WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 History Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire And Nationalism

WBBSE Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Analytical Answer Questions

Question 1. What is known in history as the 18th Brumaire?
Answer: History As The 18th Brumaire:-

When the popularity of the Directors of France was at its lowest ebb, Napoleon took. advantage of the unpopularity of the Directory administration.

He joined hands with a few Directors to overthrow it. It was a bloodless coup d’etat. Napoleon by a military coup seized the administrative power of France on 9-10 November 1799. This incident is known in history as the 18th Brumaire.

The ‘Eighteenth Brumaire’ refers to November 9, 1799, in the French calendar. It was the day when Napoleon Bonaparte had made himself dictator by a coup d’etat. Napoleon was proclaimed the first Consul. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution.

Impact of Revolutionary Ideals on Europe

Question 2. When and between whom was the treaty of Campo Formio signed? What were the provisions of the treaty? What was the importance of the treaty?
Answer: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed in 1797 between Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philip von Cobenzi as representatives of France and Austria respectively. Austria being defeated by France was forced to sign the treaty.

Provisions: The provisions of the treaty were:

1. Austria gave up the Netherlands and Lombardy to France.
2. The province of Rhine situated between Austria and Germany was also handed over to France.
3. Italy accepted the supremacy of France over Lombardy.
4. In return, France gave Austria most of the old Venetian republic.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 History

Importance:

By this treaty, Napoleon for the first time tried to change the map of European states. Later on , this continued till his downfall.

Question 3. Write a note on the Concordat of 1801.
Answer:

Concordat Of 1801:-

Napoleon made a compromise with the Papacy. He entered into an agreement with the Pope in 1801 which is known as the ‘Concordat’ in the history of Europe.

Terms: The terms of the agreement were

1. All the Bishops would be appointed by the pope from a list proposed by the state, and all the officials would receive their salary and take an oath of loyalty to the government.
2. The Pope agreed to the decision taken during the revolutionary period that the property of the church which was confiscated during the revolution would not be given back.
3. Toleration was given to the Protestants, Lutherans, and Jews.

Importance:

Catholicism was declared to be the religion of the great majority of the French but not the official state religion. The Concordat solved the question of conflict between the Pope and the French government.

Question 4. What was Code Napoleon?
Answer:

Code Napoleon:-

The most important of Napoleon’s contributions was the Code Napoleon-the French civil code established by him in the year 1804.

France was plagued by numerous conflicting codes of law. These codes obstructed Administrative efficiency as well as national unity. Napoleon, therefore, instituted the codification of the laws of France and gave it a new name Napoleon.

It incorporated the great principles of the French Revolution of 1789- equality before the Law, the job in the administration based on merit, freedom of thought and religion, individual liberty, abolition of serfdom, protection of private property, and secularisation of the states.

Napoleonic Empire Study Notes for Class 9

The code had its less liberal side as well. Women were declared to be inferior to men by law. Workers were denied collective bargaining and trade unions were outlawed. The Code was simple in form but was the work of a genius as it touched upon all aspects of French life.

Question 5. Did Code Napoleon aim to protect the basic principles of the French Revolution?
Answer: The Civil Code of Napoleon aimed to protect some of the basic principles of the French Revolution.

It provided:

1. Legal and social equality, and equal rights of property among the children of a father.
2. It assured freedom of thought, religion individual liberty, and freedom of work.
3. It made laws secular.
4. Everybody was taxed without distinction of caste and creed and equal justice was awarded to all.
5. All persons were allowed to seek a job in the administration based on merit.

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Question 6. What were the defects of Code Napoleon?
Answer: The most important of Napoleon’s contributions was the Code Napoleon.

The defects of Code Napoleon were:

1. Women. were declared to be inferior to men by law. Complete freedom was not granted to women. They were supposed to be the subordinates of their husbands. Napoleon did not allow women to receive education or to take part in public meetings.
2. Workers were denied collective bargaining and trade unions were outlawed.
3. The civil code was incomplete and full of inconsistencies.

Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism

Question 7. Write a note on the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).
Answer: Battle Of Trafalgar (1805):-

Napoleon chalked out a plan to attack England and mustered a large army. Het gathered a large army at Boulogne. Villeneuve, the French naval commander, proceeded to Spain. The Spanish fleet tried to join Villeneuve, but could not unite with them due to the presence of the British fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson.

A fierce naval battle was fought by both commanders on the island of Trafalgar (1805). The French and Spanish fleets were destroyed. The supremacy of the English naval fleet was established.

After this fateful battle, Napoleon realized that England could not be defeated in a direct war and abandoned the idea of defeating England on the sea.

Question 8. What were the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit? Or, The Treaty of Tilsit marked the highest watermark of Napoleon’s glory-explain.
Answer: Terms Of The Treaty Of Tilsit:-

The terms of the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) signed between Czar Alexander of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte were as follows:

1. Czar Alexander of Russia recognized the Napoleonic settlement in Germany, Italy, and Poland.
2. Napoleon and Alexander were free to interfere according to their will in Western and Eastern Europe.
3. A new state named Westphalia was created by taking the provinces of Rhine from Prussia.
4. Russia was to act as a mediator between England and France.

It was decided that England should give up its rights on the sea. If England did not agree to it, Russia and France would jointly declare war against England. Thus, the Treaty of Tilsit marked the highest watermark of Napoleon’s glory.

Key Events of the Napoleonic Era

Question 9. Why did Napoleon invade Russia?
Answer: Napoleon and the Czar of Russia became allies after the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) but this relationship did not last long.

Very soon, differences arose between the two due to the following reasons:

1. Napoleon was annoyed with the Czar because he felt that the Czar had not helped him in the battle of 1809 between Austria and France.
2. Napoleon turned against the Czar as he was not following the Continental System rigidly.
3. The Czar had a fear that Napoleon would help and instigate the Poles against him.
4. The Czar doubted that Napoleon wanted to establish his sway over the whole of Europe including Russia. So he became suspicious of Napoleon.
5. Thus the Russian Czar became an unreliable ally and so Napoleon decided to attack Russia.

Question 10. What are the Decrees through which Napoleon declared the Continental System?
Answer: Napoleon, the ruler of France, issued several decrees which taken together formed the so-called Continental System.

1. In 1806 the Berlin Decree was issued by Napoleon which declared a naval blockade against England i.e., the countries allied to Napoleon would have to stop trade with England.
2. The Milan Decree issued by Napoleon in 1807 was that any ship of any country trying to reach England would by caught and confiscated.
3. The Warsaw and Fontainebleau Decree issued by Napoleon was that all goods seized from England or neutral vessels would be treated as enemy goods and were to be burnt. England and her allies and colonial ports were henceforth under French blockade.

Nationalism in Europe Notes for Class 9

Question 11. What do you mean by ‘Orders in Council’?
Answer: In 1807 Napoleon issued the Milan Decree by which the whole of the British Isles and her colonies were put under blockades.

Neutral countries were warned not to enter any British or her colonial or allied port. All goods seized from England or neutral vessels were to be treated as enemy goods and were to be burnt.

England strongly reacted and in 1870 issued the Orders in Council which it was said:

1. The French and her allies and colonial ports were henceforth under British blockade.
2. No country not even neutral countries could import goods from France or her colonies or any allied port. Violation of this order would be punished by seizure and confiscation.
3. Any neutral country willing to send goods to France, must visit at first any British port and take a license for going to France or to any allied port of France by payment of heavy fees.

Question 12. What were the causes of Napoleon’s defeat in Russia?
Answer: Napoleon made the most daring adventure in his life by launching the invasion of Russia in 1812 with 600,000 French soldiers.

The causes of his defeat were as follows:

1. As a General and Commander Napoleon committed certain mistakes which resulted in his defeat.
2. Napoleon had not made proper arrangements to fight against Russia. Disaster hit the French army in the form of severe cold; and a lack of food, clothing, and war materials.
3. The French army was shattered due to the guerrilla tactics of the Russian soldiers.
4. The superior military tactics of the Russian commanders made Napoleon’s defeat inevitable.
5. The Russians followed the ‘scorched earth policy’. Napoleon’s road to return was destroyed by the Russians. Bridges were demolished, food supplies were cut off and towns were destroyed by the ‘scorched earth policy’. His grand army was decimated due to starvation.

Question 13. What were the consequences of Napoleon’s defeat in Russia?
Answer: Napoleon made the most daring adventure in his life by launching the invasion of Russia in 1812. His invasion of Russia not only failed but proved contrary to his expectations.

1. His Russian campaign destroyed his military strength.
2. The enemies of Napoleon, being inspired by his defeats, raised their heads against him. The countries of central Europe were inspired and tried to achieve their independence. They united themselves for the war of liberation.
3. The joint army of Prussia and Russia began a war of independence against France and created havoc in the French army. It adversely affected the power and glory of Napoleon.

Important Questions from Chapter 2 on Nationalism

Question 14. Write a note on the Battle of Waterloo.
Answer: In 1815 Napoleon came to France from Elba and his faithful soldiers and officers joined him. The allies forgot all their differences and prepared themselves to crush him. They accused Napoleon of disturbing the peace of Europe.

Napoleon had a firm faith that he would defeat the joint army of the Allies. The Allies also organized two armies under the Chief Commander Duke of Wellington and Marshall Blucher. Blucher was defeated at Ligny. The Duke of Wellington gathered a huge army on the plains of Waterloo. In June 1815 a fierce battle was fought for seven hours on the plains of Waterloo. Napoleon and his soldiers fought gallantly but were defeated in the Battle of Waterloo (1815). This battle sealed the fate of Napoleon forever.

Question 15. “The French blockade was a paper blockade”-Explain.
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of France, made several attempts to defeat England in direct wars, but he was unsuccessful due to a lack of naval force. So, Napoleon introduced the Continental System to defeat England in an indirect war. By this system of economic warfare, he wanted to destroy the trade and commerce of England.

The Continental System introduced by Napoleon failed. British goods were smuggled to different parts of Europe and Napoleon could not check it due to his weak navy. France couldn’t control the vast sea without a powerful fleet. So it has been remarked, “the French blockade was a paper blockade.”

Question 16. Why did Napoleon Bonaparte introduce the Continental system?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte introduced the Continental System in 1806 which was an economic strategy in Europe intended to cripple Great Britain.

The reasons for the introduction of the Continental System were:

1. If England’s trade and commerce were destroyed it would ruin her economically.
2. If the British-made goods were not exported, she would become bankrupt and she could neither wage war nor help her allies.
3. If the manufactured goods were not exported, the factories of England would be ruined. The businessmen and capitalists would suffer.
4. The condition of England deteriorated and thus England would have to sue for a treaty.

Practice Questions for Class 9 History: Napoleonic Empire

Question 17. What were the noble ideas that spread national interests? The deep sense of nationalism
through the Napoleonic Empire?
Answer: Different noble ideas spread to different -parts of Europe through the Napoleonic Empire. These were nationalism, religious toleration, and secularism.

1. Ideas of nationalism and patriotism spread to Europe through the Napoleonic Empire. Before the outbreak of the French Revolution people of Europe were loyal to monarchy.
2. However, the French Revolution taught the people to give top priority to the spread to different parts of Europe through the Napoleonic Empire. The concept of a national flag, national song, and national school inspired the people and spread throughout the Napoleonic Empire.
3. Napoleon showed religious tolerance to the Jews. This put to shame many European countries even in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The idea of religious toleration was adopted by almost all modern states.
4. Through the Napoleonic empire secularism i.e., the idea that religion was separate from politics came to be established in Europe. Henceforth, in any matter of the state, the church was not involved.

Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism True Or False

Question 1. Religious tolerance was one of the chief features of the Napoleonic Empire.
Answer: True

Question 2. Napoleon’s legal code is still the basis of French laws.
Answer: True

Question 3. Code Napoleon guaranteed civil liberties.
Answer: True

Question 4. Napoleon was called the ‘Child of the Revolution’.
Answer: True

Question 5. Napoleon laid great stress on liberty but destroyed equality.
Answer: False

Question 6. Napoleon believed in an absolute monarchy.
Answer: True

Question 7. Napoleon was a supporter of the principles of the French Revolution, viz, liberty, equality, and socialism
Answer: False

Question 8. Napoleon used to live in the Palace of Tuileries like the Bourbon kings.
Answer: True

Question 9. Napoleon became the consul of France in 1798.
Answer: False

Question 10. The Bank of France was established in 1799.
Answer: False

Question 11. Napoleon introduced the Legion of Honour in 1804.
Answer: False

Question 12. Napoleon removed the English from the port of Toulon in 1794.
Answer: False

Question 13. The British admiral Nelson defeated Napoleón.
Answer: True

Question 14. In the Battle of Pyramid France was defeated.
Answer: False

Question 15. After the Treaty of Campo, Formio Napoleon dropped his plan of invasion of England.
Answer: False

Question 16. In 1804 a royalist insurrection broke out in France and Napoleon declared himself as the ‘Emperor of France’.
Answer: True

Question 17. The supremacy of the English naval fleet was established after the Battle of Trafalgar.
Answer: True

Question 18.  After the Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon realized that England could not be defeated in direct war and abandoned the idea of defeating England on the sea.
Answer: True

Revolutionary Ideals Napoleonic Empire And The Idea Of Nationalism

Question 19. Napoleon routed the English navy in the – historic Battle of Trafalgar.
Answer: False

Question 20. Nelson forced Austria to sign the Treaty of Pressburg.
Answer: False

Question 21. According to the Treaty of Tilsit Napoleon recognized the Russian settlement in Germany, Italy, and Poland.
Answer: False

Question 22. According to the terms of the Treaty of Tilsit a new state named Westphalia was created.
Answer: True

Question 23. After the Treaty of Tilsit Napoleon was virtually the lord of Europe.
Answer: True

Question 24. The Third Coalition was formed by England, Austria, and Britain against France.
Answer: False

Question 25. Alexander, I was the ruler of Russia.
Answer: True

Question 26. Napoleon appointed his stepson Prince Engine as the governor of North Italy.
Answer: True

Question 27. Napoleon appointed his brother Leopold III as the king of Naples.
Answer: False

Question 28. The Berlin Decree was issued by Napoleon in 1806.
Answer: True

Question 29. The Milan Decree was issued by Napoleon in 1808.
Answer: False

Question 30. The Continental System was introduced by Napoleon in 1806.
Answer: True

Question 31. The Continental System was declared by Napoleon against Prussia.
Answer: False

Question 32. Napoleon introduced the Continental System to defeat Austria in an indirect war.
Answer: False

Question 33. France did not have the naval power required to successfully enforce the Continental System.
Answer: True

Question 34. The ‘Spanish Ulcer’ ruined Napoleon.
Answer: True

Question 35. Napoleon was defeated in the ‘Battle of Nations’.
Answer: True

Question 36. Napoleon won the Battle of Waterloo.
Answer: False

Question 37. Louis XVI ascended the throne of France after Napoleon’s departure to Elba.
Answer: False

Question 38. The Italian provinces rose in revolt against Napoleon.
Answer: True

Question 39. Napoleon ruled in France for only 200 days
Answer: False

Question 40. Russia was invaded by France in 1815.
Answer: False

Question 41. The Russians smarting from their humiliation of Tilsit decided to withdraw from the Continental System.
Answer: True

Question 42. The Kingdom of Westphalia was carved out of Russian territory and entrusted to Napoleon’s brother Jerome.
Answer: True

Question 43. Napoleon won the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
Answer: False

Question 44. Napoleon died in 1840.
Answer: False

Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Fill In The Blanks

1. Napoleon was influenced by contemporary philosophers like Rousseau (Karl Marx/ Rousseau/Thomas Paine).

2. Napoleon denied liberty (fundamental rights/liberty/fraternity) one of the major ideals of the French Revolution.

3. Napoleon(Louis XVI/Louis XVIII/Napoleon/ Pope) introduced the doctrine of career open to talent.

4. The Bank of France was established in 1800(1800/1899/1799).

5. Concordat means agreement, especially between the Church (King/Church/Bishop) and the state.

6. The Legion of Honour was introduced by Napoleon (Louis XIV/Napoleon/James I).

7. Napoleon provided equality to his people but took away liberty (personality/fraternity/liberty).

8. The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed in 1797 (1792/1793/1797).

9. Napoleon’s greatest enemy was England (Austria/Germany/England).

10. The Battle of Pyramid was fought in the year 1798 (1793/1798/1799).

11. In 1799 (1799/1796/1899) Napoleon seized the political power of France.

12. In 1799 Napoleon took away the powers of the Directory (National Convention/Directory/ States General).

13. By the treaty of Campo Formio Italy accepted the supremacy of France (Germany/Britain/France) over Lombardy.

14. Napoleon was defeated by Nelson in the Battle of the Nile (Leipzig/Waterloo/Nile).

15. The Egyptian army was defeated by Napoleon (Louis XVI/Leopold/Napoleon).

1. Napoleon became the emperor of France in 1804 (1803/1804/1805).

2. The Battle of Trafalgar was fought in the year 1805 (1804/1805/1806).

3. The naval chief of England in the Battle of Trafalgar was Nelson (Talleyrand/Metternich/ Nelson).

4. The Treaty of Pressburg was signed after the Battle of Austerlitz (Ulm/Waterloo/Austerlitz).

5. In the Battle of Austerlitz the joint army of Austria and Russia was defeated (Italy/Germany/Russia).

6. In the Battle of Jena, Prussia (Russia/Prussia/England)

7. The Treaty of Tilsit was signed in 1807 (1806/1807/1804).

1. England (Germany/Russia/England) declared a counter-blockade against the Berlin Decree known as Orders-in-Council.

2. The ‘Spanish Ulcer’ ruined Napoleon (Arthur Wellesley/Napoleon/Duke of Wellington).

3. The Moscow Expedition of the French (British/Italian/French) soldiers failed.

4. Charles IV was the ruler of Spain (Italy/ Germany/Spain).

5. Arthur Wellesley was the army general of Britain (Russia/Britain/France)

6. Spain and Portugal jointly declared war against Napoleon which is known as the Peninsular (Peninsular/Cold/Cudgel) war.

7. Napoleon (Pope/Calonne/Napoleon) lost his Grand army in Russia.

8. Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington (Duke of Wellington/ Arthur Wellesley/Kutuzov).

9. Through the Milan Decree, Napoleon proclaimed that any ship of any country trying to reach England (Spain/Portugal/England) would be confiscated.

10. Napoleon drove out the Spanish king Ferdinand and appointed his brother Joseph (Nelson/Kutuzov/Joseph) as the king of Spain.

11. The Fontainebleau Decree was issued by Napoleon in 1810 (1807/1810/1812).

Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Match The Columns

Question 1. 

1.       Column 1	Column 2
1.  Napoleon	(A) Czar of Russia
2.  Alexander	(B) Concordat of 1801
3.  Milan Decree	(C)  Napoleon
4.  One Hundred Days Rule	(D)  1806

 

Answer: 1.-B, 2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-C

Question 2. 

2.   Column 1	Column 2
1.  Louvre Museum	(A)  Naval Chief of England
2. Rule of Consulate	(B)  Ruler of France
3.  Nelson	(C) 1799-1804
4.  Louis XVIII	(D) Napoleon

 

Answer: 1.-D, 2.-C, 3.-A, 4.-B

Question 3. 

3.     Column 1	Column 2
1.  Nation of Shopkeepers	(A)  1808
2.  University of France	(B)  Mother of Napoleon
3.  Letizia Remolinio	(C)  Toulon
4.  Napoleon attacked	(D) Britain

 

Answer: 1.-D, 2.-A, 3.-B, 4.-C

Question 4. 

4.        Column 1	Column 2
1.  Battle of Trafalgar	(A)  1807
2.  Battle of Jena	(B)  1805
3.  Battle of Nations	(C)  1815
4.  Battle of Waterloo	(D) 1813

 

Answer: 1.-B, 2.-A, 3.-D, 4.-C

Question 5. 

5.    Column 1	Column 2
1.  1807	(A) Treaty of Pressburg
2.  1805	(B) 1806
3.  Milan Decree	(C) Treaty of Tilsit
4.  Napoleon died	(D) 1821

 

Answer: 1.-C, 2.-A, 3.-B, 4.-D

Chapter 2 Revolutionary Ideals, Napoleonic Empire, And Nationalism Reforms Of Napoleon Bonaparte

1. Divided France into 83 Departments, Officers of each department were called Prefect, Sub-Prefect, Judge, Mayor, etc.
2. Established Bank of France (1800)
3. Introduced Code Napoleon (1804)
4. Established University of France (1808)
5. Conferring Legion of Honour
6. Solved the problem of conflict between the French government and the Pope by the Concordat of 1801
7. Established the famous Louvre Museum
8. Established high schools, grammar schools, and vocational schools
9. Conversion of Hotel Soubise into the ‘Archives Nationales’
10. Established Lyces or residential semi-military schools
11. Opened the institute of France for research and higher studies
12. Built 229 military roads and two Alpine roads