs respire through their skin during hibernation (i.e. winter sleep).
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Fill In The Blanks
1 Respiration is an Anabolic process.
2 Limulus respire through Bookgills
3 The respiratory organ of cockroaches is Trachea
4 Spiders respire through Booklung
5 Todpoles breathe through external Gills
WBBSE Class Nine Life Science
6 During hibernation, animals respire through Skin
7 Accessory respiratory organs found in Somebony fishes
8 Whales respire through Lungs.
9 In blood, oxygen is transported as Oxyhaemoglo
10 Epiglottis is the cartilaginous covering present at the entrance of the larynx.
11 The Larynx is known as Adam’s apple.
12 Vocal cords are located at the Larynx bin.
13 During respiration ATP 10 is stored in the food.
14 The internal intercostal muscles contract during Inspiration
15 Lungs are covered with the covering Pleuralmem-brane
16 Pulmonary respiration takes place through the Lungs
17 The larynx opens into the pharynx through a slit-like opening called the Glottis
18 Diaphragm contracts to help while the contraction of abdominal muscles helps in Inspiration
19 In the lungs the simple squamous non-ciliated epithelium is found in Alveoli
20 Lungs lie in the thoracic cavity separating Diaphragm from the abdominal cavity.
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration State True Or False
Question 1 A typical respiratory organ should not be moist.
Answer: False
Question 2 Pneumatophores are called ‘breathing roots, which grow against gravity.
Answer: True
Question 3 Frogs show cutaneous respiration.
Answer: True
Question 4 Gills are covered with bony plates, called cranium.
Answer: False
Question 5 Each bronchus of the lung ramifies several times, from finer to finest air tubules, called bronchioles.
Answer: True
Question 6 Breathing involves two phases-inspiration and expiration.
Answer: True
Question 7 During expiration diaphragm expands.
Answer: True
WBBSE Class Nine Life Science
Question 8 Smokers develop a chronic lung disease, called emphysema.
Answer: True
Question 9 During inspiration, intercostal muscles relax to push the ribs downwards.
Answer: False
Question 10 Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Answer: True
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Match The Columns
Answer: 1-D; 2-B; 3-A; 4-C
Answer: 1-B; 2-D; 3-A; 4-E
Answer: 1-C; 2-D; 3-A; 4-B
Answer: 1-H; 2-D; 3-B: 4-A
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Find The Odd One Out
Question 1 Lenticel, Pneumatophore, Gill, Stomata
Answer: Gill
Question 2 Trachea, Ctenidia; Gill, Hosteria
Answer: Hosteria
Question 3 Lungs, Trachea, Book gill, Green gland
Answer: Green gland
WBBSE Class Nine Life Science
Question 4 Larynx, Spiracles, Pharynx, Bronchiole
Answer: Spiracles
Question 5 Koi, Rohu, Singhi, Magur
Answer: Rohu
Question 6 Arborescent organ, Tubular air sac, Labyrinthene organ, Gill
Answer: Gill
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Fill In The Blanks By Looking At The First Pair
1 Respiratory site of plant:: Lenticel:: Respiratory organ of the human body: Lung
2 Trachea: Cockroach:: Spider: Booklung
3 Cockroach: Trachea:: Prawn: Bookgill
4 Fish: Gill:: Human: Lung
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Among The Four Concepts Given, Three Of Them Belong To One. Find That
Question 1 Moist surface, Large surface, Rich distribution of blood capillaries, Salient features of respiratory organs
Answer: Salient features of respiratory organs
Question 2 Stomata, Respiratory sites of plant, Pneumatophore, Lenticel
Answer: Respiratory sites of plant
Question 3 Cockroach, Butterfly, Kites, Trachea
Answer: Trachea
Question 4 Arborescent organ, Accessory respiratory organ, Magur fish, Changes of locater (water bodies)
Answer: Accessory respiratory organ
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Cellular Level Respiration
1. All living organisms require a continuous supply of energy for carrying out various life processes.
2. The biochemical process which involves the degradation of food in stepwise oxidation with the release of energy inside the living cells is called respiration.
3. Cellular respiration is an enzyme-regulated biological oxidation of organic substances inside living cells that releases energy.
4. The steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and terminal respiration or electron transport system (ETS).
5 Cellular respiration is of three types:
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration
3. Fermentation.
6 Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and releases a small amount of energy.
7 Mainly two types of fermentation are there, lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
8 Alcoholic fermentation is a process in which yeast converts sugar into alcohol, whereas lactic acid fermentation only occurs in animal cells.
9 The significance of respiration is the release of energy and maintenance of O2-CO2 balance.
Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1 Briefly describe the process of glycolysis with the help of a schematic diagram.
Answer:
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis is the primary step of cellular respiration occurring in the cytoplasm of all living cells. By this process, glucose is enzymatically broken into two pyruvic acids (3C) through a straight chain reaction path.
Each step requires a specific enzyme that acts as a biocatalyst. In this metabolic process, glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate and then to fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate.
In this phase, two ATP molecules are consumed. In the next step, this fructose 1, 6- bisphosphate is broken into two 3C compounds- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Enzymatically, this dihydroxyacetone phosphate is transformed into glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate. At this phase, two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate transform into 2- 3-Phosphoglycerate(3C) phosphoenol pyruvate via 3 phosphoglycerates and 2 phosphoglycerate in a stepwise manner and finally 2-phosphoenol pyruvate transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
By glycolytic breakdown of one molecule of glucose, four ATP molecules are 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate(3C) Pyruvate(3C) produced and two are consumed, therefore, two ATP molecules are not gained. In this reaction, two molecules of NADH+H+ are also produced.
Question 2 Name the enzyme present in the exosomes of mitochondria. How does terminal respiration occur in a cell of any aerobic organism?
Answer:
An enzyme in oxysome:
ATP synthetase enzyme is present in the exosomes of mitochondria.
Terminal respiration:
Terminal respiration is the final phase of the aerobic reaction, which involves the production of ATP and H2O. This is the energy generating, i.e., ATP-producing final phase of cellular respiration.
NADH+H+ and FADH2, (reduced hydrogen carriers) which are produced during glycolysis, decarboxylation of pyruvic acid & Krebs cycle, are oxidized in this reaction path.
At first, hydrogen atoms are released from NADH+H+ and FADH2. Then each hydrogen atom releases one electron, which is then transported by iron-containing electron carriers cytochrome. This process generates huge chemical energy, which finally produces energy-rich ATP molecules.
So, this reaction pathway is also known as the electron transport system or ETS. The hydrogen atoms, released from NADH+H+ and FADH, finally react with O2 present in the atmosphere to produce H2O.
Concepts Related to Cellular Respiration for Class 9 Solutions
Question 3 Briefly describe the reaction process of the Krebs cycle with the help of a schematic diagram.
Answer:
Krebs cycle:
Krebs cycle is the second major phase of aerobic respiration. This reaction occurs in the mitochondria in a cyclic reaction path, where a 6-carbon substrate, citric converted step-by-step into 5C and 4C substrates.
The substrate of the Krebs cycle is acetyl Co-A, which is produced from pyruvic acid, the end product of glycolysis. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl Co-A and oxaloacetic acid combine to form citric acid. This is the initial product of this cycle.
In this process, CO2 is released in steps. The other products are NADH+H+, FADH2, and GTP. This GTP is transformed into ATP directly. The other two products NADH+H+ and FADH2 are oxidized by the dissociation of hydrogen through the electron transport system.
Question 4 Mention the significance of respiration.
Answer:
Significance of respiration:
1 Conversion of energy and ATP production:
The potential energy stored in food is converted into kinetic energy by respiration. This energy is dissipated as heat and some portion of it is stored in ATP within the cells, as chemical energy for future use.
2 Maintenance of O2-CO2 balance:
During respiration, atmospheric oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is released. Whereas, photosynthesis does the opposite. Thus, photosynthesis and respiration jointly maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the environment.
3 Economic importance:
Fermentation of flour (starch) by yeast makes cakes and bread puffy. Ethyl alcohol is a fermentation product, which has great economic importance for medicinal purposes and to prepare alcoholic beverages. Cheese, butter, and curds are prepared by fermentation of milk. Some vitamins like vitamin B1, vitamin B12, vitamin C, etc. are also produced in the body by bacterial fermentation.
4 Excretion:
Various excretory products like ammonia, a ketone body, alcohol, water vapor, volatile fatty acids, etc., are given out of the body through respiration.
5 Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance:
Since CO2 is liberated during respiration, it helps to maintain acid-base balance in the body.
6 Regulation of temperature:
When animals exhale, a certain amount of heat is liberated from their bodies, thus regulating the temperature of the body.
7 Light generation:
Certain deep-sea animals, like Ctenophorans, and insects, like fireflies, can generate light. This phenomenon is called bioluminescence. This light is generated from the chemical energy, gained by respiration.
8 Electrical power generation:
Some fish like torpedoes and electric eels can generate huge electrical power within their electric organs to kill prey. Respiration produces this power from chemical energy.
Question 5 Compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
Answer:
Comparison among aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation:
Question 6 Distinguish between photosynthesis and respiration
Answer:
Differences between photosynthesis and respiration:
Question 7 Write the difference between phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
Difference between phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation:
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1 What is respiration?
Answer:
Respiration:-
Respiration is a catabolic process, which involves the intake of oxygen within cells and the liberation of kinetic energy by oxidation of food or respiratory substrates, for performing different life activities.
Question 2 What is meant by cellular respiration?
Answer:
Cellular Respiration:-
The biochemical process by which food or respiratory substrates are oxidized within the cells to liberate kinetic energy in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration.
Question 3 What is meant by aerobic respiration?
Answer:
Aerobic Respiration:-
Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration, where the respiratory substrate is oxidized completely in the presence of free oxygen to discharge carbon dioxide and water as by-products and to liberate the total energy from the substrate.
Study Guide for Class 9 Life Science Respiration Questions
Question 4 Write down the chemical equation of aerobic respiration.
Answer:
The chemical equation of aerobic respiration is mentioned below:
Question 5 What is meant by anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
Anaerobic Respiration:-
Anaerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration, where the respiratory substrate incompletely oxi- died in the absence of free molecular oxygen but with the help of the oxygen of inorganic compounds like NO, SO, CO, etc. to release carbon dioxide as by-products and a little amount of energy from the substrate, along with organic compounds.
Question 6 In which organisms anaerobic respiration occurs?
Answer:
Anaerobic Respiration Occurs In Following Organisms:-
Anaerobic respiration occurs in some bacteria such as Paracoccus denitrificans, Methanobacterium autotrophicum, Bacillus licheniformis, etc., few fungi such as yeast, protozoa, all endoparasitic worms (Taenia, Ascaris, Echinococcus, etc.). It also occurs in the seeds and a few other cells of plants and voluntary muscle cells of animals.
Question 7 What is meant by fermentation?
Answer:
Fermentation:-
Fermentation is a typical anaerobic, enzyme-dependent process of incomplete oxidation of sugar, which produces different organic compounds (ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, butyric acid, etc.) with partial liberation of energy from the respiratory substrate.
Question 8 Write down the chemical equation of ethyl alcohol fermentation.
Answer:
The chemical equation of ethyl alcohol fermentation is mentioned below:
Question 9 Write down the chemical equation of lactic acid fermentation.
Answer:
The chemical equation of lactic acid fermentation is as follows:
Image
Question 10 What is meant by alcoholic fermentation?
Answer:
Alcoholic Fermentation:-
Alcoholic fermentation is a special type of fermentation, where yeast (Saccharomyces) ferments sugar (glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.) solutions to produce ethyl alcohol with the help of a typical enzyme, zymase. In this process, CO2 and a little energy are also released.
Question 11 What is meant by lactic acid fermentation?
Answer:
Lactic Acid Fermentation:-
The fermentation process, where certain bacteria (Lactobacillus) ferment milk sugar (lactose), to produce lactic acid in the absence of O2, liberating a little amount of energy (36 kcal), is called lactic acid fermentation.
Question 12 What is glycolysis?
Answer:
Glycolysis:-
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent reaction, where glucose, within the cytoplasm of living cells, is broken into pyruvic acid molecules through a series of enzyme-mediated reactions and in this process produces NADH+H+, H2O, and ATP as by-products.
Question 13 Why is glycolysis called EMP path?
Answer:
Glycolysis Called EMP Path:-
Scientists Embden, Meyerhof, and Parnas discovered the reaction pathway of glycolysis. Therefore, after the first letter of the names of these three scientists, glycolysis is known as EMP path.
Question 14 What is the Krebs cycle?
Answer:
Krebs Cycle:-
Krebs cycle is a cyclic reaction pathway, through which, acetyl Co-A, the decarboxylated end product of pyruvate (produced in glycolysis), is oxidized in steps to produce CO2 and H2O and in this process, NAD and FAD are reduced to form NADH+H+ and FADH2 respectively. It is named after scientist Hans Krebs.
Question 15 Why is the Krebs cycle known as the TCA cycle and citric acid cycle?
Answer:
Krebs Cycle Known As The TCA Cycle And Citric Acid Cycle:-
Citric acid is produced in the first step of the Krebs cycle, therefore it is called the Citric acid cycle. Citric acid contains three carboxylic groups, therefore, this cycle is also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle or TCA cycle.
Question 16 What is meant by terminal respiration?
Answer:
Terminal Respiration:-
Terminal respiration is the last step of aerobic respiration, where NADH+H+ and FADH2, produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, are oxidized by electron carriers, situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria, and hydrogen is oxidized by the atmospheric oxygen to form water and produce ATP.
Question 17 Mention the four phases involved in aerobic respiration.
Answer:
The four phases involved in aerobic respiration are:
1. glycolysis
2. oxidation of pyruvate
3. Krebs cycle
4. terminal respiration.
Question 18 What are ATP synthases?
Answer:
ATP Synthases:-
ATP synthase is a enzyme, present on the inner membrane of mitochondria and helps in the synthesis of ATP.
Question 19 How does organ-level respiration differ from cellular respiration?
Answer:
The differences between organ-level respiration and cellular respiration are:
Question 20. Distinguish between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Answer:
The differences between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are:
Question 21 Distinguish between combustion and respiration.
Answer:
The differences between combustion and respiration are:
Question 22 Distinguish between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Answer:
The differences between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are:
Question 23. Why respiration is called catabolic metabolism?
Answer:
Respiration Is Called Catabolic Metabolism:-
During respiration, an organic substance present in a cell is oxidized to form energy, carbon dioxide, and water, as a result, the dry weight of an organism is reduced, therefore respiration is called catabolic metabolism.
Question 24 What is muscle fatigue?
Answer:
Muscle Fatigue:-
The process by which lactic acid is accumulated in muscles due to excessive contraction for which muscles lose their ability to contract. This phenomenon is called fatigue.
Question 25 What is combustion?
Answer:
Combustion:-
Combustion is a Physicochemical process in which the oxidation of organic or inorganic substances takes place in the presence of free oxygen with the release of large amounts of heat, light, and carbon dioxide. This process is not controlled by protoplasm and enzymes.
Question 26 What is RQ?
Answer:
RQ:-
The ratio of the volume of CO2 given out during respiration is called RQ (Respiratory quotient).
Question 27 What is a surfactant?
Answer:
Surfactant:-
Surfactant is a chemical substance present within the lung alveoli which helps to maintain reduced alveolar surface tension when the thoracic cavity enlarges during the inspiratory phase and prevents the collapsing of alveoli during expiration.
Question 28 What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Answer:
Oxidative Phosphorylation:-
During mitochondrial electron transport in the inner membrane, protons (H+) accumulate in the outer chamber and constitute a proton gradient. Due to this gradient, protons forcefully pass through Fo-F, a particle of the matrix, and synthesize ATP molecules. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Question 29 What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Answer:
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation:- Synthesis of ATP with the help of energy released directly during oxidation of a substrate of enzymatic reaction is called substrate-level phosphorylation.
Question 30 What is protoplasmic respiration?
Answer:
Protoplasmic Respiration:-
The respiration in which protein or fat is used as a respiratory substrate is termed protoplasmic respiration.
Question 31 What is the compensation point?
Answer:
Compensation Point:-
The release of the volume of CO2 during respiration is exactly equal to the volume utilized during photosynthesis.
Question 32 Write the value of RQ in the case of glucose, protein, and fat.
Answer:
Value Of RQ In The Case Of Glucose, Protein, And Fat:-
Value of RQ (glucose) – 1
Value of RQ (fat)-0.7
Value of RQ (protein) – 0.8
Value of RQ (mixed substrate) – 0.85
Question 33 Write the difference between oxysome and quant some.
Answer:
The differences between oxysome and quant are:
Question 34 What do you mean by Electron Transport System?
Answer:
Electron Transport System:-
In this metabolic process where electrons transform from one carrier to another carrier. The pair of hydrogen atoms removed in the oxidation steps of the Krebs cycle are transported through the electron transport chain.
Question 35 Why Krebs cycle is known as an amphibolic e known as a pathway?
Answer:
The amphibolic pathway is one which is used for both breakdowns (catabolism) and build-up (anabolism) reactions. The respiratory pathway is mainly a catabolic process that serves to run the living system by providing energy. The pathway produces a number of intermediates. Many of them are raw materials for building up both primary and secondary metabolites. Krebs cycle, therefore, acts both as a catabolic and anabolic pathway. Thus, the cycle is called the amphibolic pathway.
Question 36 Mention the relation between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
The relation between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is:
Question 37 Name two anaerobic bacteria.
Answer:
Thiobacillus and Desulfovibrio.
Question 38 Mention two applications of fermentation.
Answer:
1 Baking Industry:
Various kinds of bread, such as bun, cakes, pastries, etc. are prepared using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
2 Alcohol and Brewing Industry:
It is one of the highest revenue-generating industries in India. Products are alcohol, beers, wines, whisky, rum, brandy, gin, vodka, etc.
Question 39 What is ATP? State its function.
Answer:
ATP:
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency of the living system because it is built up from ADP with a small gain of energy and is hydrolysed to release the same amount of energy where ever it is required in the cell. ATP was discovered by Karl Lohmann in 1929.
Function:
1. It is capable of receiving energy from one reaction and transferring it to drive another reaction.
2. It provides energy for the synthesis of a number of cellular materials.
Question 40 Define floating respiration and protoplasmic respiration.
Answer:
Floating respiration:
The respiration in which carbohydrate or fat is used as a respiratory substrate is termed as floating respiration.
Protoplasmic respiration:
The respiration is termed as protoplasmic respiration. which protein or fat is used as a respiratory substrate
Question 41 How does yeast react with glucose solution?
Answer:
Fermentation of glucose using yeast: Yeast (zymase) that catalyzes the breakdown of glucose to (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains enzymes ethanol, carbon dioxide, and 50 kcal of energy per mole of glucose.
image
Question 42 Write the importance of Lactobacillus bacteria in fermentation.
Answer:
Lactobacillus bacteria are used in the preparation of several dairy products. These microbes are added to the milk, which converts acid and causes coagulation of milk protein casein. lactose sugar of milk into lactic acid. The lactic milk is converted into products like curd, yogurt and cheese.
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1. An example of an anaerobic fungus is—
- Chlorella
- Yeast
- Agaricus
- None of these
Answer: 2. Yeast
Question 2. Which phase of respiration directly involves atmospheric 02?
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Terminal respiration
- Krebs cycle and terminal respiration
Answer: 3. Terminal respiration
Question 3. Which of the following is involved in anaerobic respiration?
- HNO2
- N2O
- NH3
- NO3
Answer: 4. NO3
Question 4. One molecule of glucose breaks into ______ molecule of pyruvic acid in glycolysis.
- 1
- 2
- 3
- More than 3
Answer: 2. 2
Question 5. Production of C02 occurs during—
- Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
- Terminal respiration
- Krebs cycle
- All of these
Answer: 3. Krebs cycle
Question 6. In anaerobic respiration, the terminal respiration path is
- Present
- Absent
- Long
- Short
Answer: 2. Absent
Question 7. EMP pathway is biochemically known as—
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Terminal respiration
- Electromotive pressure
Answer: 1. Glycolysis
Question 8. The other name of terminal respiration is—
- EMP pathway
- ETS
- TCA cycle
- ATP
Answer: 2. ETS
Question 9. Terminal respiration occurs In the
- The inner membrane of mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- The outer membrane of mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: 1. The inner membrane of mitochondria
Question 10. Which statement is incorrect?
- Krebs cycle is TCA cycle
- Glycolysis is known as ETS
- EMP path is the Glycolysis path
- ETS is terminal respiration
Answer: 2. Glycolysis is known as ETS
Question 11. Which of the following is incorrect regarding respiration?
- The enzyme is not required during respiration
- Respiration occurs in living cells only
- Respiration occurs in the presence or absence of free oxygen
- None of these
Answer: 1. The enzyme is not required during respiration
Question 12. 1 gram mole of glucose is equal to ______ of glucose.
- 80 gm
- 280 gm
- 360 gm
- 180 gm
Answer: 4. 180 gm
Question 13. Which of the following is not a respiratory substrate?
- Protein
- Vitamin
- Carbohydrate
- Fat
Answer: 2. Vitamin
Question 14. The cell organelle in bacteria, where respiration occurs is
- Mitochondrion
- Chromatophore
- Mesosome
- Genophore
Answer: 3. Mesosome
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Answer In A Single Word Or Sentence
Question 1 Which type of respiratory process generates energy inside the living cell?
Answer: Internal or cellular respiration
Question 2 What is meant by respiratory substrate?
Answer: The compounds, which are oxidized during cellular respiration to release energy, are known as respiratory substrates.
Question 3 In which form does the respiratory substrate liberate energy during cellular respiration?
Answer: During cellular respiration, energy is liberated from the respiratory substrate in the form of ATP.
Question 4. Where do reactions of glycolysis take place during cellular respiration?
Answer: In the cytoplasm
Question 5 What is meant by glycolysis?
Answer: The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid, is called glycolysis.
Question 6 How many pyruvic acid molecules are formed at the end of glycolysis?
Answer: Two molecules of pyruvic acid are formed
Question 7 Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle take place?
Answer: In mitochondria
Question 8 Mention the by-products of the Krebs cycle.
Answer: CO2, reduced NAD, and FAD (i.e. NADH+H+. and FADH2, respectively).
Question 9 Which reactions of respiration occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Answer: Electron transport system or terminal respiration occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
Question 10 In which phase of aerobic respiration is ATP produced?
Answer: ATP is produced by the ETS (electron transport system) of aerobic respiration.
Question 11 Mention two organic end-products of anaerobic respiration.
Answer: Lactic acid and ethyl alcohol
Question 12 Name a type of animal tissue, where anaerobic respiration takes place.
Answer: Voluntary muscles of animals
Question 13 Which organic compound is formed in muscle cells due to anaerobic respiration?
Answer: Lactic acid is formed in muscle cells due to anaerobic respiration.
Question 14 Which organic compound is produced in plant cells due to anaerobic respiration?
Answer: Ethyl alcohol
Question 15 Which organic compound is produced by the fermentation of milk?
Answer: Lactic acid
Question 16 Which organic compound is produced by fermentation of glucose or sucrose in oxygen-free conditions?
Answer: Ethyl alcohol is produced by fermentation of glucose or sucrose in oxygen-free conditions.
Question 17 Name an enzyme present in yeast, which helps in alcoholic fermentation of sugar solution.
Answer: Enzyme zymase is present in yeast, which helps in the alcoholic fermentation of sugar solution.
Question 18 Which enzyme, present in Lactobacillus, helps in the fermentation of milk sugar?
Answer: Lactate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, present in Lactobacillus, which helps in the fermentation of milk sugar.
In respiration, about
Question 19 Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Answer: Aerobic respiration takes place in all organisms living in air, water, and soil in contact with free molecular oxygen.
Question 20 How many high-energy bonds are present in ATP?
Answer: Two high-energy bonds are present in ATP.
Question 21 How much energy is released during the hydrolysis of 1 molecule of ATP?
Answer: 7.3 kcal energy
Question 22 Which cell organelles are called ‘energy transducers’?
Answer: Those cell organelles which convert one form of energy into another, are called ‘energy transducers’.
Question 23 Name two organelles that act as energy transducers.
Answer: Two organelles that act as energy transducers are chloroplast and mitochondrion.
Question 24 Name the scientist who first observed the difference between respiration and combustion.
Answer: Antoine Lavoisier first observed the difference between respiration and combustion.
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Fill In The Blanks
1 In respiration, about 40% of the free energy is entrapped in ATP as kinetic energy.
2 In aerobic respiration, 1 gram mole of glucose is oxidized to liberate 686 kcal of energy.
3 Anaerobic respiration results in muscle fatigue.
4 The source of heat energy, which is released during the combustion of coal, is Solar energy.
5 Respiration is also called controlled combustion.
6. Citrate is the first compound of the Krebs cycle.
7 The enzyme ATP-ase is present in the Oxysome of mitochondria.
8 Respiration is an Exothermic reaction.
9 Combustion is a fast and uncontrolled process.
10 Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis which gets converted into Acetyl Co-A
11 Fermentation is the process of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
12 During glycolysis Two molecules of NADH2, are formed.
13 During respiration pyruvic acid is formed by the process of Glycolysis
14 The universal hydrogen acceptor is NAD
15 RQ for glucose is One
16 Tricarboxylic acid cycle is another name for the Krebs cycle
17 Acetyl Co-A is formed from Pyruvic acid coenzyme A.
18 Potential energy of food substance is converted into kinetic energy in Respiration.
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration State True Or False
Question 1 Respiration is a physicochemical reaction.
Answer: False
Question 2 Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of free molecular oxygen.
Answer: True
Question 3 Methanobacterium sp. is an anaerobic bacterium.
Answer: True
Question 4 Fermentation occurs in yeast.
Answer: True
Question 5 Bacteria named Lactobacillus lactis produce ethanol by the process of fermentation.
Answer: False
Question 6 2 ATP is gained directly from glycolysis.
Answer: True
Question 7 By complete oxidation, one mole of glucose generates 586 kcal heat.
Answer: False
Question 8 Krebs cycle occurs both in cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Answer: False
Question 9 ADP is popularly known as ‘the energy currency.
Answer: False
Question 10 The reaction path of terminal transpiration is known as ETS.
Answer: True
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Match The Columns
Answer: 1-D; 2-C; 3-A; 4-E
Answer: 1-B; 2-C; 3-D; 4-A
Answer: 1-C; 2-A; 3-E; 4-B
Answer: 1-E; 2-D; 3-A; 4-B
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Fill In The Blanks By Looking At The First Pair
1 Photosynthesis: Storage of energy:: Respiration: Release of energy
2 Aerobic respiration: 686 kcal:: Fermentation: 50 kcal
3 Glycolysis: Cytoplasm:: Krebs cycle: Incomplete oxidation of glucose
4 Aerobic respiration: Complete oxidation of glucose:: Anaerobic respiration: Mitochondria
5 Yeast : Alcoholic fermentation:: Lactobacillus :: Lactic acid fermentation
Chapter 3 Physiological Processes Of Life Respiration Among The Four Concepts Given, Three Of Them Belong To One. Find That
Question 1 Release of energy, O2-CO2 balance, Catabolic process, Respiration
Answer: Respiration
Question 2 Expiration, Aerobic respiration, Release of CO2, Fermentation
Answer: Release of CO2
Question 3 Cytosol, Matrix of mitochondria, Inner membrane of mitochondria, Site of aerobic respiration
Answer: Site of aerobic respiration
Question 4 Cellular respiration, Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, Fermentation
Answer: Cellular respiration