WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 3 Some Aspects Of The Indian Society Economy And Culture Notes

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 3 Some Aspects Of The Indian Society Economy And Culture Introduction

Since the 7th century AD, there was a downturn in trade and commerce in many parts in northern India. The wretched condition of the towns caught the eyes of the travelers. From the middle of 7th century to the middle of the 12th century, trade and commerce started flourishing again. New trade routes and new cities had been founded.

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  • During the middle of the 7th century to the middle of the 12th century trade and commerce became significant in the Indian economy along with agriculture.
  • Kanauj and Thaneswar grew as important administrative centres.

In contemporary society, there was the existence of groups such as ‘Samanta’, ‘Raja’, ‘Raunak’, etc. Many of them had control over certain regions.

Thus society was stratified into different classes comprising of the king, the group of leaders, and the common people. The temples played an important role in the economy of south India. Common people and artisans settled around the temples.

In the Chola administration, the king was assisted by a council of ministers. The kingdom was divided into provinces or Mandalams. A council called ‘Nagaram’ was set up to redress the problems of the traders.

WBBSE Class 7 History Chapter 3 Some Aspects Of The Indian Society Economy And Culture Notes

  • In the Pala-Sena age, Bengal’s economy was based on agriculture, industry, and trade. The king used to grant lands to religious institutions in the agrarian society. ‘Cowrie’ was the main medium of exchange.
  • The Bengali language emerged during the Pala age. Ancient Bengali language gradually came into existence from a degenerated Magadhi language in the Gauda-Bengali pattern.
  • Works of literature, grammar, religion, philosophy, and medicine were usually written in Sanskrit.
  • In the Pala age, Mahayana Buddhism merged with other philosophical thoughts and gave birth to religious concepts like Vajrayana or Tantrayana, Sahajayana, and Kalachakrayana.
  • During the Pala age, there was no recognition of gods or goddesses, nor any importance to hymns (mantras) and rituals in the religious concepts. The concept of a clear mind and soul was emphasized.

It was said that eternal deliverance or Nirvana could be achieved only by a pure soul.

During the closing years of the Pala reign, the Buddhist Siddhacharyas started to compose ‘Charyapada’. The charyapadas depicted the contemporary Bengal environment and the livelihood of the common people.

Besides, the early Bengali language gradually developed through charyapada.

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The Buddhist monasteries were the learning centers of the Buddhist philosophers. Moasteries of Nalanda, Odantapuri (near Nalanda), Vikramshil (near Bhagalpur), Sompuri (at Paharpur in Rajshahi district) Jagaddal (in North Bengal), Bikrampuri (in Deccan) are worth mentioning.

The art form of the Pala era is known as the eastern Indian style of art. The main architectures of the Pala age were stupa, vihara, and temple.

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