WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century Short Answer Questions
Question 1. What led to the summoning of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: Summoning Of The Vienna Congress:-
The defeat of Napoleon, the French emperor, in the Battle of Waterloo (1815) meant the overthrow of the vast empire he had built. It was necessary to decide the fate of the territories which Napoleon had conquered.
So the leaders who had played the most important part in defeating Napoleon met in Vienna (1815) to reconstruct the political map of Europe devastated by Napoleonic warfare.
Question 2. Who were the representatives at the Vienna Congress?
Answer: Representatives At The Vienna Congress:-
The most important among the representatives at the Vienna Congress was the Austrian Chancellor, Prince Von Metternich.
Other important representatives were Prince Talleyrand of France, Viscount Castlereagh, and the Duke of Wellington of England.
Hardenberg of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis of Austria, and Emperor Frederick William III of Prussia also attended the Congress.
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Question 3. What arrangements were made in Europe according to the Principle of Balance of Power?
Answer: Arrangements Were Made In Europe According To The Principle Of Balance Of Power:-
In order to ensure that peace prevails in all of Europe, it was decided at the Vienna Congress that the power of different countries of Europe should be balanced so that no country could become powerful enough to threaten another country.
France was responsible for disturbing the peace of Europe. Therefore it was necessary to control her power. Keeping in view the idea of permanent peace in Europe, the power of Bavaria, Holland, Saxony, Sardinia, and Prussia was increased.
WBBSE Class 9 Europe in the 19th Century SAQs
Question 4. What arrangements were made in Europe according to the Principle of Legitimacy?
Answer: Arrangements Were Made In Europe According To The Principle Of Legitimacy:-
According to the Principle of Legitimacy, the new king Louis of the Bourbon Dynasty ascended the French throne, and the House of Orange was restored to the throne of Holland.
The House of Savoy was restored to the kingdom of Piedmont in Italy and the Pope was restored to his papal kingdom. The rulers of small kingdoms overthrown by Napoleon were also brought back to their respective territories.
Question 5. What were the main weaknesses of the Vienna Congress?
Answer: Main Weaknesses Of The Vienna Congress:-
The system built at the Vienna Congress (1815) did not last long.
Key SAQs on Nationalism and Monarchy in 19th Century Europe
Its main weaknesses were
It completely ignored the will of the people. The people did not forget the lessons of the French Revolution and demanded that the government should be formed to derive its rights from the will of the governed.
Moreover, in some countries like Germany and Italy, people who spoke the same language and were members of the same nationality were compelled to live in separate states into which the countries were artificially divided.
Question 6. What was the ‘Metternich System’?
Answer: Metternich System:-
From the year 1815 to 1848, the Austrian Minister Metternich was the most commanding personality in Europe.
He was the central figure of European diplomacy. He represented reaction in its extreme form and was the enemy of both democracy and nationalism.
His policy was the maintenance of the status quo keeping things as they were. Hence he set himself to resist all demands for reforms, all struggles for national independence, and all aspirations for self-government. He aimed at making Europe go back to the condition prevailing, before 1789.
Understanding Major Events in 19th Century Europe for SAQs
Question 7. Why is the period between 1815 to 1848 known as the ‘Era of Metternich’?
Answer: Era Of Metternich:-
Metternich was the most influential man in Europe from 1815 to 1848. After the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Waterloo, Metternich became the central figure not only in the politics of Austria but in the politics of the whole of Europe.
Owing to his unlimited influence, the period of 34 years (1815-1848) is called the ‘Age of Metternich’ in the history of Europe.
Important Short Questions For WBBSE Class 9 History Europe In The 19th Century
Question 8. What was the Carlsbad Decree?
Answer: Carlsbad Decree:-
The famous Carlsbad Decrees were a series of resolutions issued by a conference of ministers from the major German states, meeting at Carlsbad in Bohemia in 1819.
Under the instruction of Metternich, the German Diet passed the Carlsbad Decrees which sought to impose restrictions on student societies and the independence of the press.
It was also proposed that a central investigating commission should be set up with powers to search conspiratorial organizations. These decrees curbed all forms of liberalism by tight control over liberal propaganda in Germany.
Question 9. What do you mean by a nation-state?
Answer: Nation-State:-
A nation-state refers to a sovereign state with well. defined delineated boundaries, inhabited by people who are united by factors such as common descent, language, similar culture, and ethnic character.
It is also supposed to have a government of its choice. The people in a nation-state. are supposed to have cooperation, unity, and strength.
WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas
Question 10. In which year and during whose reign July Revolution break out?
Answer: The July Revolution broke out in 1830 during the reign of Charles X.
Step-by-Step Guide to Answering SAQs on 19th Century Europe
Question 11. What do you mean by ‘July Monarchy’?
Answer: July Monarchy:-
Louis Philippe was nominated by the French Parliament to be the constitutional monarch of France in 1830. His monarchy is also known as the ‘July Monarchy’ because of its installation as a result of the Revolution that took place in July.
Question 12. What were the four ordinances issued by Charles X in 1830?
Answer: The four ordinances issued by Charles X in 1830 were:
- Suspending the liberty of the press
- Dissolving the Chamber of Deputies
- Changing the electoral system
- Ordering fresh election.
Question 13. What was the impact of the July Revolution on Spain and Portugal?
Answer: Impact Of July Revolution On Spain And Portugal:-
The people of Spain and Portugal, being influenced by the July Revolution, agitated for the introduction of a democratic government.
Under the pressure of popular agitation, the rulers of those countries introduced liberal administrative measures.
Question 14. What was the immediate result of the July Revolution of 1830?
Answer: Immediate Result Of The July Revolution Of 1830:-
The immediate result of the July Revolution was the overthrow of Charles X, the French king. He was replaced by Louis Philippe, the Duke of Orle This hit hard the principle of legitimacy adopted by the Vienna Congress.
WBBSE Class 9 History Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas
Question 15. Mention any two effects of the February Revolution outside France.
Answer:
Two effects of the February Revolution outside France were
- It was due to the February Revolution of 1848 that Metternich, who for thirty-nine years handled the politics of all countries of Europe, was forced to resign.
- The February Revolution of 1848 gave a new experience to the nationalists. As a result of this revolution, the spirit of militarism grew in Europe.
Question 16. Mention any two effects of the February Revolution on France.
Answer:
Two effects of the February Revolution in France were:
- The February Revolution brought an end to the monarchy of France and France was declared a Republic.
- Through the Revolution of 1848, the people of France were able to establish their democratic rights permanently.
Question 17. When and during whose reign did the February Revolution of 1848 break out?
Answer: The February Revolution of 1848 broke out during the rule of Louis Philippe of the Orleans dynasty.
Question 18. Mention two importance of the February Revolution of 1848.
Answer: The February Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchical system in France. It also brought an end to the Vienna Settlement.
WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas
Question 19. What did Napoleon do to unify Italy
Answer: Before the conquest of Napoleon, Italy was divided into small petty kingdoms, mostly ruled by foreign rulers.
When Napoleon conquered Italy he united the different provinces of Italy and enforced his laws known as Code Napoleon. He drove away the feudal lords and built roads to unite different parts of Italy.
Practice SAQs for Class 9 History: Europe in the 19th Century
Question 20. What was the condition of Italy before unification?
Answer: Italy before unification, was a divided country.
- Besides Piedmont and the island of Sardinia, which were ruled by an Italian king in the north, the different parts of Italy were occupied by one or the other country.
- Central Italy was ruled by the Pope, who was the head of the Church as well as of the Roman Empire.
- Austria occupied the northern part of Italy.
- The southern part of Italy which included Naples and the island of Sicily was under the rule of the king of Naples.
- Besides, many smaller parts of Italy were ruled by the princes of Austria.
Question 21. Why was the Carbonari movement started in Italy?
Answer: At the beginning of the 19th century, Italy was a geographical expression. The whole country was divided into several states. The rulers of each state were despots. The discontent against the existing system was first expressed in 1820 by a secret society.
Question 22. What were the differences between the two organizations of Italy-Carbonari and Young Italy?
Answer: Carbonari was a secret organization in Italy where people of all age groups could join. But Young Italy was a youth organization where any man up to the age of 40 could join.
The Carbonari was a secret society of Italian rebels who wanted to liberate Italy through armed uprisings. The members of Young Italy believed that an organized mass uprising would bring Italian liberation.
Question 23. What was ‘Young Italy’?
Answer: Joseph Mazzini was an inspiring leader of Italy. He founded a party known as Young Italy in 1832. He had immense faith in Italy, and before unification, was a divided power and strength of the Italian youths. Young men up to the age of forty could be its members.
Question 24. Who was Mazzini?
Answer: Mazzini was the archpriest of Italian nationalism. He was the founder of the Young Italy movement. He rejected the idea of taking the help of foreign powers for Italian liberation. He believed that Italian youth and people would liberate themselves by sacrifice.
Question 25. What were the limitations of Mazzini’s movement?
Answer: The limitations of Mazzini’s movement were:
- Mazzini was an idealist patriot but his program of action was impractical. He was averse to taking any help from any foreign power for the freedom of Italy.
- Mazzini could not properly assess the military power of Italy. He could not realize that patriotism and self-sacrifice were not sufficient in Italy’s fight against Austria.
Question 26. What is ‘Risorgimento’?
Answer: Cavour, a leader of the Italian unification movement, pointed out that Italy should be united under the house of Piedmont and a moderate constitution with a parliament that will satisfy Italy’s needs and aspirations, should be framed. In his journal ‘Risorgimento’ he, again and again, preached this idea to make the movement more influential.
Question 27. Mention two provisions of the Pact of Plombieres.
Answer: The Pact of Plombieres was signed between Napoleon 3 and Count Cavour in 1858.
Two provisions of the Pact of Plombieres were:
- Napoleon III agreed to support Piedmont in a war with Austria.
- France was to get Savoy and Nice laying on her borders.
Question 28. When and between whom was the Pact of Plombieres signed?
Answer: The Pact of Plombieres was signed in 1858 between Napoleon III and Count Cavour.
Question 29. How did the Crimean War influence the Italian unification movement?
Answer: The main impediment to Italian unity was Austria. To gain the support of European powers and to isolate Austria, Italy took part in many. European wars. In the Crimean War (1854). Italy sided with England and France.
As a reward for participation in the Crimean War by Piedmont-Sardinia, Italy was allowed the privilege of attending the Paris Peace Conference (1854). In the Paris Peace Conference, the Italian question was raised before the European Statesmen and won the support of England and France.
Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas
Question 30. What was Zollverein?
Answer: The first stage in the unification of Germany was the creation of Zollverein or the customs union of the German kingdoms. The terms of the Zollverein were complete free trade between states and uniform tariffs on all frontiers.
Question 31. What did Napoleon do to unify Germany?
Answer: The first step to unify Germany was taken by Napoleon Bonaparte. During the French Revolution, Germany was divided into 300 states under Austrian domination.
After conquering Germany Napoleon united the kingdoms and formed 39 states out of the 300 states and inaugurated a federal administrative system known as the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806.
Question 32. What were the two main obstacles to the unification of Germany?
Answer: Two main obstacles in the unification of Germany were:
- The president of the Confederation of the Rhine, Austria was against the unification of Germany.
- There were differences in the ideology of the people of northern and southern Germany.
Question 33. What was the aim of the Frankfurt Parliament?
Answer: The aims of the Frankfurt Parliament were
- To achieve the political unity and liberty of Germany and
- To establish a popular government in place of the government of absolute monarchy.
Key Themes in European History for SAQs
Question 34. Who was Bismarck?
Answer: Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia. He followed the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ and unified Germany under the leadership of Prussia. He took part in three wars for uniting Germany-
- The war against Denmark (1864)
- The war against Austria (1866) and
- The war against France (1870).
Question 35. What was the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’?
Answer: According to Bismarck the greatest obstacle to German unity was Austria. He used to say that the greatest question of the day would be decided not by speeches and majority resolutions but by a policy of ‘blood and iron’.
His motto was to oust Austria from Germany if possible by diplomacy and, if necessary by ‘blood and iron’ or war.
Question 36. What were the results of the Battle of Sedan?
Answer: In the battle of Sedan (1870) France was defeated by Germany. It paved the way for the unification of Germany under Prussia’s leadership. Germany was unified and William I became the first emperor of united Germany.
Question 37. What were the wars waged by Bismarck for the unification of Germany?
Answer:
Bismarck waged three wars for the unification of Germany. These were-
- Danish war (1864)
- Austro-Prussian War and (1866)
- Franco-Prussian War (1870).
Question 38. Mention two importance of the Battle of Sadowa.
Answer: In the battle of Sadowa (1866) the Prussian army defeated Austria. It ended Austria’s leadership in Germany and paved the way for the unification of Germany.
Class 9 History Solution WBBSE Chapter 3 Europe In The 19th Century: Conflict Of Monarchical And Nationalist Ideas
Question 39. Why was the Ottoman Empire so named?
Answer: Osman I, a leader of the Turkish tribe in Anatolia founded the Ottoman Empire around 1299. The term ‘Ottoman’ is derived from Osman’s name, which was ‘Uthman’ in Arabic.
Question 40. When and between whom was the First Balkan War fought? Which treaty ended this war?
Answer: The First Balkan War was fought in 1912. The war was fought between the members of the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia) on one side and Turkey on the other side. The First Balkan War ended with the Treaty of Russian Guardianship over the Orthodox Greek of London (1913).
Question 41. Which countries formed the Balkan League? In which year was the Balkan League formed?
Answer:
- The countries that formed the Balkan League were Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro.
- The Balkan League was formed in 1912.
Question 42. What is meant by the Pan-Slav Movement?
Answer: Pan-Slav was a movement of the mid-19th century. It was a political and cultural movement to promote the integrity and unity of all the Slavic people, living in different parts of Europe.
Question 43. What is Philke Hetaira?
Answer: The Greeks were under the subjugation of Turkey and they fought for independence. The struggle of the Greeks originated in the activities of the Philke Hetaira (a secret society for friendly brotherhood) formed in Odesa (now in Ukraine) in 1814.
Its main object was to spread the doctrine of liberty and expel the Turks from Europe. They aimed to revive the old Greek empire of the east.
Question 44. What is ‘Vienna Note’?
Answer: To contain Russian expansion in Turkey the three great powers of Europe-Austria, England, and France met at Vienna to make a unanimous decision.
In the famous Vienna Note, Russian Guardianship over the Orthodox Greek Church in Turkey was admitted while Russia was asked to withdraw all other claims on Turkey.
Question 45. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Adrianople?
Answer: Russia defeated Turkey in the Battle of Navarino and forced the Treaty of Adrianople on Turkey in 1829.
According to the terms of this treaty, Turkey recognized the independence of Greece. Russia got Wallachia and Moldavia. Russia also acquired commercial and political rights in some territories in Asia.
Question 46. Who is called ‘The Lady with the Lamp’?
Answer:
- In the Crimean War Britain, France and Turkey fought against Russia. Sidney Herbert, the minister for war asked Florence Nightingale to lead a team of nurses to help the wounded soldiers.
- She worked 20 hours a day. At night she walked around the wards of the hospital to make sure that the soldiers were comfortable. She carried a lamp with her, so the soldiers called her ‘The Lady with the Lamp’.
Examples of Short Answer Questions on Nationalism in Europe
Question 47. Did Czar Alexander II liberate the serfs?
Answer: Czar Alexander 2 passed the ‘Emancipation Statute in 1861 which abolished serfdom in Russia and came to be known as ‘Czar the Liberator’.
However, in practice, the peasants were not liberated. The ownership of land was denied to them and was vested in the hands of ‘mirs’. The serfs were subjected to the village mirs instead of the lords who exploited them in various ways.
Question 48. In which year and by whom was a commission formed for the abolition of one form of the above serfdom?
Answer: In 1857 the Czar of Russia, Alexander II, formed a commission for the abolition of serfdom.
Question 49. Czar Alexander II could not satisfy the people-Give evidence.
Answer: Despite passing the Emancipation Statute of 1861 several attempts were made, on the life of Alexander II and he was killed in the streets of St. Petersburg by a bomb thrown at him by a member of the revolutionary group ‘People’s Will’.