WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface

Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Salient Points – At A Glance

1. In ancient times, by observing the position of the star in the night sky, the latitude was determined. In the northern hemisphere, latitude can be accurately determined with the help of the Pole Star.

2. During the daytime, the latitude of a place can be determined by the angle of inclination of the Sun,

3. In the night sky of the southern hemisphere, latitude can be determined by the angle of inclination of Hadley’s Octant.

4. Latitude is the angular distance of a place either north or south of the Equator on the equatorial plane.

5. Nowadays, latitudes are determined with the help of Sextant, Transit theodolite, etc. ‘

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6. Lowest and highest values of latitude are 0° and 90° respectively.

7. Parallels of latitude are the imaginary lines drawn on the maps and globes, that join all the places having the same latitudinal value.

8. Parallels of latitude are extended in an east-west direction. Amongst them, the circumference of the Equator is the largest. Circumference of latitudes decreases with distance from the Equator to the Poles. Total number of parallels at an the interval of 1° is 179 to the north and south of the Equator.

9. Important parallels are the Equator (0°), Tropic of Cancer 23½ºN , Tropic of Capricorn 23½ºS, Arctic Circle 66½ºN and Antarctic Circle 66½ºS.

10. The distance between the 1° latitudinal interval on the Earth’s surface is about 111 km or 69 miles.

11. Climate on the Earth’s surface changes with the change of parallels of latitude. On the basis of climate change, the Earth is divided into 3 heat belts. They are the Torrid zone, the Temperate zone, and the Frigid zone.

12. The angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian, which is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds is known as longitude.

13. The longitude of the Prime Meridian is 0° and the angular distance of other meridians is imagined to the east as well as to the west of the Prime Meridian upto 180°.

14. Places with the same longitudinal value are joined by semi-circular lines imagined from the North Pole to the South Pole. Such lines are known as Meridians.

15. The Prime Meridian (0°) and the 180° meridian, which is the exact opposite side of it, together make a full circle, that divides the Earth into two equal halves. The eastern half is known as the eastern hemisphere and the western half is the western hemisphere.

16. All the meridians are equal in length, but not parallel to each other. This is because all meridians meet at the Poles.

17. There is a 4 minutes time difference for 1° longitudinal difference.

18. Considering the maximum inclination of the Sun on a longitude passing through a place as 12 noon, the time of that place throughout the day is calculated. This specific time of that place is called its local time.

19. More than one local time is observed in countries with great east-west extension. Therefore, to avoid multiple local times, a meridian is chosen passing through the central position of the country to calculate the standard time of the whole country.

20. The Indian Standard Time (IST) is calculated on the basis of the meridian (82°30’E) that extends through Mirzapur of Allahabad.

21. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is determined according to the Prime Meridian (0°) passing through Greenwich. The time of the whole Earth is determined as per Greenwich Mean Time.

22. The time from 12 o’clock at midnight to 12 noon of the next day is called ante meridian or am. The time from 12 noon to 12 o’clock at midnight is called post meridian or pm.

23. If the center of a circle is drawn on the surface of the Earth and the center of the Earth lies at the same point, then the circle is called Great Circle.

24. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude intersect each other and form a network, that is called Earth’s grid.

25. There are two ends of any diameter of the spherical Earth, where one end is the antipode to another.

26. A place and its antipode always lie in opposite hemispheres. This is why the difference in longitude and local time between these two places is 180° and 12 hours respectively.

27. The International Date Line has been imagined through the middle of the Pacific Ocean roughly following the 180° meridian.

Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Topic A Latitude And Parallels of Latitude Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by parallels of latitude? Discuss their properties and their uses.
Answer:

Parallels of latitude:

The imaginary lines drawn around the Earth parallel to the Equator are known as the parallels of latitude. These lines join all the places with the same latitudinal value.

1.Properties and uses of the parallels of latitude: The properties and uses of the parallels of latitude are as follows- Determination of Location of a Place on the Earth’s Surface
Properties: The properties of the parallels of latitude are-
1. The parallels of latitude are full
circles and parallel to each other.
2. As the value of the latitudes increases, the circumference of the parallels of latitude gradually decreases. At the Poles, the parallels of latitude appear to be dotted.
3. All places on the same parallel of latitude have the same latitudinal value. Solar incidence changes with changing latitude. Accordingly, the climatic characteristics of the places also vary. The local times of various places lying on the same latitude are different based on their longitudinal value.

Uses: The uses of the parallels of latitude are- The north-south position of a place can be determined by using the Equator and the other latitudes as standards of measurement. The parallels of latitude are often used as the boundary of a country or a state. For instance, the 45° N parallel forms an approximate border between Quebec (Canada), and the states of New York and Vermont in the USA. The Earth can be divided into different heat zones (Torrid zone, Temperate zone, and Frigid zone) on the basis of the parallels of latitude.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface parllels of latitude

Question 2 How can you determine the latitude of a place geometrically? How can the latitude of a place in the northern hemisphere be determined using the elevation of the Pole Star?
Answer:

Geometric determination of the latitude of a place:

In the given picture, B denotes the Earth’s center, DC the Equator, A the North Pole, and P the Pole Star. N is a place in the northern hemisphere with MO as its horizon. Moreover, BQ is perpendicular to MO. As the Pole Star is located vertically above the North Pole, it will be visible at P’ position from N. Consequently, the angle of elevation of the North Star, as visible from N, would be ZMNP’ and the latitudinal degree of N would be <NBC.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface geomentric determination of latitude

Now <MNP’+<QNP’= a right and <PBN + < NBC= a right angle
Therefore, ZPBN + ZNBC = <MNP’ + ZQNP’
Moreover, since BP and NP’ are parallel to each other, ZPBN = ZQNP’ Hence, NBC = ZMNP’
[since 90° <PBN = 90° – <QNP’]
Therefore, the angle of elevation of the Pole Star, as visible from N = the latitudinal degree of N.

1. Using elevation of the Pole Star to determine the latitude of a place in the northern hemisphere:

In an open place-two poles, one taller than the other, are fixed. The smaller pole is fixed south of the taller one in such a way that the taller pole is to its north and the Pole Star as visible in the sky, are all in a straight line[Diagram (a)]. Now, after measuring the exact distance between the poles, on white paper the poles need to be drawn to the scale.[Diagram (b)]. Therefore, in, YR and ZS are the two poles, with RS being the distance between them. Now, Y and Z are joined, and simultaneously, SR is extended so that these two meet at point D and form an angle <ZDS. Hence, <YDR is the angle of elevation of the Pole Star and also the latitudinal degree. So, if the,<YDR is measured with the help of a protractor, the latitude of the place can be determined.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Elevation of the pole star to determine the latitude of a place

Question 3 Why is it necessary to determine the location of a place?
Answer:

Necessity of determining the location of a place:

It is necessary to determine the location of a place, because-

1. To find the exact position: It helps us to find the exact position of a country, a state, a city, a mountain, or any other place on the Earth’s surface.

2. To find the distance: It helps to find the distance between any two or more objects and places.

3. For geographical research and study: The location of a place helps us to understand the explanation of any geographical research and study.

4. To know climatic character: The climatic characteristics of a place can be known more or less if the location of the place is known.

5. For disaster management: Determination of location is necessary for relief and rescue management in case of various disasters.

6. For transport and navigation: It is necessary to know the location of a place on for water transport or navigation and to access resources of particular places.

7. For defense purposes: It helps to know the location of the enemy for defense or military purposes and helps to launch counter-attacks.

8. To demarcate boundaries: Determination of the location is necessary for the demarcation of political boundaries.

9. For development planning: The location of a place also helps us to assign proper development plans for backward regions.

Question 4 How can the Earth be divided into various heat zones?
Answer:

Heat zone:

The Earth is divided into three heat zones on the basis of the angle at which the sunrays fall. These are as follows-

1. Torrid zone: This zone extends from the Equator (0°) to the Tropic of Cancer (23½º N) in the North and to the Tropic of Capricorn (23½º S) in the South. Sunrays fall vertically on this region throughout the year. Some important countries that fall under this zone are Brazil, Venezuela, Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, Malaysia, Indonesia, England, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Heats zones

2. Temperate zone:
This zone extends from the Tropics (231⁄2° N and S) to the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (66%1⁄2° N and S). This zone experiences moderate heat throughout the year because the sun’s rays do not fall directly on this zone. Some countries that come under this zone are- the United States of America, Chile, France, South Africa, New Zealand, England, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy, and several others.

3. Frigid zone: This zone extends from the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (66½° N and S) to the Poles (90½° N and S). The frigid zone is the coldest region of the Earth because this region lies farthest from the Equator and receives a very low amount of sun rays. throughout the year. Some regions that fall under this zone are Antarctica, Siberia, Alaska, Greenland, northern Canada, Norway, and the northern parts of Sweden.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why the Equator is known as the ‘great circle’?
Answer:

Equator Is Known As The ‘Great Circle’:-

When the center of the circle that is drawn on the Earth’s surface and the center of the Earth is the same, then the circle becomes a ‘great circle’. There are several imaginary lines of latitude drawn over the Earth’s surface and out of those lines, the Equator is known as the great circle, because-

1. The largest circle: The Equator is the largest circle. It is not possible to draw a circle larger than the Equator over the Earth’s surface.

2. Same center with the Earth: The center of the Earth and that of the Equator lies at the same point.

3. Divides the Earth equally: If the Earth is divided along the Equator, we get two equal halves. One is the northern hemisphere and the other is the southern hemisphere. Centre of the Earth Equator (great circle)

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Equator(great circle)

Question 2 Introduce the important parallels of the Earth.
Answer: The important parallels of the Earth are-

1. Equator: The value of the Equator is 0°: Characteristics- The main characteristics of the Equation are-
1. Equator is extended along the middle of the Earth. Its circumference is the largest and it has divided the Earth into two equal halves, so it is called the great circle. 2. Latitude of a place is determined by the Equator.

2. Tropic of Cancer: Value of the Tropic of Characteristics- The main characteristics of the Tropic of Cancer are-1.It is the last limit of the northward movement of the Sun and delimits the northern boundary of Torrid Zone 2. Vertical sunrays fall on this latitude on 21 June.

3. Tropic of Capricorn: Value of the Tropic of Capricorn is Characteristics-The main characteristics of the Tropic of Capricorn are-
1. It is the last limit of the southward movement of the Sun and delimits the southern limit of the Torrid Zone. 2. On 22 December, vertical sunrays fall on this latitude.

4. Arctic Circle: The value of the Arctic Circle is 10 66 N. Characteristics- The main characteristics of the Arctic Circle are-
1. The region between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole experiences 24 hours of the day from 21 June for 6 months at a stretch. 2. It is the northern limit of the Temperate Zone. After this circle, Frigid Zone begins.

5. Antarctic Circle: The value of the Antarctic 10 Circle is 66½º S. Characteristics-The main characteristics of the Antarctic Circle are-
1. From 22 December the region between the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole experiences 24 hours of the day for 6 months at a stretch. 2. It is the southern limit of the Temperate Zone. 3. After this circle, Frigid Zone begins.

Question 3 What are the differences between latitude and parallels of latitude?
Answer: The differences between latitude and parallels of latitude are

Point of difference Latitude  parallels of latitude
 1. Concept  It is the angular distance of a place, north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees. These are imaginary lines drawn over the Earth, parallel to the Equator.
2. Nature It is a point of location. Parallels are not points, these are circular lines (except the two Poles).
3. Use Uses of latitudes are more. Uses of parallels are relatively less.

 

Question 4 What are the differences between the axis and parallels of latitude?
Answer: The differences between the axis and parallels of latitude are- Point of difference

Points of Difference Axis  Parallels of latitude
1. concept An imaginary line, that joins the North pole and south pole and passes Through the center of the earth is called the axis The imaginary circular lines drawn in the east-west direction encircling the Earth are called parallels of latitude.
2. Number There is only one axis of the Earth. The total number of parallels of latitude is 179.
3. Importance The Earth’s axis is tilted at 66- with the orbital plane, which causes variations of days and nights and also changes the seasons. The climate of the Earth changes with the change of parallels of latitude.

 

Question 5 ‘The Equator is the most important latitude of the Earth. Why?
Answer: The Equator is the most important latitude of the Earth, because-

1. Demarcation of hemispheres: The Equator is an east-west extended imaginary line passing through the middle of the Earth. It divides the Earth into two equal halves as northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

2. Calculation of latitude: Angular distance or latitude of a place on the Earth is measured from the Equator.

3. Drawing of the parallels: All lines of latitude are drawn parallel to the Equator.

4. Formation of the Torrid Zone: The sun’s rays fall vertically over the Equator and adjacent areas throughout the year. Thus, these regions form the Torrid Zone.

5. Balance of the day and night: Length days and nights are of equal duration (12hrs) at the Equator, throughout the year. This is because the Equator lies in the middle of the Earth.

Question 6 Why does high temperature prevail in the torrid zone throughout the year?
Answer:

High Temperature Prevail In The Torrid Zone Throughout The Year:-

The torrid zone extends between the Tropic of Cancer (232½°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23½º S). The apparent motion of the Sun is also restricted between these tropics. Starting from 22 December to 21 June, the Sun apparently moves from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Tropic of Cancer, which is known as the apparent northward movement of the Sun. Similarly from 21 June to 22 December, the Sun apparently moves in the opposite direction which is known as the apparent southward movement of the Sun. Therefore, this region receives vertical rays of the Sun throughout the year, and this is why high temperature (25°C-35°C) prevails in this zone.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by parallels of latitude?
Answer:

Parallels Of Latitude:-

The imaginary lines drawn over the Earth, which run parallel to the Equator are known as parallels of latitude. They are also called lines of latitude. These lines join all places having the same latitudinal value or angular distance from the Equator. For example, the Tropic of Cancer (23½º N).

Question 2 What are the properties of the lines of latitude?
Answer: The properties of the lines of latitudes are-

1. All the lines of latitude are full circles and run parallel to each other.
2. They all run in an east-west direction. As the latitudinal value increases, the circumference of the circles of latitudes decreases. The local time of the places lying on the same latitude is always different.

Question 3 What is the Equator?
Answer:

Equator:-

The Equator is an imaginary east-west line encircling the Earth midway between the North and South Poles. The Equator is the 0° latitude. It divides the Earth into two equal halves called the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. The average circumference of the Equator is 40,000km.

Question 4 What is meant by equatorial plane?
Answer:

Equatorial Plane:-

The imaginary plane that passes through the Equator and cuts the Earth into two equal halves is called the equatorial plane. The center of the Earth lies on this plane and so, the angular value of this plane is 0°. It is perpendicular to the Earth’s axis.


Question 5 What are the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle?
Answer:

Arctic Circle And Antarctic Circle:-

Arctic Circle is the parallel of latitude that runs along 66½º north of the Equator, whereas, Antarctic Circle is the parallel of latitude that runs along 66½º south of the Equator. The region beyond the Arctic and the Antarctic Circles experiences 6 months of complete daylight and 6 months of complete darkness throughout the year.


Question 6 What is meant by latitude?
Answer:

Latitude:-

The angular distance of a place, north or south of the Equator, usually measured in degrees is known as latitude. All the places having the same latitudinal value, joined by a single line, forms the parallel. For example, the latitude of Kolkata is 22° 30′ N.

Question 7 What is meant by angular distance?
Answer:

Angular Distance:-

An angle whose apex is at the center of the spherical Earth and whose legs are radii intersecting the circle in two distinct points, thereby subtending an arc between those two points is known as the angular distance. The unit used to measure the angular distance is degrees, minutes, and seconds as it is conceptually identical to an angle.

Question 8 What is a Sextant?
Answer:

Sextant:-

A Sextant is an instrument used to determine the angle between a celestial object and the horizon (this angle is also known as the object’s altitude). The instrument has an in-built telescope and helps in determining the latitude of a place.

Question 9 What is meant by the northern and the southern latitudes?
Answer:

Northern And The Southern Latitudes:-

The latitudes can be delineated into two types on the basis of which hemisphere it is located in. They are-

Northern latitudes: Latitudes located to the north of the Equator are known as northern latitudes. So, all the latitudes from 1° to 90° in the northern hemisphere will be marked as northern latitudes. These are denoted by the letter ‘N’.

Southern latitudes: Latitudes located to the south of the Equator are known as southern latitudes. So, all the latitudes from 1° to 90° in the southern hemisphere are the southern latitudes. These are denoted by the letter ‘S’.

Question 10 What is meant by 22°30′ N latitude of Kolkata?
Answer:

22°30′ N Latitude Of Kolkata:-

Latitude is the angular distance of a place from the center of the Earth either north or south of the Equator on the equatorial plane. Latitudes at the north and south of the equatorial plane are known as northern and southern latitudes respectively. Now, the latitude of Kolkata is 22°30’N, which means Kolkata is located at an angular distance of 22°30′ north of the Equator.

Question 11 What is the difference between a great circle and a small circle?
Answer:

Difference Between A Great Circle And A Small Circle:-

When the center of a circle is drawn on the surface of a sphere and the center of the Determination of Location of a Place on the Earth’s Surface sphere are the same, then the circle is called a great circle. The other circles that can be drawn on the surface of a sphere are called small circles. A great circle is different from small circles because small circles do not share the same center as the sphere. For example, the Equator(0°) is a great circle whereas, both the Tropics (23½º) are small circles.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

1. The highest value of latitude can be—
1. 90°
2. 100°
3. 175°
4. 180°

Answer: 1. 90°

2. The total number of latitudes that can be measured at an interval of 1° to the north and south of the Equator are—
1. 189
2. 190
3. 179
4. 181

Answer: 4. 181

3. The angular measurement of the Arctic Circle is—
1. 60° N
2. 60° S
3. 66° 30′ N
4. 66° 30′ S

Answer: 3. 66° 30′ N

4. The angle of elevation of the Pole Star at the North Pole is—
1. 0°
2. 90°
3. 60°
4. 180°

Answer: 2. 90°

5. The time difference between a place and its antipode is—
1. 6 hours
2. 10 hours
3. 12 hours
4. 24 hours

Answer: 3. 12 hours

6. The parallel that runs almost through the middle of West Bengal is—
1. Equator
2. Tropic of Cancer
3. Tropic of Capricorn
4. Arctic Circle

Answer: 2. Tropic of Cancer

7. The first person to use latitude and longitude to determine the location of a place was—
1. Plato
2. Ptolemy
3. Eratosthenes
4. Aristotle

Answer: 3. Eratosthenes

8. The South Pole is determined by a constellation of stars known as—
1. Pole Star
2. Morning Star
3. Orion
4. Hadley’s Octant

Answer: 4. Hadley’s Octant

9. The angular distance of a place, north or south of the Equator, usually measured in degrees is known as—
1. Longitude
2. Anti pode
3. Latitude
4. Axis

Answer: 3. Latitude

10. The minimum value of latitude can be—
1. 90°
2. 0°
3. 45°
4. 66½º

Answer: 2.

11. The northernmost latitudinal extent of India is—
1. 36° 06′ N
2. 97° 25′ N
3. 37° 06′ N
4. 67° 00′ N

Answer: 3. 37° 06′ N

12. The total number of parallels of latitude drawn at 1° intervals across the globe are—
1. 180
2. 177
3. 178
4. 179

Answer: 4. 179

13. The difference in latitude between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn is—
1. 33°
2. 43°
3. 23°
4. 66°

Answer: 2. 43°

14. The linear distance between two sub-frequent parallels at an interval of 1° is—
1. 127 km
2. 111.3 km
3 161 km
4. 164.2 km

Answer: 2. 111.3 km

15. The angle of elevation of the Pole Star at the Tropic of Cancer is—
1. 0°
2. 23½º
3. 66½º
4. 90°

Answer: 2. 23½º

16. The heavenly body that helps to determine latitude in Australia at night is the—
1. Moon
2. Pole Star
3. Hadley’s Octant
4. Evening Star

Answer: 3. Hadley’s Octant

17. Any place that is located to the north of the Equator is designated as—
1. High latitude
2. North latitude
3. Mid-latitude
4. Low latitude

Answer: 2. North latitude

18. The line that joins all the places with the same latitudinal degree is known as the—
1. Meridian
2. Prime Meridian
3. Parallel
4. Equator

Answer: 3. Parallel

19. At the Equator, the Pole Star can be seen in the—
1. Horizon
2. Vertically overhead
3. Eastern sky
4. Western sky

Answer: 1. Horizon

20. The latitude at which the diurnal range of temperature is the lowest is—
1. Equator
2. Tropic of Cancer
3. Tropic of Capricorn
4. South Pole

Answer: 1. Equator

21. The line in the southern hemisphere that marks the boundary till which vertical sun rays lie is—
1. Equator
2. Tropic of Cancer
3. Tropic of Capricorn
4. Antarctic Circle

Answer: 3. Tropic of Capricorn

22. Value of the highest latitude on the Earth is—
1. 90°
2. 100°
3. 175°
4. 180°

Answer: 1. 90°

23. Total number of latitudes to the north or south of the Equator at 1° intervals are—
1. 89
2. 90
3. 91
4. 180

Answer: 2. 90

24, Value of the latitude of the Arctic Circle is—
1. 60° N
2. 66° S
3. 66°30′ N
4. 60°30′ S

Answer: 3. 66°30′ N

25, the Angular distance of Kolkata from the center of the Earth is—
1. 22°30′ N
2. 23°30′ N
3. 60° N
4. 66°30′ N

Answer: 1. 22°30′ N

26. The angle that forms between the equatorial plane and the center of the Earth is—
1. 60°
2. 90°
3. 0°
4. 22°30′

Answer: 3. 0°

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Fill In The Blanks With Suitable


1. The lines of  Latitude run in an east-west direction. 

2. The latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer is  23½º

3. The only great circle among the parallels of latitude is the Equator

4. The lines of latitude are also known as the parallels

5. The expanse between the 90° and the 6634° latitudes in both hemispheres is known as Frigid Zone

6. The heavenly body that helps to determine latitude at the North Pole is the  Pole star

7. As the angular distance of a place, north or south of the Equator increases, the circumference of the latitude decreases

8. Equator divides the Earth into two equal halves.

9. The latitudes are in shape Circular.

10. The latitudes between the Equator and 30° in both hemispheres are known as Low latitudes.

11. The instrument used to calculate the latitude of any place is the Latitude of the Antarctic Circle Sextant

12. Latitude of the Antarctic Circle is 66½º S

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface If The Statement Is True, write ‘TRUE’, And If False, Write ‘FALSE’ Against The Following

1. The Equator is an example of a great circle. True

2. The angle of elevation of the Pole Star in the southern hemisphere is 90°. False

3. The local time of a place is calculated with the help of its latitude. False

4. Chronometer is used to measure the latitude of a place. False

5. The 66½º N latitude is also known as the Antarctic Circle. False

6. All the lines of latitude intersect the lines of longitude horizontally. False

7. The angular distance of a place north or south of the Equator is the same for all the places located on the same latitude.  True

8. On 21 March, all the places on Earth experience 12 hours of the day and 12 hours of night. True

9. The angle of elevation of the Pole Star is measured to be 90° from any place in the northern hemisphere. False

10. Hadley’s Octant is used to determine the direction in the southern hemisphere.  True

11. The Equator passes through Brazil. True

12. 6°45’S is the southernmost latitude of India. True

13. The climatic characteristics of various places lying on the same latitude are alike. True

14. The latitudes between 30°-60° are called low latitude. False

15. Time is determined with the help of Sextant. False

16. Latitudinal values of all the places lying on a parallel are the same. True

17. All parallels are full circles. True

18. India lies in the southern hemisphere. False

19. Angle of elevation of the Pole Star in the southern hemisphere is measured by the Transit Theodolite. False

20. The Pole Star can be seen above the head at the North Pole. True

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left column  Right column
1. Equator A. 23 south
2. Tropic of cancer B.23 north
3.Tropic of capricorn C. 66 north
4. Arctic circle D.0

 

Answer 1-D ,2-B, 3-A, 4-C

2.

Left column  Right column
1. Brazil A. Tropic of cancer
2. Saudi Arabia B.Tropic of capricorn
3. Canada C. Equator
4. Australia D. Arctic circle

 

Answer 1-C ,2-A, 3-D, 4-B

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface Answer In One Or Two Words

 

Question 1 What is the latitudinal value of the Arctic Circle?
Answer: 66½º N.

Question 2 What is the latitudinal value of the Tropic of Capricorn?
Answer: 232° S.

Question 3 What is the other name of lines of latitude?
Answer: Parallels of latitude.

Question 4 What is 90° N also known as?
Answer: North Pole.

Question 5 What is 90° S also known as?
Answer: South Pole.

Question 6 Name the latitude that is located at an equal distance from either of the poles.
Answer: The Equator.

Question 7 Name the imaginary plane that passes through the Equator and is perpendicular to the Earth’s axis.
Answer: Equatorial plane.

Question 8 Which line is the reference line to determine the latitude of a place?
Answer: The Equator.

Question 9 What is the other name of the North Pole?
Answer: Arctic.

10. What is the other name of the South Pole?
Answer: Antarctic.

11. What is the meaning of sextant?
Answer: 1/6 of a circle (60°).

12. How many lines of latitude are there in the north of the Equator at an interval of 1° including the Equator?
Answer: 90.

13. Which line does not form an angle with the equatorial plane or center of the Earth?
Answer: The Equator.

14. What is Transit Theodolite?
Answer: An instrument to measure the angular distance.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Surface Topic B Longitude And Meridians Of Longitude Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by meridians of longitude? Discuss their properties and their uses.
Answer:

Meridians Of Longitude:-

Meridians of longitude: In geography, a meridian is the half of an imaginary great circle on the surface of the Earth, that ends at the geographical poles-the North Pole and the South Pole. It connects all the points of equal longitude. Each meridian is of equal length and is perpendicular to all the circles of latitude.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface meridians of longitude

1.Properties and uses of meridians of longitude: The Properties and the uses of meridians of longitude are as follows-
1. All the meridians of longitude are half circles.
2. They are not parallel to each other.
3. The distance between two consecutive meridians is the highest at the Equator and reduces gradually towards the Poles.
4. All the meridians are of equal length.
5. All places on the same meridian have the same longitudinal degree.
6. The climatic characteristics of the places on the same meridian are not the same.
7. The local time of various places lying on the same longitude is always the same.

Uses: The uses of the meridians of longitude are-
1. The east-west position of a place can be determined with reference to the Prime Meridian and the other longitudes as the standard of measure.
2. The local time of any place on the surface of the Earth can be calculated based on which longitude it is positioned.
3. Sometimes the boundary of any country or state is demarcated by the meridians. For example, some state boundaries of the USA.

Question 2 Explain with examples how the location of a place can be determined using the lines of latitude and longitude. How does the local time change with changing lines of longitude?
Answer:

Determination of the location of a place with the help of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude:

The location of any place on the Earth’s surface can be determined by using the lines of latitude and longitude. The parallels of latitude are full circles and run in an east-west direction. On the other hand, the meridians of longitude are half circles and run in a north-south direction. The combination of these two components forms a graticule that specifies the position of any place on the Earth.

This is why both parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude are shown on the map. To determine the exact location of a place, both are essential. For example, the location of Kolkata is 22° 30′ N and 88° 30′ E.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's surface the loaction of a palce with the help of latitudes and longitudes

This statement explains the fact that Kolkata is located at the intersection point of 22°30′ N latitude and 88°30’E longitude.

1. Change of the local time with the changing lines of longitude: The lines of longitude of the Earth are half-circular lines that extend from north to south. Since the Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, each longitude faces the Sun directly once every 24 hours. When the Sun is directly overhead any longitude, it is noon at that longitude.

The local time of that longitude is calculated with reference to noon time at that longitude. Therefore, each line of longitude experiences noon only once every 24 hours and each longitude experiences it at different points in time. That is why local time changes with changes in the longitude.

Question 3 What is the International Date Line? Explain the significance of the line.
Answer:

Internation Date Line:

The International Date Line is an imaginary line that follows the 180° longitude. However, it deviates from its original position near the Aleutian, Fiji, and the Chatham Islands. The International Date Line acts as a divider between the dates of the eastern and the western hemispheres. It is according to this line that the calendar date changes.

1. Significance of International Date Line: The Earth takes 24 hours or 1440 minutes to complete one rotation of 360°. Therefore, for every 1° difference in longitude, we experience a time difference of 4 minutes. Moreover, since the Earth rotates from west to east, the local time in the east is ahead of the local time in the west. So, if the local time is followed on a world | For example, both the 180° E and the 180° W are tour, a lot of discrepancies can arise regarding the date and time of the places. This creates a lot of confusion and inconvenience for business purposes.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface international date line

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Some Key Points


1. The Latitudes and longitudes measured in degrees(), minutes(‘) and seconds(“). Time is calculated in hours (hrs), minutes (mins), and seconds (secs).

2. For every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 minutes. For every 1′, longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 seconds.

3. With reference to the measurement of latitude and longitude: 1°= 60′ and 1′ = 60″. With reference to time calculation: 1h = 60m and 1m 60s.

4. GMT refers to Greenwich Mean Time (0° meridian) and IST refers to Indian Standard Time (82½º E meridian).

5. We move ahead in time as we move from east to west.

6. While calculating total time, if the time required to deliver a message is mentioned, that time is to be added at the end. On the other hand, while calculating longitude, that extra time is to be subtracted from the total time.

7. Steps to calculate time on the basis of longitudinal difference—
1. The first step is to find out the longitudinal difference between the two given places. If both the places are located in the same hemisphere, then the longitude with a smaller value is to be subtracted from the longitude with a larger value. If both the places are located in different hemispheres, then the value of both longitudes is to be added.

2. The next step is to find out the time difference referring to the fact that, for every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 minutes.

3. The position of the longitude whose time is to be calculated is to be found out with respect to the other longitude.

4. If the place, for which time needs to be determined is to the east, the difference in time is to be added. On the other hand, if the place, for which time needs to be determined, is to the west, the difference in time is to be subtracted.

8. Steps to calculate longitude on the basis of the time difference—
1. The first step is to find out the difference in time between the two given places.

2. The next step is to find out the longitudinal difference by dividing the value of the time difference by 4.

3. If the time of the place, whose longitude is to be determined, is ahead of that of the other place, then the former is located to the east of the latter. Whereas, if the time of the place, whose longitude is to be determined, is behind that of the other place, then the former is located to the west of the latter.

4. If the place for which time needs to be determined is in the east, the difference in longitude is to be added and if in the west, the difference in longitude is to be subtracted.

9. The time difference between a place and its antipode is 12 hours and the longitudinal difference between a place and its antipode is 180°.

Question 1 According to the local time is 4.30 pm. If it is 12 noon at the place named P then, what is the longitude of that place?
Answer:

Determination of the longitude of the place named P:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude placed named by p

The time difference between Greenwich and P is

(16:30 – 12:00) hrs = 4 hrs 30 mins For a 1-hour time difference, the longitudinal difference is 15°

∴ For a 4-hour time difference, the longitudinal difference is 15 x 4 = 60°

Again for 4 minutes time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°

For a 1-minute time difference, the longitudinal difference is -¼º

For 30 minutes time difference, the longitudinal difference is 30º/4 = 7.5° = 7°30′

Therefore Total longitudinal difference is 60° + 7°30′ = 67° 30’

As the local time of P is behind that of Greenwich, that means, the place P must lie to the west of Greenwich. So, the longitude of P is 67°30′ W.

Question 2 The local time of places A and B are 6 am and 6 pm respectively. Determine the longitude of A and B if the Greenwich Time is 12:00 noon.
Answer:

Determination of the longitude of the place named A and B:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude placed named by b

The time difference between Greenwich and place A is (12 hrs – 6 hrs) = 6 hrs.

Now, for a 1-hour time difference, the longitudinal difference is 15°

For 6hours time difference, longitudinal difference is 15° x 6 = 90°

The longitudinal difference between place A and Greenwich is 90°

As the local time of place, A is behind that of Greenwich, that means place A lies to the west of Greenwich. So, the longitude of place A is 90° W.

Again time difference between Greenwich and place B is (18 hrs or 6 pm -12 hrs) 6 hrs.
Now, for a 1-hour time difference, the longitudinal difference is 15°

For a 6-hour time difference, the longitudinal difference is 15° x 6 = 90°
The longitudinal difference between place B and Greenwich is 90°.

As the local time of place B is ahead of Greenwich local time, that means place B lies to the east Of Greenwich. So, the longitude of place B is 90° E.

The longitude of places A and B are 90° W and 90° E respectively.

Question 3 when it is midday or 12 noon at Greenwich?
Answer:

Determination of the local time of Kolkata:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface local time of kolkata

The longitudinal difference between Kolkata and Greenwich is 0º and Kolkata is to the east of Greenwich.

Therefore Longitudinal difference between Kolkata and Greenwich is (88°30′-0°) = 88°30′

For a 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 min

∴ For an 88° longitudinal difference, the time

difference is 88 x 4 = 352 mins = 5 hrs 52 mins

Again, for V longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 seconds

Therefore For a 30′ longitudinal difference, the time difference is 30 x 4 = 120 seconds = 2 mins

The total time difference between Greenwich and Kolkata is (5 hr 52 mins + 2 mins) = 5 hrs 54 mins. As Kolkata is to the east of Greenwich, the local time of Kolkata is ahead of Greenwich’s local time.

The local time of Kolkata is (12.00 noon + 5 hrs 54 mins) = 17 hrs 54 mins = 5:54 pm.

Question 4 An important radio broadcast from Olympia (22°23′ East) at 9 am on Monday has to reach Los Angeles (118°17′ West) in the USA. If it takes 15 minutes to send or receive a message, then when will the message arrive in Los Angeles?
Answer:

Message arriving time in Los Angeles:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface message arriving time in los angeles

Longitudinal difference between Olympia and Los Angeles is(22°23′ + 118° 17′) = 140° 40′

Now, for a 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 mins

For 140° longitudinal difference, time difference is 140 x 4 mins = 560 mins = 9 hrs 20 mins

Again, for a 1′ longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 seconds – For a 40′ longitudinal difference time difference is 40 x 4 = 160 seconds = 2 mins 40 secs,

 For 140°40′ longitudinal difference, the time difference is (9 hrs 20 mins + 2 mins 40 secs) = 9 hrs 22 mins 40 secs.

As, Los Angeles is located to the west of Olympia, so local time in Los Angeles will be behind that of Olympia.

Therefore, while the local time in Olympia is 9 am, the local time in Los Angeles would be (9 am -9 hrs 22 mins 40 secs)

= (24 hrs + 9 hrs) – 9 hrs 22 mins 40 secs

= 33 hrs – 9 hrs 22 mins 40 secs

= 23 hrs 37 mins 20 secs

= Sunday night 11 hrs 37 mins 20 secs

Now, It takes 15 minutes to send or receive a message.

 The radio news will reach Los Angeles on the previous night at 11 hrs 37 mins 20 secs + 15 mins i.e., on Sunday at 11:52:20 pm.

Question 5 What would be the local time in New York {74° W) and in Mumbai (73° E), when it is 12 noon in Greenwich?
Answer:

Local time in New York and Mumbai:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Loacl time in newyork and mumbai

Mumbai and New York are located to the east and west of Greenwich respectively.

The longitudinal difference between Greenwich and New York is (74° -0°) = 74°

Now, for a 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 mins

For the 74° longitudinal difference, the time difference is (74 x 4) mins = 296 mins = 4 hrs 56 mins As, New York is located to the west of Greenwich, so, the local time of New York will be behind that of Greenwich.

When the local time is 12 noon at Greenwich, the local time of New York would be (12 noon – 4 hrs 56 mins) =7:04 am On the other hand, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and Mumbai is (73°-0°) = 73°

Since For 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4 mins
Therefore For the 73° longitudinal difference time difference is 73 x 4 mins = 292 mins = 4 hrs 52 mins As, Mumbai is located to the east of Greenwich, the local time at Mumbai would be ahead of Greenwich.

while local time is 12 noon in Greenwich, the local time in Mumbai would be (12 noon + 4 hrs 52 mins) = 16 hrs 52 mins = 4:52 pm.

While local time is 12 noon in Greenwich, the local time of Mumbai and New York would be 4:52 pm and 7:04 am respectively.

Question 6 1. The local time of places X and Y are Saturday at 9 pm and Sunday at 3 am respectively. The longitude of X is 90° W. Determine the longitude of Y. 2. What will be the time of 1ST when Chronometer shows 12 noon?
Answer

1. Determination of the longitude of Y:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude of Y

The local time of places X and Y are Saturday at 9 pm and Sunday at 3 am respectively. Therefore, the difference in local time between X and Y is—

(Saturday 9 pm – Sunday 3 am) i.e., [Saturday (24h – 21h = 3h) + Sunday 3h ] = 6 hrs or 360 mins.

Now, we know that for every 4 minutes time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

∴  for 360 minutes time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 360 4÷4 = 90°

Hence, the longitudinal difference between X and Y is 90°.

Since the local time of Y is ahead of the local time of X, this means, Y is located to the east of X.
Therefore, the longitude of Y is (90°W- 90°) = 0°.

2. Determination of the time of 1ST:

The Chronometer runs on the basis of Greenwich time. Therefore, if it is 12 noon according to Chronometer, then it can be said that the time at Greenwich or the Prime Meridian (0°) is also 12 noon. On the other hand, it is also known that the Standard Meridian of India is 82° 30′ E. Hence, the longitudinal difference between the Prime Meridian i.e., the GMT and 1ST is— (82°30’E – 0°) = 82° 30′. Now the time difference. for 82° 30,’ the longitudinal difference will be—

For every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 minutes. Therefore, for an 82° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be Therefore, for a 30′ longitudinal difference, the time difference. will be(30×4) = 120 seconds or 2 minutes.

So, the total time difference between GMT and 1ST becomes (328 + 2) = 330 minutes or 5hrs 30mins.

Since the Standard Meridian of India is located to the east of the Prime Meridian, so 1ST would be ahead of GMT.

Therefore, when it is 12 noon according to GMT, the time according to 1ST would be (12hrs + 5hrs 30mins) =17:30 hours or 5:30 pm.

Question 7 The longitude of places A and B are 20° E and 35°E respectively. What will be the local time of B when it is Sunday 11 pm at A? A news broadcast at 8 am from Greenwich. What will be the longitude of the place that receives that broadcast at 2:30 pm?

Answer

1. Determination of the local time of the place B:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Local time of the palce b

It is known that the longitudes of A and B are 20° E and 35° E respectively.
Hence, the longitudinal difference between A and Bis (35°E-20°E) = 15°.

For every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 minutes, Therefore, for a 15° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (15 x4) = 60 minutes or 1 hour.

Since B is located to the east of A, so the time of B would be ahead of A.
(82 x 4) = 328 minutes.

Therefore, when it is Sunday 11 pm at A, the time at B would be (Sunday 11 pm + LH) i.e., (23hrs+1hrs) = 24hrs or Monday 00:00.

2. Determination of the longitude of the message receiving place:

The news broadcasts at 8 am from Greenwich (0°) and is received at the given place at 2:30 pm. Therefore, the difference in local time between Greenwich and the given place is—
(2:30 pm – 8 am), i.e., (14hrs 30mins – 8hrs) = 6hrs 30mins or 390mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°. Therefore, for a 390mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 390÷4 = 97°30′

As per the question, the time of the unknown (message receiving) place is ahead of Greenwich, so the unknown place would be located to the east of Greenwich (0°). Therefore, the longitude of the unknown place would be (0° + 97°30′) = 97°30’E.

Question 8 1 The captain of a ship notices that the local time at a port, where his ship has just reached, is 7:30 pm. But the Chronometer then shows the time 11:46 pm. What is the longitude of the port where the ship has reached? 2. How can the latitude be determined with reference to Hadley’s
Octant?
Answer:

1 Determination of the longitude of the port:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Longitude of the port

The Chronometer runs on the basis of Greenwich time. When the ship reached the port at 11:46 pm according to Greenwich time, the local time of the port was 7:30 pm.

Therefore, the time difference between these two places would be (11:46 pm – 7:30 pm) i.e./ (23hrs 46mins – 19hrs 30mins) = 4hrs 16mins or 256mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

Therefore, for a 256mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 256 4÷4 = 64° So, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and the port is 64°

As it is known that the local time of the port is behind that of Greenwich, the port would be located to the west of Greenwich (0°). Therefore, the longitude of the port would be (64° – 0°) =64° or 64° W

2. Determination of latitude with reference to Hadley’s Octant:

Hadley’s Octant is a constellation of stars in the southern sky that is noteworthy as a marking of the geographical South Pole. In ancient times, people used the Pole Star to determine the north and Hadley’s Octant to determine the south. The Hadley’s Octant is visible in the night sky from all places in the southern – hemisphere but its angle of elevation is not the same at all places.

The angle of elevation changes with varying latitudes. The angle of elevation of Hadley’s Octant near the Equator is zero and thus the Equator is measured as 0° latitude. From the Equator, if we move 111.3 km to the south, we reach the 1° S latitude, and the angle of elevation of Hadley’s Octant at 1° S is measured to be 1°. In the same sequence, the angle of elevation of Hadley’s Octant is measured to be 90° or exactly vertical at the South Pole. Therefore, with reference to the angle of elevation of Hadley’s Octant from the horizon of a place, the latitude of the place can be easily determined.

Question 9 1. New York is located at 74° W. What would be the time in New York when it is 11 am in Greenwich? 2. Determine the difference in the local time of a place and its antipodal point.
Answer:

1. Determination of the local time of New York:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Local time of new york

The longitude of Greenwich is 0°.

Therefore, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and New York is ( 74° – 0°) = 74°

Now, for the 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4mins.

So, for a 74° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be 74 x 4 = 296 mins or 4hrs 56mins.
As New York is located to the west of Greenwich, the local time of New York will be behind Greenwich time.

Therefore, while it is 11 am at Greenwich, the time in New York would be (l hrs-4hrs 56mins) = 6hrs 04mins or 6:04 am.

2. Determination of the difference in local time of a place and its antipodal point:

The anti-pod of a point is a point on the Earth’s surface that is diametrically opposite to it.

So, the longitudinal difference between these two places is always 180°.

We know, for a 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4mins.

So, for the 180° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be 180 x 4 = 720mins or 12hrs.

Therefore, the difference in the local time of a place and its antipodal point is 12 hours.

Question 10 1. When it is 6:30 am in Chennai, the time in New York is 8:13 pm on the previous day. What is the longitude of New York, if the longitude of Chennai is 80° 15′ E? 2. While on a voyage, a captain of a ship notices at 1:00 pm that the time being shown in the Chronometer is 6:30 pm. Which longitude is the ship passing through at that time?
Answer:

1. Determination of the longitude of New York:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Longitude of the place the ship os passing through

When it is 6:30 am in Chennai, the time in New York is 8:13 pm on the previous day. Therefore, the difference in local time between Chennai and New York is (8:13 pm of the previous day 6:30 am) or [(24hrs 20hrs 13mins) + 6hrs 30mins] = 10hrs 17mins or 617mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

∴ for a 617mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be (617+ 4) = 154°15′.
So, the longitudinal difference between New York and Chennai is 154° 15′.

Now, since the local time of New York is behind the local time of Chennai, this implies that New York is located to the west of Chennai.

the longitude of New York is (154°15′-80°15′) = 74° or 74° W.

2. Determination of the longitude of the place, the ship is passing through

The Chronometer runs on the basis of Greenwich time. The time difference between Greenwich time and the unknown location of the ship is (6:30 pm – 1:00pm) or (18hrs 30mins 13hrs) = 5hrs 30mins or 330mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1″.
Therefore, for the 330mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 3304 82°30′.

So, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and the unknown location of the ship is 82° 30′.

As it is known that the time of the unknown location is behind that of Greenwich, so the unknown place would be located to the west of Greenwich (0°). Therefore, the longitude of the unknown place would be (82°30′ -0°) 82° 30′ W.

Question 11 When the local time of Tripoli (13° 12’E) is 5pm, the local time of an unknown city would be 7 am. What would be the longitude of this unknown city? When the local time of Katakana  (88°30’E) is 11:30 am, the local time of Tokyo is 2:51 pm. What would be the longitude of Tokyo?
Answer:

1. Determination of the longitude of the unknown city:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface long titude of unknown city

(5 pm 7 am) i.e., (17hrs 7hrs) = 10hrs or 600mins. Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

Therefore, for a 600mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 600 ÷ 4 = 150°.

As per the question, the time of the unknown city is behind that of Tripoli, so the unknown city would be located to the west of Tripoli. Therefore, the longitude of the unknown place would be
(150° 13°12′) = 136°48′ or 136° 48′ W.

2. Determination of the longitude of Tokyo:

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude of tokyo

The difference in local time between Tokyo and Kolkata is- (2:51 pm – 11:30 am) i.e., (14hrs 51mins – 11hrs 30mins) = 3hrs or 21mins or 201mins. Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°

Therefore, for the 201mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 201÷ 4 = 50°15′.
As per the question, the time in Tokyo is ahead of Kolkata, so Tokyo would be located to the east of Kolkata (88° 30′ E). Therefore, the longitude of Tokyo would be (88° 30′ + 50° 15′) 138°45′ or 138° 45′ E.

Question 12 What would be the local time of Dhaka (90° E), when it is 6 am in Seoul (127° 06’E)?
Answer:

Determination of the local time of Dhaka:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface LOCAL TIME OF DHAKA..

Both Seoul and Dhaka are located in the eastern hemisphere.

The longitudinal difference between Seoul and Dhaka is (127°06′-90°) = 37°06′.

So, the difference in time between Seoul and Dhaka would be-

If, for every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 minutes. Therefore, for a 37° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (37 × 4) = 148 minutes or 2hrs 28mins.

Again, for every 1′ longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 seconds. Therefore, for a 6′ longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (6 × 4) = 24 seconds.
So, the total time difference between Seoul and Dhaka becomes (2hrs 28mins + 24 seconds) = 2hrs 28mins 24 secs.

Since Dhaka is located to the west of Seoul, so the local time of Dhaka would be behind the local time of Seoul. Therefore, when it is 6 am in Seoul, the local time of Dhaka would be (6hrs – 2hrs 28mins 24 secs) = 3hrs 31mins 36 seconds or 3:31:36 am.

Question 13 Greenwich Time Signal is received by a place at 4:32 pm when it was 12 noon at Greenwich. What is the longitude of that place, if the time taken by the signal to reach that place from Greenwich is calculated to be 2 minutes?
Answer:

Determination of the longitude of the unknown place:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude of the unknown palces

Greenwich Time Signal (2 minutes)Longitude (0°) Greenwich (12 noon)Longitude (?) Unknown place (4:32 pm)

The Greenwich Time Signal from Greenwich at 12 noon, was heard at 4:32 pm in an unknown place. The time taken by the signal to reach that place from Greenwich is 2 minutes.

Therefore, the signal should have reached that place at (4hrs 32mins – 2 mins) = 4hrs 30mins i.e., at 4:30 pm if the time lost in transmission is ignored.

So, the difference in local time between Greenwich and the unknown place is- (4:30 pm-12 noon) i.e., (16hrs 30mins – 12hrs) 4hrs 30mins or 270mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

Therefore, for a 270mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 270 ÷ 4 = 67° 30′. So, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and the unknown place is 67° 30′.

As per the question, the time of the unknown place is ahead of Greenwich, so the unknown place would be located to the east of Greenwich (0°). Therefore, the longitude of the unknown place would be (0° + 67° 30′)= 67° 30′ or 67° 30’E

Question 14 What would be the local time, day, and date in Kolkata {88° 30′ E), while it is Wednesday 8:30 pm on December 31, 2019 in New York (74° W)?
Answer:

Determination of the local time, day, and date in Kolkata:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Loacl time day and date in kolkata

The longitudinal difference between New York and Kolkata is- (74° + 88° 30′) = 162° 30′.

Therefore, the difference in local time between New York and Kolkata would be—

Now, for 1° longitudinal difference is 4mins.

So, for the 162° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be 162 x 4 = 684 mins.

Again, for every l1 longitudinal difference time difference experienced is 4secs.
Therefore, for a 30′ longitudinal difference time difference will be (30 x 4) = 120secs or 2mins.

So, the total time difference between New York and Kolkata becomes (648 + 2) = 650 mins or hrs 50mins.

As Kolkata is located to the east of New York, the local time of Kolkata will be ahead of New York.
Therefore, while it is Wednesday 8:30 pm on 31 December 2019 in New York, the time in Kolkata would be (Wednesday 8:30 pm on 31 December 2019 + hrs 50mins) = Thursday 7:20 am on 1 January 2020.

Question 15 1. What would be the longitude of an unknown place that records 12 o’clock noon, while it is 4:30 pm at Green¬wich? 2. What would be the local time in Madrid (3° 42′ W), when it is 8 pm in Vienna (16° 20’E)?
Answer:

Determination of the longitude of the unknown places:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface Longitude of the unknown palce 2

The difference in local time between Greenwich and the unknown place is— (4:30 pm – 12 noon) i.e., (16hrs 30mins – 12hrs) = 4hrs 30mins or 270mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

Therefore, for a 270mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 270÷4 = 67°30′.

So, the longitudinal difference between Greenwich and the unknown place is 67° 30′.

As per the question, the time of the unknown place is behind Greenwich, so the unknown place would be located to the west of Greenwich (0°). Therefore, the longitude of the unknown place would be (67° 30′ – 0°) = 67° 30′ or 67° 30′ W.

2. Determination of the local time in Madrid:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface the local of the mardrid

The longitudinal difference between Vienna and Madrid is— (16° 20′ + 3° 42′) = 20° 02’.

Now, for the 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference is 4mins.

So, for a 20° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be 20 x 4 = 80 mins or LHR 20 mins.
Therefore, for a 30′ longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (30 x 4) = 120 seconds or 2 minutes.

Again, for every 1′ longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4secs.
Therefore, for 21 longitudinal differences, the time difference will be (2 x 4) = 8 secs.

So, the total time difference between Vienna and Madrid becomes (LHR 20mins + 8secs)= LHR 20mins 8secs. As Madrid is located to the west of Vienna, the local time of Madrid will be behind Vienna time.

Therefore, while it is 8 pm in Vienna, the time in Madrid would be (8 pm – 1 hr 20mins 8secs) = (20hrs – LHR 20mins 8secs) = 18hrs 39mins 52secs or 6:39:52 pm.

Question.16 It takes 8hrs by flight to reach London from Kolkata. At what time the flight would reach London, if it takes off for London at 8 pm on 31 December 2019 as per 1ST time?
Answer:

Determination of the time and date when the flight will reach London:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface time and date when the fight will reach reach london

The longitudinal difference between Kolkata and London is (82°30′-0°) = 82°30

So, the difference in time between Kolkata and Greenwich would be-

For every. 1° longitudinal difference, time difference experienced is 4 minutes.

∴  for 82° longitudinal difference, time difference will be (82 x 4) = 328 minutes.

Again, for every 1′ longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 seconds.

for a 30′ longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (30 × 4) = 120 seconds or 2 minutes.

So, the total time difference between London and Kolkata becomes (328 + 2)m = 330 minutes or 5hrs 30mins.

Therefore, As London is located to the west of Kolkata, the time in London would be behind Kolkata.

when it is 8 pm on 31 December 2019 in Kolkata, the time in London would be (20hrs 5hrs 30mins) = 14:30 hours or 2:30 pm on the same day and date.

Now, it takes 8hrs by flight to reach London from Kolkata.

So, the flight will reach at (14hrs 30mins + 8hrs) 22hrs 30mins or 10:30 pm on the same date and day i.e., December 31, 2019, according to GMT

Question 17 When it is 6:32 am in Chennai, the time in New York is 8:15 pm the previous day. As Chennai is located at 80° 15′ E, where is New York located? 2. Why is the radio broadcast time difference between Kolkata (88° 30′ E) and Dhaka (89° E) 30mins even if the longitudinal difference between them is 30′?
Answer:

1. Determination of the longitude of New York:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface longitude of new York

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

The local time of Chennai is 6:32 am and New York is 8:15 pm of the previous day.

So, the difference in local time between New York and Chennai is—

(Previous day 8:15 pm – 6:32 am) or [(24hrs – 20hrs 15minsj + 6hrs 32mins] = lOhrs 17mins or 617mins.

Now, for every 4mins time difference, the longitudinal difference is 1°.

for a 617mins time difference, the longitudinal difference will be 617÷4 = 154°15′.
As per the question, the time of New York is behind that of Chennai, so New York would be located to the west of Chennai. Therefore, the longitude of New York would be (154° 15’ – 80° 15’) = 74° or 74° W.

2. Reasons for the difference in radio broadcast time between Kolkata and Dhaka: Longitudinal difference between Kolkata and Dhaka is 301. Accordingly, the time difference between them should be 2mins. But the difference in radio broadcasts is 30mins. The reason behind this is, the time that the radio broadcast follows in Kolkata is according to the 1ST (82° 30′ E) and that in Dhaka is that of their standard meridian of 90° E.

The longitudinal difference (according to the standard meridians of India and Bangladesh) between Kolkata and Dhaka is (90° – 82° 30′) – 7° 30′.

So, the difference in time between Kolkata and Dhaka would be—
For every 1° longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 minutes.

Therefore, for the 7° longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (7×4) = 28 mins.

Again, for every 1′ longitudinal difference, the time difference experienced is 4 seconds.

Therefore, for a 30′ longitudinal difference, the time difference will be (30×4) = 120 seconds or 2 minutes. Therefore, the total time difference between Kolkata and Dhaka becomes (28 + 2) = 30 minutes.

Question 18 Determine the antipodal point for Kolkata (22° 30′ N, 88° 30′ E). 1 What was the day and date of the antipodal point of Kolkata, when it was Thursday, 1 March, 2012,8 am in Kolkata?
Answer:

1. Determination of the antipodal point of Kolkata: It is known that the longitudinal difference between a point and its antipode is always 180°.

So, if the longitude of Kolkata is 88° 30′ E, its antipode will be located at (180° – 88° 30′) = 91° 30′ W.
The latitude of the antipode will also be located in the opposite hemisphere. The latitude of the antipode point of Kolkata would be 22° 30′ S.

Therefore, the antipodal point of Kolkata is located at 22° 30′ S, 91° 30′ W.

2. Determination of the day, date, and time of Kolkata’s antipodal point:

The time difference between a point and its antipode is always 12hrs. So, if it was Thursday, March 1, 2012, 8 am in Kolkata, the day, date, time at its antipode was (Thursday, March 1, 2012, 8 am – 12hrs) = Wednesday, 29 February 2012, 8 pm. As 2012 was a leap year, February had 29 days.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What do you mean by the Greenwich Mean Time?
Answer:

Greenwich Mean Time:-

Greenwich Mean Time or GMT is the local time of the 0° Meridian passing through Greenwich near London. As different countries have different standard times, it becomes difficult to carry out international communications. To avoid this problem, Greenwich Mean Time is followed across the globe. Therefore, GMT is also known as Universal Time. Countries located to the east of the Prime

Question 2 How can we determine the longitude of a place?
Answer:

Determination Of Longitude Of A Place:-

The longitude of a place can easily be determined with the following references-

1. With reference to the time of any other longitude: We experience a time difference of 4 minutes, for a 1° longitudinal difference. So, if 4 minutes are added to the local time of a place, we get the next longitude, at an interval of 1°, towards the east of that place.

Similarly, if 4 minutes are subtracted from the local time of a place, we get the next longitude, at an interval of 1°, towards the west of that place. Therefore, if the local times of any two places are known along with the longitude of any one place, the longitude of the other place can be easily calculated.

2. With reference to GMT: GMT is the local time of the 0″ meridian passing through Greenwich near London. This is also known as Universal Time. So, if the time difference of a place from the GMT is known, the longitude can be easily calculated. Local time is ahead for places to the east and behind for the places to the west of Prime Meridian.

E.g., the Indian Standard Time is ahead by 5 hours 30 minutes of GMT Therefore, the longitude of the Standard Meridian of India will be 82° 30′ E.

Question 3 How was the International Date Line determined?
Answer:

International Date Line:-

To use a global time zone system with an International Date Line, the day and date have to be separated at some point on the Earth by marking a terminal point. The suitable solution was provided in 1884 by the International Meridian Conference (IMC), held in Washington D.C., that was attended by representatives of 25 nations.

The IMC selected the 180° meridian as this terminal point. The imaginary line of the International Date Line was thus drawn that follows the 180° longitude mostly but deviates from its original position near the Aleutian Islands, Fiji, and Chatham Islands. The International Date Line acts as a dividing line between the dates of the eastern and western hemispheres. It is according to this line, that calendar dates are changed.

Question 4 Write a brief note on Prime Meridian and International Date Line.
Answer:

Prime Meridian: The Prime Meridian is the imaginary line of longitude, considered to have a value of 0°, which passes through the Greenwich Observatory in London.

Characteristics: Special The special characteristics of Prime Meridian are-
1. This line is directly opposite the 180° line of longitude or the International Date Line.
2. This line divides the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres.
3. As this line passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, it is called the Greenwich line.
4 Location and local time of any place is determined with reference. to this line.
5. The line is important to know the distance of a place from the Prime Meridian in an east-west direction.

International Date Line:  The International Date Line is an imaginary line that follows the 180° longitude mostly but deviates from its original position over the landmasses.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Surface prime meridian and international date line

Special characteristics: The special characteristics of the International Date Line are-
1. A calendar date starts and ends at this line.
2. When anyone crosses the International Date Line from east to west, he subtracts one day from his calendar.
3. Similarly he has to add one day when he crosses the line from west to east.

Question 5  Why do some countries have more than one standard time?
Answer:

Some Countries Have More Than One Standard Time:-

Places situated on different meridians have different local times. A number of meridians pass through every country. If all their local times are considered then the proper functioning of the administration and business gets hindered.

So, to avoid such a situation, the local time of the central meridian is taken as the standard time for the entire country. However, countries with a vast east-west extension face problems regarding the time difference between their eastern and western parts. Too great a time difference between the extreme east and the extreme west causes inconvenience and confusion. Therefore, these countries are divided into several time zones, each having its own standard time. For example, Russia is divided into 11 time zones.

Question 6 What do you mean by Daylight Saving Time or DST?
Answer:

Daylight Saving Time Or DST:-

In countries of high latitudes, the difference between the duration of day and night is quite huge with the changing seasons.

Therefore, many countries started using Daylight Saving Time or DST (first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1784) to make better use of natural daylight in the evenings. Many use it to reduce the amount of energy needed for artificial lighting during the evening hours.

Many countries in the northern hemisphere, like the USA, Canada, Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa use DST. Similarly, many countries in the southern hemisphere, like Australia, New Zealand, countries of South America, and South Africa also use DST. In the northern hemisphere, from 21 March the countries advance the clock timing by 1-2 hours. Likewise from 23 September, the clock is set back by 2 hours to make the best use of the daylight.

Question 7 Differentiate between parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
Answer: The differences between parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude are Points of difference

 

Point of difference Parallels of latitude Meridians of longitude
1. Concept These are the imaginary lines drawn over the Earth, parallel to the Equator. These are the imaginary lines that connect the geographical poles of the Earth.
2. Shape and size These are full circles and their sizes become smaller from the Equator to the Poles. These are half circles and their sizes remain the same throughout.
3. Total number The climatic characteristics of various places lying on the same parallel are alike. A total of 360 meridians of longitude have been imagined on Earth.
4. Climatic characteristics These are the imaginary lines drawn over the Earth, parallel to the Equator. The climatic characteristics of various places lying on the same meridian are different.
5. Direction of drawing and measurement Parallels are drawn from east to west and extend from the Equator (0“) to the Poles (90c) in either hemisphere and are measured in a north-south direction. Meridians are drawn from north to south. Meridians of longitude extend from the Prime Meridian (0°) to the 180° longitude in either hemisphere and are measured in an east-west direction. (Note: 180- E and 180’ W are the same lines of longitude.)
6. Local time The local times of various places lying on the same parallel are different. The local time of various places lying on the same meridian are alike.
7. Use The Earth can be divided into heat zones on the basis of parallels. The local time of a place can be calculated on the basis of meridians.

 

 

Question 8 What are the differences between longitude and meridians of longitude?
Answer: The differences between longitude and meridians of longitude are-

Point of difference                Longitude                                                 Meridians of longitude
1. Concept The angular distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich Meridian, measured in degree, is known as the longitude. A meridian of longitude is the half of an imaginary great circle on the surface of the Earth, that extends between the geographical pole the North Pole, and the South Pole.
2. Method of construction On the basis of the Prime Meridian, the angular distances are measured in the east-west direction from the center of the Earth. By connecting all the points of equal longitudinal value, a meridian is formed.
3. Nature It is a point of the place. Each meridian is a half circle.
4. Use It is used more for the determination of the place It is used more for the determination of location and time calculation.

 

Question 9 What are the differences between local time and standard time?
Answer: The differences between local time and standard time are

Point of difference local time Standard time
1. Concept The time of a place as determined when the Sun is directly overhead the meridian passing through that place is called local time. The time in any country is standardized according to the local time at its Standard Meridian is called standard time.
2. Number Each longitude has a local time, which means that there are innumerable local times in a country. This is the time according to the central meridian of a country or a time zone. So each title zone has only one standard time.
3. usage practical usage of this is not that significant This is used primarily for the convenience of administration and Provence

 

Question 10 How Local time Practical usage of this is not that This is used primarily for convenience significant of administration and governance are longitude and time interrelated?
Answer: Longitude and time are interrelated in the following ways-

1. Determination of midday and local time: Longitude helps in determining the time of midday in any area. The time of midday helps in determining the rest of the time of the day, because each and every longitude of the Earth faces the Sun at least once in 24 hours.

2. The difference between each 1° longitude and time is 4 minutes: The Earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation. So, the Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours. That mean, to complete a 1° rotation Earth takes 4 minutes.

3. The regions of the east are always ahead in time of those of the west: The Earth rotates from west to east, so the places in the east experience sunrise and sunset earlier than the places in the west. So, the places located in the east are ahead in time of the places located in the west.

Question 11 Write three characteristics of antipodes
Answer: Diametrically opposite places on the Earth’s surface are antipodes to each other. Three characteristics of antipodes are-
1. Latitudinal value of a place and its antipodes always remain the same, but the hemispheres are different.
2. Longitudinal difference between any place on the Earth and its antipodes is always 180°.
3. If a place lies on the Equator, its antipodes will always lie on the Equator, and antipodes of a place that lies at 180° longitude, will always lie at 0° longitude.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 3 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth's Antipadal position

Question 12 How will you reckon the antipodes of a place on the basis of longitude?
Answer:

Reckon The Antipodes Of A Place On The Basis Of Longitude:-

Two ends of any diameter of the Earth are antipodes to one another. So, the reckoning of the antipodes is possible if the longitude of a place is known. As a place and its antipodes lie on diametrically opposite sides of the Earth, the longitudinal difference between a place and its antipodes will always be 180°. As an example, the longitude of Katakana is 88°30′ East. So, the longitude of its antipodes will be (180° – 88°30′ E) it’s = 91°30′ West (Refer to Figure ‘Antipodal position’ of question number 11 of this section).

Question 13 ‘The difference of time between a place and its antipodes is 12 hours.” Explain.
Answer: Refer to the second part of question number 9 from the ‘Numerical Problems’ section.

Question 14 Determine the difference between a place and its antipodes.
Answer:

Difference Between A Place And Its Antipodes:-

The differences between a place and its antipodes are- A place and its antipodes are always situated at opposite longitudes. The longitudinal difference between a place and its antipodes is always 180°. 3 The time difference between a place and its antipodes is always.12 hours. A place and its antipodal place always lie in opposite hemispheres. A place and its antipodes always lie at the opposite points of the diameter that passes through the center of the Earth.

Question 15 Why is the 180° longitude is known as the International Date Line?
Answer:

180° Longitude Is Known As The International Date Line:-

180° longitude is known as the International Date Line, because- 180° longitude is considered the starting and ending point of the dates and times on the Earth.
Since 180° longitude passes mostly over the water bodies, the time zones of the continents are not affected. When the 180° longitudinal line is crossed from the western side of the Greenwich, the international date is added by a day. Again, when the 180° longitudinal line is crossed from the eastern side of Greenwich, the international date is subtracted by a day.

Question 16 Why does the International Date Line not follow the 180° line of longitude throughout?
Answer: The International Date Line almost together also forms a great circle. coincides with the 180° longitude but is not completely the same line. It zigzags to avoid crossing over any landmass. In the northern hemisphere, the International Date Line is displaced eastwards to avoid the Wrangell Island as well as the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland and then deviates west to avoid the Bering Sea and also deviates almost 7° to avoid the Aleutian Islands. In the southern hemisphere, the International Date Line deviates almost 11° to avoid Fiji, Chatham, and such other islands. This makes it convenient for all the people of Siberia to follow the standard time of Siberia, the people of the Aleutian Islands to follow the Pacific Standard Time of the USA and Fiji, and the people of Tonga and Chatham to follow the standard time of New Zealand and avoid any kind of confusion.


Question 17 What is meant by a great circle?
Answer:

Great Circle:-

When the center of a circle is drawn on the surface of a sphere and the center of the sphere is the same then the circle is known as a great circle.
Characteristics: The main characteristics of the great circle are-
1. It is not possible to draw a circle on the surface of a sphere greater than the great circle.
2. Centre of the great circle coincides with the center of the sphere.
3. The great circle divides the Earth into two equal hemispheres.

Example: Amongst the parallels, the Equator is the only great circle. The two opposite longitudes

Question 18 Write the differences between the Equator and the Prime Meridian.
Answer: The differences between the Equator and the Prime Meridian are

Points of difference  Equator  prime meridian
1. concept  The Equator is a parallel of latitude the prime meridian is a meridian of longitude
2. extension The Equator extends in an east-west direction prime meridian extends in North- south direction
3. shape  The Equator is a circle and among the parallels, its circumference is the greatest. Prime Meridian is a half circle.
4. calculation Latitudes and parallels of latitude are determined with reference to the Equator Longitudes and meridians of longitude are determined by the Prime Meridian.
5. Division of hemisphere The Equator divides the Earth into two equal halves as northern and southern hemispheres. Prime Meridian and 180* meridian together make a full circle, that divides as eastern and western hemispheres.

 

Question 19 ‘A tourist experiences a change of time as he goes round the Earth along the Equator and observes a change of climate as he goes from the Equator to the Poles along the meridian’-Briefly explain the reason.
Answer: Keeping the Sun in front, the Earth is rotating on its axis from west to east direction and the time taken by the Earth to complete one rotation is about 24 hours or 1 day. When a tourist goes around the Earth along the Equator, On the other hand, the intensity of effective solar radiation gradually decreases from the Equator to the Poles. So, the climate gets colder towards the Poles. That is why the change of climate is observed from the Equator to the Poles along the meridian.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by meridian?
Answer:

Meridian:-

In geography, a meridian is the half of an imaginary great circle on the surface of the Earth, that ends at the geographical poles- the North Pole and the South Pole. It. connects all the points of equal longitude. Each meridian is of equal length and is perpendicular to all the circles of latitude.

 

Question 2 What are the properties of lines of longitude?
Answer:

Properties Of Lines Of Longitude:-

The properties of lines of longitude are- All the longitudes are half circles. the longitudes are of equal length. The longitudes run in a north-south direction. The local time of the places lying on the same longitude is always the same.

Question 3 What is the Prime Meridian?
Answer:

Prime Meridian:-

Prime Meridian is the imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole that passes and through Greenwich is designated as the 0° longitude. All other longitudes are measured from this line. The Greenwich Meridian divides the Earth into two equal halves-the eastern and western hemispheres.

Question 4 What is meant by longitude?
Answer:

Longitude:-

The angular distance of a place, east or west of the Greenwich Meridian, usually measured in degrees is known as longitude. All the places having the same longitudinal value, if joined by a single line, forms the meridian. For example, the longitude of Kolkata is 88° 30′ E.

Question 5 What is local time?
Answer:

Local Time:-

The time of a place that is determined according to noon time or when the Sun is directly overhead the meridian passing through that place, is called the local time of that place. Local time is also determined using the angle of elevation of the Sun at that place.

Question 6 What is standard time?
Answer:

Standard Time:-

The time of any country that is standardized according to the local time at its Standard Meridian or the longitude passing through the middle of that country, is called standard time. The time of a country can be determined from this.

Question 7 What is meant by antipode?
Answer:

Antipode:-

The antipode of a point is the point on the Earth’s surface that is diametrically opposite to it. The two points which are antipodal to one another can be connected by a straight line running through the center of the Earth.

Question 8 What is the International Date Line?
Answer:

International Date Line:-

The International Date Line is an imaginary line that mostly follows the 180° longitude but deviates from its position near the Aleutian Islands, Fiji, and the Chatham Islands. The International Date Line acts as a dividing line between the dates of the eastern and western hemispheres. According to this line, the calendar dates are changed.

Question 9 What is a Chronometer?
Answer:

Chronometer:-

Chronometer is a precise and accurate time-keeping device, used to determine the longitude at sea. In 1735, John Harrison built the first Chronometer, which he improved with many innovations, over the next thirty years before submitting it for examination. The most complete international collection of Chronometers, including the Harrison’s, is at the Royal Observatory, in London, England.

Question 10 At which places does the International Date Line deviate from the 180° longitude?
Answer: The International Date Line is not a straight line. It moves in a zigzag manner to avoid crossing through any landmass. In the northern hemisphere, the International Date Line is displaced eastwards to avoid Wrangel Island and then deviates almost 7° west near the Bering Sea to avoid the Aleutian Islands. In the southern hemisphere, the International Date Line deviates almost 11° to avoid Fiji, Chatham, and such other islands.

Question 11 What is meant by graticule?
Answer:

Graticule:-

Graticule is a network or web of lines representing the Earth’s parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude, on which maps are drawn. The combination of these two components specifies the position of any place on Earth. However, it does not consider the altitude or depth of a place.

Question 12 What is the Standard Meridian for India?
Answer:

Standard Meridian For India:-

India, lying in the eastern hemisphere, has a vast longitudinal extension i.e., from 68°07′ E to 97°25′ E. The 82½ E longitude is taken as the Standard Meridian for the country and the local time of this meridian is considered the standard time for entire India. It is known as the Indian Standard Time (IST). The Indian Standard Meridian (ISM) passes through the city of Allahabad. Therefore, the local time of Allahabad is taken as the standard time for India.

Question 13 What is a sundial?
Answer:

Sundial:-

Sundial is the earliest timekeeping device, that indicates the time of a day by the position of the shadow of some object that changes due to the apparent movement of the Sun. As the day advances, the Sun moves across the sky. As a result, the shadow of the object also moves accordingly and indicates the passage of time. The flat surface of the sundial is called the dial plate, which is generally made out of materials like wood, stone, metal, and others.

Question 14 Why is standard time more useful for a country than local time?
Answer:

Standard Time More Useful For A Country Than Local Time:-

A number of meridians pass through every country. If their local times are considered then the proper functioning of the national services like railways, airways, and postal departments in the country gets hindered. So, a country considers the time of its central meridian or the standard meridian to calculate the standard time for the entire country. This is why standard time is more useful for a country than local time.

Question 15 Why does the local time change with the change of meridian?
Answer:

Local Time Change With The Change Of Meridian:-

The local time changes with the change of meridian, because-The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation on its axis. So, each meridian of the Earth faces the Sun once every 24 hours. Midday occurs on a meridian when sunrays fall vertically on that meridian. The local time of that meridian is determined according to this time. So, midday occurs once every 24 hours in each meridian. So, the local time changes with the change of the meridian.

Question 16 What are am and pm?
Answer:

Am And Pm:-

Local time of any place between midnight or 12 o’clock at night and midday or 12 noon is called ante meridian or am, while the local time of any place from midday or 12 noon to midnight or 12 o’clock at night is called post meridian or pm.

Question 17 What are GMT and IST?
Answer:

GMT And IST:-

GMT or Greenwich Mean Time is the local time of the Prime Meridian (0°) that passes through the Greenwich Royal Astronomical Observatory. In the year 1884, by an international agreement, the local time of the Prime Meridian was selected as the standard time for the whole world. So, it is also called World Standard Time.IST is Indian Standard Time. The central meridian of India is 82°30′ East that passes through Mirzapur of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. The local time of 82°30′ East meridian is granted as the local time of all the places in India.

Question 18 What is the time zone?
Answer:

Time Zone:-

Countries with great east-west longitudinal extensions have several time zones. Each zone has its own standard time. Thus Russia has been divided into 11 time zones.

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq type]

Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. The time difference between Kolkata and Greenwich is—
1. 5 hrs
2. 5 hrs 30 mins
3. 6 hrs
4. 6 hrs 30 mins

Answer: 2. 5 hrs 30 mins

2. The time difference between Kolkata and Dhaka is—
1. 20 minutes
2. 30 minutes
3. 40 minutes
4. 50 minutes

Answer:  2. 30 minutes

3. The antipode of the 180° longitude is located at—
1. 180°E
2. 180°W
3. 0°
4. 90°E

Answer: 3. 0°

4. For every 1° difference in longitude, there is a time difference of—
1. 4 minutes
2. 5 minutes
3. 6 minutes
4. 10 minutes

Answer:  1. 4 minutes

5. The difference in local time between Kolkata and Allahabad is—
1. 20 minutes
2. 22 minutes
3. 24 minutes
4. 26 minutes

Answer: 3. 24 minutes

6. The linear distance between two lines of longitude at an interval of 1° at the Equator measures to—
1. 110.3 km
2. 111.3 km
3. 113.3 km
4. 114.3 km

Answer:  2. 111.3 km

7. The angular value of the Prime Meridian is—
1. 0°
2. 231/2°
3. 6634°
4. 90°

Answer: 1. 0°

8. The number of time zones in Russia is—
1. 11
2. 9
3. 15
4. 10

Answer:  1. 11

9. The instrument used to determine the time at Greenwich is called the—
1. Chronometer
2. Anemometer
3. Sextant
4. Thermometer

Answer:  1. Chronometer

10. The angle at which the International Date Line deviates near the Aleutian Islands is—
1. 11°E
2. 11°W
3. 7°E
4. 7°W

Answer:  4. 7°W

11. The antipode of 4-5° N is located at—
1. 180°
2. 0°
3. 45° S
4. 45° W

Answer: 3. 45° S

12. The line that helps to determine the longitude of a place is—
1. Prime Meridian
2. 180° meridian
3. Equator
4. None of the above

Answer: 1. Prime Meridian

13. Highest value of the meridian of longitude is—
1. 90°
2. 100°
3. 180°
4. 360°

Answer:  3. 180°

14. Number of the standard meridian in India is—
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four

Answer:  1. One

15. -On crossing the International Date Line from the eastern hemisphere to the western hemisphere, the time deducted will be—
1. 24 hrs
2. 48 hrs
3. 12 hrs
4. None of them

Answer: 1. 24 hrs

16. Linear distance of 1° longitude at Poles is—
1. 11.2 km
2. 1.1 km
3. 0.25 km
4. 0 km

Answer:  4. 0 km

17. The clock time at midday is—
1. 12 pm
2. 12 am
3. 12 noon
4. None of the above

Answer: 3. 12 noon

18. International Date Line passes through the middle of—
1. Pacific Ocean
2. Indian Ocean
3. Atlantic Ocean
4. Arctic Ocean

Answer: 1. Pacific Ocean

19. Distance between two adjacent meridians is maximum at—
1. Equatorial region
2. Tropical region
3. Sub-polar regions
4. Polar region

Answer: 1. Equatorial region

20. The location of a place on the Earth’s surface is determined with the help of—
1. Parallels of latitude
2. Meridians of longitude
3. parallels and meridians.
4. prime Meridian

Answer:  3. parallels and meridians.

21. The standard time of India is calculated on the basis of longitude.
1. 80°E
2. 82°E
3. 82°30′ E
4. 88°30′ E

Answer: 3. 82°30′ E

22. The most important line joining the North Pole and the South Pole is the—
1. Equator
2. Tropic of Cancer
3. Polar Circle
4. Prime Meridian

Answer: 4. Prime Meridian

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. The International Date Line coincides with the 180º Longitude

2. The location of any place on the surface of the Earth can be determined by the intersection point of the longitude and the latitude of that place.

3. With every 15° longitudinal difference, there is a time difference of 60º minutes.

4. prime meridian is also referred to as the International Meridian.

5. The lines of longitude run in a north-south direction.

6. The number of time zones that Russia is divided into is 11

7. 82º is referred to as the standard meridian of India.

8. The longitudes are semi-circular in shape.

9. The standard time at any place in the world is determined with reference to the green which meantime

10. All the longitudes are equal in length.

11. A time difference of 4 minutes is observed for a longitudinal difference of 1 º.

12. The angular value of the Prime Meridian is

13. The longitudinal difference between 90° W and 5° E is 95º

14. The standard meridian of the westernmost time zone of the USA is 120ºW

15. The antipode of the 180° longitude lies on 0º(prime meridian)

16. The line from which a new date starts in both the eastern and western hemispheres is the International Date Line

17. Each meridian cuts all parallels at Right angles

18. Before and after the time of midday are known as am and pm respectively.

19. According to the various positions of the Sun in the sky, the calculation of local time is called runtime

20. The time difference between a place and its antipode is 12 hours

 

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface If The Statement Is True, Write TRUE An If False, Write ‘FLASE against the following

1. When it is 7 am in Kolkata, it is 12 midnight at its antipode. False

2. The International Date Line is not a straight line. True

3. The 0° longitude is known as the Prime Meridian. True

4. A time difference of 24 hours is experienced with 180° of longitudinal difference. False

5. When it is daytime at a place, its antipode experiences night. True

6. The antipodal position of a place located on the Prime Meridian will be at 180° longitude True

7. The International Date Line is drawn on the waterbodies only. True

8. In the eastern hemisphere, units of time are added, with an increase in longitudinal value. True

9. Local time is calculated on the basis of the highest position of the Sun on a particular meridian. True

10. The climatic characteristics change with a change in longitude. False

11. The Prime Meridian is also known as the Greenwich Meridian. True

12. Canada has 5 standard meridians. False

13. When the Sun is at its highest elevation on a particular meridian, it is considered to be 12 noon at that place. True

14. The longitudinal difference between two places in the same hemisphere is calculated by adding up their longitudinal values. False

15. In the western hemisphere, time decreases with an increase in longitudinal value. True

16. Time in India is behind that of Greenwich Mean Time. False

17. The local time of Delhi is considered the standard time of India. False

18. The International Date Line passes through the Strait of Malacca. True

19. Longitudes are also known as meridians. True

20. Each meridian cuts each parallel at a right angle. True

21. All the meridians are of equal length. True

22. Calculation of Greenwich Mean Time is determined by Chronometer. True

23. Greenwich Time is called local time. False

24. Prime Meridian is a half circle. True

25. Meridians are parallel to each other. False

26. Another name for Prime Meridian is the International Date Line. False

27. All places on the same meridian have the same local time. True

28. Climate will change if you move along the Prime Meridian. True

29. Both 180° E and 180° W meridian the same line. True

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface Match the left column with the right column

1.

Left Column Right Column 
1. International Date Line A. 82°30’E
2. Great Circle B. 180°
3. Prime Meridian C. Equator
4. ISM D. 0°

Answer 1-B ,2-C, 3-D, 4-A

2.

Left Column Right Column
1. Times zones of Russia A. 11
2. Prime Meridian B. 82°30’E
3. Local time C. Greenwich Meridian
4. Meridian of Kolkata D. 12 Noon


Answer 1-A ,2-C, 3-D, 4-B

Chapter 2 Determination Of Location Of A Place Of The Earth’s  Surface Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 What are lines of longitude also known as?
Answer: Meridians of longitude.

Question 2 What is the Prime Meridian also known as?
Answer: Greenwich Meridian.

Question 3 What is the angular distance of a place, east or west of the Prime Meridian known as?
Answer: Longitude.

Question 4 Which natural object can be used to calculate time?
Answer: Sun.

Question 5 What is the other name of Local Mean Time?
Answer: Solar time.

Question 6 Who invented the Chronometer?
Answer: John Harrison.

Question 7 What is the linear distance between two lines of longitude, at an interval of 1°, along the Equator?
Answer: 111.3 km.

Question 8 What is located at the antipode of the Prime Meridian?
Answer: 180° longitude or the International Date Line.

Question 9 What is the time difference between 1ST and GMT?
Answer: 5hrs and 30mins.

Question 10 What is the time difference between a place and its antipode?
Answer: 12 hours.

Question 11 What is the longitudinal difference between a place and its antipode?
Answer: 180º.

Question 12 How much time is gained while crossing the International Date Line from the western hemisphere?
Answer: 24 hours or 1 day.

Question 13 When and where was the International Meridian Conference held?
Answer: October 1884 in Washington DC.

Question 14 Which state of India experiences sunrise first?
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh.

Question 15 Which meridian does follow the International Date Line?
Answer: 180° meridian.

Question 16 What is the antipodal latitude of 30° N latitude?
Answer: 30° S.

Question 17 What is the time difference for the 15° meridian difference?
Answer: 60 minutes or 1 hour

Question 18 What is the satellite system for the determination of elevation and location on the Earth’s surface called?
Answer: Global Positioning System (GPS).

Question 19 Which country has the maximum number of standard meridians?
Answer: Russia (11).

WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering

Chapter 5 Weathering Salient Points – At A Glance

1. The word weathering has been derived from the word weather.
2. The term weathering was first used by geologist G. K. Gilbert.
3. Weathering is a static process, i.e. disintegrated or decomposed rocks do not get removed from their original place.
4. Erosion is a process whereby weathered materials are transported and deposited elsewhere by various exogenetic forces.
5. Denudation is the process in which the lower layers of the rocks are exposed through the removal of the upper layers by weathering and erosion.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

6. Without the effect of external or internal forces, the weathered debris of rocks moves downward along the slope due to the gravitational force and is transported and deposited elsewhere. This process is known as mass wasting.
7. Mechanical weathering occurs in hot desert areas, polar regions, and high mountain regions.
8. Exfoliation occurs in homogeneous rocks like granite.
9. Block disintegration is seen more in basalt.
10. Granular disintegration is prevalent more in heterogeneous rocks, i.e. rocks formed of various minerals.

11. Formation of ice crystals, is observed more along the foothills of the mountains in cold temperate climatic regions.
12. Chemical weathering is more active in equatorial and humid-tropical climatic regions.
13. Water and atmospheric oxygen react with the iron-containing rocks and lead to the formation of rust on them. This process is known as oxidation.
14. The process of solution is more active in rocks like chalk, limestone, dolomite, etc.
15. Biological weathering is caused by various plants and animals.

16. The fragmented rock waste creating a loose covering on the Earth’s surface due to weathering, is called regolith.
17. The process of soil formation from rock debris is called pedogenesis.
18. Smallest particles in the process of soil formation are called the ped.
19. Minerals in the upper layers of the soil mixes with rainwater and move downwards. This is called leaching and the process is called eluviation. The process of accumulation of these particles in the lower layers is called illuviation.
20. Humus is a deep black-colored complex matter, formed due to the decomposition of organic matter. Over a long period of time, soil develops as a result of the mixing of rock wastes, humus, and water.

21. Terrace farming, contour farming, and strip cropping prevent soil erosion on the slopes of the mountains.
22. The process of preventing soil erosion by covering it with a layer of roots of crops, twigs, tendrils, and specks of dust is called mulching.
23. Due to changes in temperature and humidity, increase or decrease of pressure on rocks, etc., surface rocks get disintegrated by mechanical action. This process is called mechanical weathering.
24. Physical change or change of shape in the. rocks are seen in mechanical weathering but there is no change in the chemical composition or character of the rock-forming minerals.
25. The process of granular disintegration causes noises like gunshots.

26. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) plays an important role in the carbonation process,
27. The various methods of soil conservation maintain the quality of soil and prevent soil erosion.
28. Various natural causes of soil erosion are rainfall, winds, sea waves, glacier, etc. and human activities responsible for soil erosion are deforestation, unplanned urbanization, the extension of the transportation network, unscientific settlement, etc.
29. The processes of soil erosion due to stream action are sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, and ravine erosion.

Chapter 5 Weathering Topic A Weathering And Related Processes Of Weathering Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Briefly explains the concepts of erosion and denudation.
Answer:

Erosion: The concept of erosion is discussed below-

1. Definition: When the weathered rocks are transported from their place of origin to some other place by physical agents like rivers, glaciers, winds, etc., the process is called erosion.

2. Process: The main processes of erosion include attrition, friction, plucking, removal of weathered debris, etc.

3. Agent: Agents like flowing water, winds, moving glaciers, etc., transport the weathered material from one place to another.

4. Characteristics:

1. Rocks are removed,
2. underlying layers of rocks are exposed after the upper layers are removed, and
3. erosion is dependent on weathering, it is a fast process.

Example: High-velocity winds in desert areas remove large quantities of sand and small rock fragments (by the process of erosion) to far away places.

Denudation: The concept of denudation is discussed below-

1. Definition: When the lower or underlying layers of the rocks are exposed after the upper layers are removed by weathering and erosion, the process is known as denudation. The term ‘denude’ means ‘to lay bare’.

2. Process: Main processes of denudation are weathering mass wasting and erosion.

3. Characteristics:

1. Weathering and erosion are dependent on mass wasting.
2. This is a slow process.
3. New rocks are exposed to the earth’s surface.
4. Elevation of the land is gradually decreased by the denudation processes and the uneven surface is gradually smoothened and flattened.
5. Nature of rocks, the elevation of land, climate, etc., affect denudation.

4. Regional differences: The rate of denudation is lower in hot dry desert areas than in the high mountainous regions. In humid regions, the rate of denudation is again higher.

5. Importance: Soil is formed as a result of this process and it also plays an important role in the evolution of landforms.

Question 2 Briefly describe the concepts of weathering and mass wasting.
Answer:

Weathering: The concept of weathering Mass Wasting: The process of mass wasting is as follows-

1. Definition: The climatic agents (e.g., temperature, rainfall, etc.) disintegrate and decompose the rocks in their own places (‘in situ’) and this process is called weathering.

2. Nomenclature: As this is an alteration of the physical or chemical characteristics of rocks by various factors of weather/climate, the term weathering is pertinent.

3. Factors: The factors responsible for weathering are temperature and rainfall, plant, man, and other animals, nature of landforms, nature of rocks (lithological characteristics), time, etc.

4. Types: Weathering can mainly be of 3 types-

1. Mechanical (rocks are disintegrated or broken into fragments
2. chemical (rocks . undergo alteration in chemical composition),
3. biological (rocks are altered by the action of plants and animals).

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Process of weathering

5. Process: Exfoliation, granular disintegration, hydration, oxidation, hydrolysis, etc., are the various processes of weathering.

6. Characteristics:

1. Rocks are disintegrated and decomposed.
2. This is a static process.
3 The weathered materials are not removed or transported. The intensity of weathering depends on the structure and nature of the rocks, climatic factors, etc.

7. Effect: Landforms like rounded or dome-shaped hills, inselbergs, tors, caves, etc., are formed. Weathering also plays a significant role in soil formation.

Mass wasting: The process of mass wasting is discussed below-

1. Definition: When weathered materials like pebbles, boulders, etc., slide down the slopes of mountains due to gravitational pull, the process is known as mass wasting.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering mass wasting

2. Nomenclature: As the weathered rock debris is dumped at the lower slopes of the mountains after being carried there, following the natural slope or gradient (by gravitational pull), the term ‘mass’ is thus relevant.

3. Factors: Slope of the land, altitude, shape, size and amount of the weathered materials, presence of vegetation, precipitation, the force of gravity, etc., determine the process of mass wasting.

4. Types: Mass wasting can be of 4 types-

1. Slow flow
2. Rapid flow
3. Landslide
4 . Subsidence.

5.  Process: Mudflow, soil flow, solifluction, slump, rock slide, etc., are the various processes of mass wasting.

6. Characteristics:

1. This process is rampant in sloping lands.
2. The debris is removed as a result of gravitational force. It can occur as a slow or rapid process.
3. Physical agents of weathering and erosion (rivers, glaciers, etc.) do not have any role to play in the process of mass wasting.

7. Effect:

1. Landslides occur in mountainous areas as a result of mass wasting.
2. These cause loss of life and property.
3. Steep slopes, erosion on slopes, talus cones, etc., are formed due to mass wasting.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Different types of mass writing

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the controlling factors of weathering?
Answer:

The controlling factors of weathering are as follows-

1. Structure of rocks: The process of weathering is accelerated in soft and jointed (with cracks and fissures) rocks.

2. Relief or topography: Weathering process is more active on steep slopes of hills and plateaus.

3. Climate: The different factors of climate (moisture in the air or humidity, rainfall, temperature) influence weathering to a great extent.

4. Biotic factors: Roots of plants and trees, flowers, fruits, man, and other animals (namely, burrowing animals), are important controlling factors of the weathering process.

Question 2 Write the differences between weathering and mass wasting.
Answer:

The differences between weathering and mass wasting are as follows-

points of difference  Weathering  Mass wasting 
1. Concept When climatic elements are responsible for the disintegration and decomposition of rocks in their own place, it is called weathering. When the weathered debris of rocks is carried down slopes due to gravity and is transported and deposited elsewhere, it is known as mass wasting.
2. Characteristics This is a static process, i.e., the weathered materials are deposited ‘in situ’ or in the same place. This is a dynamic process, where the weathered materials are transported and deposited elsewhere.
4. Controlling factors Various climatic elements like air temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc., control the process of weathering. Mass wasting is mainly controlled by gravitational force.
5. Area of occurrence Weathering is more or less common all over the world. Mass wasting only occurs in mountainous areas or on sloping land.

 

Question 3 Write the differences between weathering and erosion.
Answer:

The differences between weathering and erosion are as follows-

points of difference  weathering   Erosion 
1. Concept It is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks ‘in situ’ i.e. in the same place, carried out by climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, etc.). Erosion is the process of carrying away of rock debris by rivers, winds, etc., (operating on the earth’s surface) from one place to another.
2. Interdependency It does not depend on erosion. It depends on weathering.
3. Rate / Pace It is a very slow process. It is a relatively faster process.
4. State of weathered materials Weathered materials lie near or on their parent rocks. Weathered materials are transported far away from their parent rocks.
5. Elements Temperature, rainfall, and humidity take an active role in this process. Rivers, winds, glaciers, sea waves, etc. take a main role in this process.
6. Subsequent process Erosion occurs rapidly in weathered rocks. Weathering occurs again on the underlying rocks after the removal of disintegrated materials through erosion.

 

Question 4 Write the differences between weathering and denudation.
Answer:

The differences between weathering and denudation are as follows-

 

Points of difference  weathering   Denudation
1. Concept Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks due to climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, etc.). Denudation is the process in which the lower layers of the rocks are exposed when the upper layers are removed by weathering and erosion.
2. Interdependency It does not depend on denudation. It depends on weathering.
3. Evolution of landforms It is not directly related to the evolution of landforms. It has a vital role in the evolution of landforms, which is a long-term process.

 

Question 5 Write the differences between erosion and mass wasting.
Answer:

The differences between erosion and mass wasting are as follows-

Points of difference  Erosion  Mass wasting 
1. Concept It is the process of carrying away of weathered rocks by natural agents from one place to another. Mass wasting is the movement of rock debris downhill slopes due to gravity.
2. Process Abrasion, attrition, solution, etc. are the various processes of erosion. The various processes of mass wasting a/e mudflow, soil flow, slump, etc.
3. Predominance It is predominant everywhere. It is predominant in high-relief or sloping areas.
4. Effect of slope The effect of the slope is less profound in the erosion process. The effect of the slope is more profound in the mass wasting process because it occurs along a sloping land.
5. Effect of gravitational force There is no direct relation between erosion and gravitational force. Mass wasting occurs under the effect of gravity.

 

Question 6 ‘Weathering and climate are interrelated.’ Explain.
Answer:

Weathering And Climate Are Interrelated:-

The interrelation between weathering and climate can be discussed if we study the following climatic regions

1. Equatorial climatic region: Temperature and rainfall are intense throughout the year in this region. Along with chemical weathering, mechanical weathering is also rampant here due to excessive heat.

2. Hot and dry desert climatic region: Due to long periods of intense heat and almost negligible rainfall, mechanical weathering is predominant here. For example, exfoliation, granular disintegration, etc. are the prevalent processes.

3. Cold mountainous climatic region /Arctic region: Due to excessive cold, the formation of ice crystals along the cracks of rocks causes mechanical weathering.

4. Tropical monsoon climatic region: Due to the hot and wet climate of tropical monsoon climatic regions, both mechanical and chemical weathering are active here as a result of both heat and rain.

5. Wet-temperate climatic region: In wet-temperate climatic regions, both mechanical and chemical weathering is active, mainly due to the excessive availability of moisture.

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is weathering?
Answer:

Weathering:-

When rocks are broken down in their own places (‘in situ’) either mechanically or chemically due to the action of various elements of weather (namely temperature, rainfall, etc.) the process is known as weathering.

Question 2 What is erosion?
Answer:

Erosion:-

When fragmented rocks are transported from their original place of weathering to some other place by various agents like rivers, glaciers, winds, etc., the process is called erosion.

Question 3 What is denudation?
Answer:

Denudation:-

When the underlying rock layer of the earth’s surface is exposed as a result of the upper layer of rock being weathered and transported to some other place (erosion) by various agents, the process is called denudation (‘denude’ means to ‘lay bare’).

Question 4 What is mass wasting?
Answer:

Mass Wasting:-

When fragmented rocks, pebbles, mud, etc., slide down the slope or gradient of a mountain or a highland (as a result of gravitational force), as a mass of weathered matter, the process is called mass wasting.

Question 5 How can mass wasting be classified?
Answer:

Classification Of Mass Wasting:-

The two main types of mass wasting are- slow movement and rapid movement.

Question 6 Why is weathering also known as the process of disintegration?
Answer:

Weathering Is Also Known As The Process Of Disintegration:-

The rocks on the Earth’s surface are either disintegrated or decomposed as a result of the process of weathering and that is why it is also called a process of disintegration.

Chapter 5 Weathering Multiple Choice Type Questions

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. Transportation of disintegrated rocks is known as—
1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Denudation
4. Erosion

Answer: 4. Erosion

2. Movement of weathered rock materials in hilly areas is known as—
1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Mass Movement
4. Denudation

Answer: 3. Mass Movement

3. The process in which the rocks of the surface of the Earth gets disintegrated is—
1. Erosion
2. Denudation
3. Disintegration
4. Mass Movement

Answer: 3. Disintegration

4. Weathering, decomposition, and removal of rocks are the combined process of—
1. Disintegration
2. Erosion
3. Denudation
4. Mass Wasting

Answer: 3. Denudation

5. What is the order of relief developed by weathering? –
1. First order
2. Second order
3. Third order
4. Fourth order

Answer: 3. Third order

6. Due to weathering, rocks get—
1. Deformed
2. Loosened
3. Eroded
4. Removed

Answer: 2. Loosened

7. Another name for weathering is—
1. Erosion
2. Denudation
3. Disintegration
4. None Of These

Answer: 3. Disintegration

Chapter 5 Weathering Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. When the underlying rock layer is exposed to the surface, the process is called denudation

2. Biological weathering is caused by plants.

3. Weathering occurs before the erosion of the rock bed.

4. Weathering and erosion together are called denudation

5. Gravitational force is the cause of mass wasting.

6. Weathering is a Static process.

Chapter 5 Weathering If The statement Is TRUE, Write TRUE And If FALSE, Write ‘FALSE’ Against The Following

1. Disintegration of rocks by weathering is called erosion. False

2. Denudation is a result of weathering and erosion. True

3. Rock bed is rendered bare due to the process of denudation. True

4. The other name weathering is rock disintegration. False

5. Climate has a great influence on the process of erosion. True

6. Climate plays an important role in accelerating the process of weathering. True

7. Weathering is a dynamic process. False

Chapter 5 Weathering Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left column  Right column 
1. Disintegration of rocks A. Erosion
2. Decomposition of rocks B. Mechanical weathering
3. Exposure to rocks C. Chemical weathering
4. Transportation of rocks D. Denudation

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

2.

Left column  Right column 
1. Disintegration and decomposition of rocks A. Mass writing
2. Process occurring along slopes B. Denudation
3. Removal of rocks C. Weathering
4. Exposition  of rocks D. Erosion

 

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

Chapter 5 Weathering Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Where does mass wasting occur?
Answer: Mountainous area.

Question 2 List two climatic factors responsible for weathering.
Answer: Temperature and rainfall.

Question 3 Who was the first to use the term ‘weathering’?
Answer: G. K. Gilbert.

Question 4 What are weathering and erosion together called?
Answer: Denudation.

Question 5 What is the combined process of disintegration, decomposition and removal called?
Answer: Denudation.

Question 6 What is erosion?
Answer: The removal of weathered and decomposed rock wastes by natural agents is called erosion.

Chapter 5 Weathering Topic B Processes of Weathering Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by mechanical weathering? Describe the main processes involved.
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering:

The process of fragmentation or disintegration of rocks in their own places (‘in situ’) by various agents of climate like temperature, rainfall, snowfall, etc., is called mechanical or physical weathering. The rocks are broken down into smaller fragments, but the chemical compositions are unaltered.

Different processes of mechanical weathering: The various processes of mechanical weathering are-

1. Block disintegration: When the rocks are broken into blocks or boulders, as a result of temperature difference, the process is called block disintegration.

1. Process: When there is differential heating of the outer and inner parts of rocks (the outer parts are more heated than the inner parts), there is a difference in the expansion of the components of those rocks. It is then that the vertical and horizontal cracks are formed within these rocks and they break apart along these cracks into several blocks.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Block disintegration

2. Characteristics:

1. Mostly seen in basaltic rocks,
2. Several cracks are formed within the rocks both horizontally and vertically
3. The rocks get broken into square or rectangular shapes,
4. The rocks disintegrate as big chunks or blocks.

3. Occurrence: This process mostly occurs in high-temperature regions.

2. Exfoliation: When the layers of rocks peel off like an onion, this process is called exfoliation.

1. Process: Due to differential heating and cooling of the outer and inner parts of the rocks, the upper layers come off like onion peels and are prone to further weathering.

2. Characteristics:

1. Mostly seen in granitic rocks,
2. Tops of highlands be- come rounded in shape as a result of this type of weathering,
3. This weathering occurs in homogeneous rocks.

3. Occurrence: Exfoliation is most common in hot desert regions like the Sahara and Thar deserts.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Exfoliation


3. Granular disintegration:
When the rocks expand and contract alternately as a result of differences (hot and cold) in temperature, they break into smaller fragments. This process is called granular disintegration.

1. Process: Rocks composed of different types of minerals absorb and release heat at varying rates and thereby do not have a uniform rate of expansion and contraction. This results in the granular disintegration of these rocks.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering granular disintegration

2. Characteristics:

1. This type of weathering is more common in rocks that are heterogeneous in nature.
2. When the rocks burst, sounds similar to gunshots are heard.
3. Formation of sand is an ultimate result of the such weathering process.

3. Occurrence: This type of weathering is more commonly seen in hot desert regions.

4. Work of ice: In cold climatic regions, rocks are broken apart by ice crystals.

1. Process: In the cold Arctic region and other cold mountainous areas, the cracks in the rocks are filled up with ice-melt water in the daytime. This water freezes again at night due to condensation (low temperature) and exerts pressure on either side of the cracks, ultimately breaking them apart.

2. Characteristics:

1. Weathering occurs as a result of the formation of ice crystals.
2. Talus cones are formed on the lower slopes of mountains.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Formation of ice crystals

3. Occurrence: This type of weathering occurs mostly in cold climatic regions.

5. Other processes: Other processes of mechanical weathering include the formation of salt crystals, dirt cracking, boulder clearing, hitting by raindrops, etc.

Question 2 What is meant by chemical weathering? Explain the main processes involved in it.
Answer:

Chemical weathering:

The chemical composition of rocks is altered when they react with oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc., in their own places. This process is called chemical weathering.

Different processes of chemical weathering: Different processes of chemical weathering are as follows-

1. Oxidation: When the nature of minerals within a rock alters under the influence of atmospheric oxygen and water, the process is called oxidation.

1. Process: In iron-bearing rocks, new minerals are formed and chemical decomposition takes place as a result of the chemical reactions in the presence of oxygen and water.

2. Reaction:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 1

3. Characteristics:

1. This type of weathering takes place due to the action of water.
2. Iron-bearing rocks are subject to rusting as an effect of this.
3. Presence of oxygen is required in this type of weathering.

2. Carbonation: When the nature of rocks is altered as a result of the chemical reaction of water mixed with carbon dioxide, this process is called carbonation.

1. Process: When rainfall mixes with carbon dioxide (C02) in the atmosphere, carbonic acid is formed (C02 + H20—>H2C03). This dissolves limestone (calcium carbonate) by altering it into calcium bicarbonate (due to a chemical reaction).

2 Reaction:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 3..

3. Characteristics:

1. This type of weathering occurs mostly due to the action of rainwater.
2. It is more active in limestone rocks.

3. Hydration: When water reacts with the minerals present in the rocks and alters their chemical composition, this process is called hydration.

1. Process: Some minerals present in the rocks have more capacity to absorb water and they expand while undergoing chemical reactions.

2. Reaction:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 3

3 Characteristics:

1. The minerals in the rocks expand.
2. As a result of the absorption of water, the rocks become softer/weaker.
3. This usually occurs in homogeneous rocks.

4. Hydrolysis: When the minerals present in the rocks react with ionized water, and chemical decomposition takes place, the process is known as hydrolysis.

1. Process: When water reacts with the minerals in a rock, new minerals are formed, and the rock is decomposed.

2. Reaction:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 4

3 Characteristics:

1. It occurs in the presence of ionized or charged water.
2. New minerals are formed by this process.
3. Specific temperature is needed for reactions to occur.

Besides, due to the process of solution, gypsum, rock salt, etc., are dissolved in water and the rocks get decomposed.

Question 3 Classify weathering. Explain the role played by man, plants, and other animals in biological weathering.
Answer:

Classification of weathering: 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering ,weathering

Role of man, plants, and other animals in biological weathering: Man, plants, and animals aid biological weathering both directly and indirectly. The roles played by them are as follows-

1. Role of man: Construction of buildings, roads, etc., lead to the disintegration of rocks. Cultivation of land also leads to mechanical weathering. Mineral exploitation/mining, digging up of ponds and tanks, industrial establishments, etc., directly or indirectly cause weathering.

2. Role of plants: When the roots of plants and trees penetrate into cracks and joints of rocks and soil, the pressure exerted upon them cause the rocks to break apart. Parts of plants (leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc.) shed from trees decay and decompose, which aids in the chemical weathering of rocks.

3. Role of other animals: Burrowing animals like rabbits, rats, etc., dig holes in the ground for their survival and at the same time, fragment the rocks. Remains of dead animals react chemically and decompose the rocks.

Question 4 What is biological weathering? State the various processes of biological weathering.
Answer:

Biological Weathering:-

When rocks are disintegrated and decomposed by plants and animals, either directly or indirectly, the process is known as biological weathering. Such type of weathering occurs in almost all climatic regions.

Various processes of biological weathering: The factors of biological weathering (man, animals, and plants) are actually responsible for the two main processes of biological weathering.

1. Bio-mechanical weathering:
1. By animals: Burrowing animals like rats, earthworms, prairie dogs, mice, etc., dig holes in the ground to live and thereby aid in bio-mechanical Termites also help in weathering by bringing the lower layers of the soil to the upper part.

Moreover, the Co2 released by the animals living under- ground brings about changes in the chemical composition of rocks and soil and aids in their weathering. The man also has a vital role in inducing weathering. For example, carrying out mining activities, construction of roads, cultivation of lands, and other unplanned activities.

2. By plants: When the roots of trees and plants penetrate beneath the soil into the underlying rocks, they break the rocks into fragments. Roots can reach up to about 175 feet below the ground and thus aid in mechanical weathering. This is more prominent in areas with dense vegetation. Respiration by the roots of plants, humus, soil moisture carbon dioxide, mild temperature, etc., aids in bio-mechanical weathering of the soil.

2. Bio-chemical weathering: Lichens growing on rocks rot and form humus, which, in turn, is converted to humic acid after mixing with water. This aids in the rapid chemical weathering of rocks. The organisms living in limestone rocks release CO2 with their exhalation, which combines with water to form carbonic acid.

This dissolves the limestone rocks. The acid formed by the rotting of parts of plants like leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc., accelerates chemical weathering. During respiration, the tree roots release CO2 which, after combining with water present in the soil, changes into carbonic acid. This eventually dissolves and disintegrates the rocks.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Bio mechanical by plants

Question 5 Write the differences between mechanical and chemical weathering.
Answer:

Differences between mechanical and chemical weathering: The differences between mechanical and chemical weathering are as follows-

Points of difference  Mechanical weathering  Chemical weathering 
1. Place of occurrence Rocks get disintegrated in their own places in this type of weathering. Rocks get decomposed in their own places in this type of weathering.
2. Alteration of minerals It does not lead to the formation of new minerals. It leads to the formation of new minerals.
3. Main factors Temperature, precipitation, etc. are the main factors causing mechanical weathering. Oj, CO? water, minerals, etc. are the main elements causing chemical weathering.
4. Process Block disintegration, exfoliation, granular disintegration, etc. are the processes involved in mechanical weathering. Oxidation, carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, etc. are the processes involved In chemical weathering.
5. Climate This process is more predominant in the desert and cold mountainous regions. This process is more predominant in hot and humid climatic regions.
6. Landforms Tors, inselbergs. etc., are formed due to mechanical weathering. Caves, holes, pillars, etc. are formed due to chemical weathering.
7. Identification of rocks This type of weathering can be identified by the disintegrated rocks. This type of weathering is Identified by the chemical analysis of rocks.
8. Nature of change In the rocks Physical changes occur in the rocks in this type of weathering. Chemical changes occur in the rocks in this type of weathering.
9. Colour The color of rocks remains unchanged after the effect of mechanical weathering. The color of rocks may change after the effect of chemical weathering.
10. Sound Fragmentation of rocks causes sounds. Chemical changes and reactions in rocks occur silently.

 

Question 6 Write the differences between mechanical weathering and biological weathering.
Answer:

Differences between mechanical weathering and biological weathering:

The differences between mechanical weathering and biological weathering are as follows-

Point of difference Mechanical weathering Biological weathering 
1. Concept The disintegration of rocks by various climatic factors is called mechanical weathering. The disintegration of rocks by various plants and animals (man, bacteria, virus) is called biological weathering.
2. Processes involved Rocks disintegrate only by mechanical action. Rocks disintegrated by both mechanical as well as chemical action.
3. Areas of occurrence This type of weathering is commonly seen in hot desert areas, cold mountainous areas, and cold polar regions. It is commonly seen in areas where lifeforms are abundant.
4. Identification The parent rocks in this case can be identified by analyzing the weathered rocks. It is not easy to identify the original rocks by identifying the weathered rocks.
5. Rate of weathering This is a slower process than biological weathering. All animals including man accelerate the weathering process.

 

Question 7 Write a comparison between chemical weathering and biological weathering.
Answer:

Comparison between chemical weathering and biological weathering:

The differences between chemical and biological weathering are as follows-

Point of difference Chemical weathering Biological weathering
1. Concept The process of decomposition and disintegration of rocks by the action of acids, C02,02, and water is called chemical weathering. The process of disintegration of rocks by plants and animals is called biological weathering.
2. Characteristics of rocks Characteristics of rocks change as a result of changes in their chemical composition in this process. The physical and chemical characteristics of rocks change in this process.
3. Areas of occurrence This type of weathering is common in equatorial, tropical, and humid climatic regions. This type of weathering is common in regions characterized by abundant lifeforms.
4. Identification If the chemical analysis is not done, the main rocks can not be identified. It is not easy to identify the main rocks by observing weathered rocks.
5. Rate of weathering This is a silent weathering process and thus it is not easily perceptible. It is carried out at a slow rate by life forms, including man.

 

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why is mechanical weathering pre-dominant in desert areas?
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering Is Pre-Dominant In Desert Areas:-

The factors responsible for the predominance of mechanical weathering in desert areas are as follows-

1. Range or difference of temperature is high: The daily or diurnal range of temperature (difference of temperature between day and night) is high in desert areas. Rocks expand due to heating during the daytime while they contract due to cooling at night. This results in the fragmentation and mechanical disintegration of rocks.

2. Scarcity of rainfall: Chemical weathering rarely takes place due to the scarcity of rainfall in desert areas. Vegetation is also scarce due to lack of water thus, biological weathering is absent. So, only mechanical weathering plays an active part.

3. Excessive denudation: In Desert areas, being more prone to denudation, the upper layers of the rocks are removed by wind action and the rocks underneath are relieved from pressure. The underlying rocks expand consequently and crack form. Subsequently, the rocks disintegrate along these cracks.

Question 2 Rainfall has an impact on mechanical weathering.’ Explain.
Answer:

Rainfall Has An Impact On Mechanical Weathering:-

Rainfall influences mechanical weathering due to the following reasons-

1. Formation of ice: Rainfall is responsible for the formation of ice crystals within the cracks of rocks in colder climatic regions. These crystals subsequently disintegrate the rocks.

2. Raindrops hitting rocks: Raindrops hitting the rock surface over long periods ultimately leads to the fragmentation of the rocks.

3. Expansion of rocks: Rainwater seeping through the rock pores and layers expands the volume of the mineral constituents within them, which, in turn, leads to the breaking apart of the rocks (by mechanical weathering).

Question 3 ‘Exfoliation is predominant in granite. Give reasons.
Answer:

Exfoliation Is Predominant In Granite:-

When the upper layers of the rocks come off from the underlying layers due to differential heating in homogeneous granitic areas, the process is known as exfoliation. Since the upper layers of the rock are more heated than the underlying layers, a thermal gradient is created. The heat-affected upper layers of the rocks expand and come off like the layers of an onion. Exfoliation is thus a common occurrence in granite.

Question 4 The hills formed of granite have rounded or dome-shaped tops. Explain.
Answer:

The Hills Formed Of Granite Have Rounded Or Dome-Shaped Tops:-

The regions having granite rocks that have a high temperature or a dry, and desert type of climate, are found to have hills with rounded tops.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering hills formed of granite have rounded or dome shaped top

This is because the rocks expand due to heat during the day while they contract at night when the temperature drops. This alternate heating and cooling process affects the upper layers of the rocks. Due to the alternate tension and compression, the upper layers come off from the underlying rock layers like the layers of an onion. This process is called exfoliation. The hills here are thus rendered round in shape.

Question 5 ‘Hot and humid climatic regions are more prone to chemical weathering.’ Why?
Answer:

Hot And Humid Climatic Regions Are More Prone To Chemical Weathering:-

Chemical weathering is predominant in the hot and humid climate of the equatorial and tropical regions, because of the following specific reasons-

1. All the processes of chemical weathering- carbonation, oxidation, hydration, and hydrolysis require high temperatures and rainfall. Both of which are abundant in hot and humid climatic regions. In addition to this, there is also adequate water vapor in the atmosphere of these regions. All of these activities help in the process of chemical weathering.

2. When rainwater falls on the earth’s surface, it mixes with the CO2 present in the atmosphere and forms a mild carbonic acid. When this acid water comes in contact with limestone (calcium carbonate), it changes into calcium bicarbonate, and thus chemical weathering is initiated in the karst topography regions of the equator and tropics.

3. In humid areas, the leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., shed from trees, which, on decaying, form humus and subsequently humic acid. This acid facilitates the chemical decomposition of the rocks.

Question 6 Why is chemical weathering prominent in regions having limestone rocks?
Answer:

Chemical Weathering Prominent In Regions Having Limestone Rocks Because:-

Carbonation is a process that occurs when calcium carbonate (present in limestone) reacts with CO2 in the atmosphere. When rain falls, the CO, in the atmosphere reacts with it and turns it into mild carbonic acid. This carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate (limestone) to form calcium bicarbonate and ultimately dissolves the limestone.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 5

In limestone regions, limestone is dissolved by the process of carbonation and creates a host of landform features like stalactites, stalagmites, pillars, etc.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering land form in lime stone region


Question 7 Write the differences between exfoliation and frost action.

Answer:

The differences between exfoliation and frost action are as follows-

Point of Difference Exfoliation Frost action
1. Concept The rock layers peel off and come out like onion peels as a result of the high temperature, in this process. In cold climatic regions, ice crystals formed within the rock layers aid in disintegrating the rocks.
2. Process Due to differences in temperature, there is expansion and contraction of the rocks/resulting in their weathering. The ice crystals formed within the cracks of the rocks exert pressure and thereby break the rocks.
3. Occurrence It usually occurs in deserts or arid and dry climatic regions. It usually occurs in cold mountainous regions or polar regions.

 

Question 8 Write the differences between exfoliation and granular disintegration.
Answer:

The differences between exfoliation and granular disintegration are as follows-

Point of difference Exfoliation Granular disintegration
1. Nature of rocks This occurs in homogeneous rocks. This occurs in heterogeneous rocks.
2. Type of weathering In this type of weathering, the rock layers come off like onion peels. Rocks are disintegrated into smaller and minute particles or grains.
3. Shape of relief features The Landforms formed as a result of this type of weathering are rounded or dome-shaped. The tops of the hills and mountains become conical as a result of this type of weathering.
4. Sound The process of exfoliation does not cause any sound. Gunshot-like noises can be heard in this type of weathering.

 

Question 9 Write the differences between oxidation and carbonation.
Answer:

The differences between oxidation and carbonation are as follows-

Point of difference      Oxidation Carbonation
1. Concept Water and oxygen react with the iron content of the rocks and they thus get decomposed. 4FeO + 3H20 + 02 – (Ferrous    (Water) (Oxygen) oxide)  2Fe203-3H20 (Hydrated ferric oxide) Water and C02 react with -the carbonates present in the rocks, and they thus get decomposed. CaC03 + H20 + C02- (Calcium    (Water) (Carbon carbonate)    dioxide) Ca(HC03)2 (Calcium bicarbonate)
2. Landform does not lead to the formation of landforms. It leads to the formation of different features of karst topography (dolines, caves, etc.).
3. Influence It leads to the formation of rust in iron-containing rocks. Carbonates are formed in this process.

 

Question 10 Write the differences between hydration and hydrolysis.
Answer:

The differences between hydration and hydrolysis are as follows-

Point of difference  Hydration Hydrolysis
1. Concept Hydration is the process of decomposition of rocks when water reacts with the minerals present in them. 4FeO + 3H20— (Ferrous (Water)    . oxide)    ‘ 1    2Fe203-3H20 (Hydrated ferric oxide) Hydrolysis is the process of minerals    in the rocks reaching ionized water molecules and eventually decomposing the ro KAISI308 + (H+OH-)- (Orthoclase    (Ionised feldspar)    water) ‘ HAISi308 + K( (Alumino    (Po1 silicic acid)    hyc
2. Volume It increases the volume of minerals present in the rocks. It does not increase the volume of the rocks.
3. New minerals New minerals are not formed. New minerals are formed.

 

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the various types of weathering?

Answer:

Various Types Of Weathering:-

Weathering can be of three types-

1. Mechanical,
2 Chemicals,
3. Biological weathering.

Question 2 What is mechanical weathering?
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering:-

When different elements of weather (like temperature, rainfall, etc.) break down the rocks in their own places, this process of rock fragmentation is known as mechanical weathering.

Question 3 Where is mechanical weathering more prevalent on the earth’s surface?
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering More Prevalent On The Earth’s Surface In Mostly Below Areas:-

Mechanical weathering takes place mostly in high mountainous areas and in hot and dry desert regions. For example, the rocks get fragmented as a result of exfoliation, block disintegration, and granular disintegrate- in hot and dry desert regions.

Question 4 Which type of landforms result from mechanical weathering?
Answer:

Types Of Landforms Result From Mechanical Weathering:-

1. A soft layer of soil called regolith is formed due to mechanical weathering.
2. Due to exfoliation, rounded hills (especially in granite-gneiss rocks) are formed. For example, the Ranchi dome near Ranchi lake in Jharkhand.
3. In cold climatic regions, angular rock fragments are formed as a result of weathering by ice and these accumulate in a cone-shaped manner in the foothill zones and are called talus or scree.

Question 5 Where does mechanical weathering occur due to frost or ice?
Answer:

Mechanical Weathering Occurs Due To Frost Or Ice:-

In the high mountainous areas and Arctic regions, frost or ice plays a major role in mechanical weathering. The ice in the cracks of the rocks exerts pressure on either side and eventually breaks the rocks

Question 6. What is block disintegration?
Answer:

Block Disintegration:-

Block disintegration is a type of mechanical weathering. When the cracks in the rocks expand and contract due to differential heating (i.e., hot during the daytime and cool at night), they get weakened and eventually break apart in the form of blocks. This is called block disintegration.

Question 7 Why is granular disintegration more prevalent in hot desert areas?
Answer:

Granular Disintegration More Prevalent In Hot Desert Areas:-

Granular disintegration is a type of mechanical weathering found in hot and arid desert regions. Due to differential heating, the various minerals present in the rocks expand and contract alternately and these rates of expansion and contraction differ in the case of different minerals. As a result, the rocks get broken down into small fragments.

Question 8 What is exfoliation?
Answer:

Exfoliation:-

When the intensity of temperature is high, there is a difference in temperature in the outer and inner layers of the rocks. As a result, the outer layers of the rocks come off from the underlying layers (like onion peels). This is called exfoliation. The surface of the rock assumes a rounded shape as a result of this. Exfoliation is a common occurrence in the granite-gneiss rocks of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (near Ranchi) in India.

Question 9 Why people residing in desert areas can hear sounds similar to gunshots?
Answer:

People Residing In Desert Areas Can Hear Sounds Similar To Gunshots:-

The temperature is very high in desert areas and the rocks are heated over a long period of time during the day. However, since different minerals in the rocks have different capacities of absorbing and releasing heat, this unequal expansion and compression within the rocks exert great pressure on them, and subsequently, they burst, making a loud noise, that is similar to the sound of gunshots.

Question 10 What is chemical weathering?
Answer:

Chemical Weathering:-

When rocks are subject to decomposition due to a reaction with oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc., present in the atmosphere or water, the process is known as chemical weathering.

Question 11 In which climatic region is chemical weathering prevalent?
Answer:

Due to high temperatures and heavy rainfall, the equatorial regions are more prone to chemical weathering (as a result of hydrolysis, hydration, etc.).

Question 12 Why is chemical weathering more common in equatorial regions?
Answer:

Chemical Weathering More Common In Equatorial Regions:-

The equatorial regions experience chemical weathering because- equatorial regions have high temperatures and receive rainfall throughout the year, the leaves of the forests in this region fall on the ground and form humic acid, which facilitates the chemical decomposition of the rocks.

Question 13 What is oxidation?
Answer:

Oxidation:-

Chemical reaction occurs in the rocks as a result of water (in the presence of oxygen) reacting especially with iron present in the rocks. It forms oxides and hydroxides and eventually weakens and dissolves the rocks. Brownish/yellowish stains are seen on the rocks as a result of rust formation.

Reaction:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 1

Question 14 What is carbonation?
Answer:

Carbonation:

When water mixes with carbon dioxide, carbonic acid forms and it chemically reacts with calcium carbonate present in the rocks and then dissolves the rocks. This process is known as carbonation. This is how limestones are dissolved and karst landforms are formed. For example, Borra caves near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

Example:
WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering formula 7Question 15 What is hydration?
Answer:

Hydration:-

When the minerals present in the rocks mix with water and alter their chemical process composition. This is called hydration. This is an important process of chemical weathering. Hydration actually causes granular disintegration and makes the rocks further susceptible to chemical weathering, especially by oxidation and carbonation. For example, the process of hydration changes feldspar into kaolinite clay and the process is known as kaolinization.

Question 16 What is hydrolysis?
Answer:

Hydrolysis:-

The chemical combination of minerals with ionized water to form new minerals, decomposing the rock is called hydrolysis. For example, clay and silicon are by-products of such a chemical reaction of granite.

Question 17 Why is carbonation more predominant in limestone regions?
Answer:

Carbonation More Predominant In Limestone Regions:-

The process of carbonation is predominant in limestone regions because when carbon dioxide mixes with water it forms carbonic acid, and when this reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate), it forms calcium bicarbonate and dissolves the limestone.

Question 18 What is biological weathering?
Answer:

Biological Weathering:-

Rocks are sometimes broken down by plants and animals. Again, humic acid from decaying plants and animals results in the breaking down of rocks. When the rocks are subject to change as a result of the decaying of plants and animals, the process is known as biological weathering.

Question 19 What are the different types of biological weathering?
Answer:

Different Types Of Biological Weathering:-

Biological weathering is of two types- bio-mechanical weathering, and bio-chemical weathering.

Question 20 What is the role of plants in biological weathering?
Answer:

Role Of Plants In Biological Weathering:-

When the roots of plants grow and exert pressure on the cracks in the rocks, the rocks disintegrate. The rotten plant remains (namely, leaves, stems/trunks, etc.) result in the formation of humic acid, which eventually dissolves the rocks.

Question 21 What is the role of human beings in biological weathering?
Answer:

Role Of Human Beings In Biological Weathering:-

Rocks are broken down into fragments as a result of agricultural practices, mining activities, etc. 2 Rocks are disintegrated and dissolved as a result of the construction of houses, roads, excavation of canals, etc.

Question 22 What is colloid plucking?
Answer:

Colloid Plucking:-

The wet soil particles or colloids that form on the rocks, dry up eventually and exert pressure on the minerals present in the rocks. This results in weathering of rocks and this process are called colloid plucking.

Question 23 Why does rust form on rocks?
Answer:

Rust Form On Rocks Because:-

The iron-bearing minerals present in certain rocks are prone to the formation of rust. The process of oxidation converts the ferrous oxide present in the rocks into ferric acid, which results in the formation of light brown and yellow colored rust.

Question 24 What is desert varnish?
Answer:

Desert Varnish

In desert areas, the orangish-yellow-colored coating that forms on the rock layers is called desert varnish. It is composed of clay, iron, and manganese oxide. They are found mostly in basalt and quartzite rocks.

Question 25 What is slaking?
Answer:

Slaking:-

Slaking is the process of alternate wetting and drying of rocks. In coastal regions rocks gradually get wet and dry twice a day due to tide action. Consequent expansion and contraction of rock shells result in the disintegration of rocks. Slaking is common in clayey alluvial soil.

Question 26 What is chelation?
Answer:

Chelation:-

Chelation is the process where organic acid reacts with an insoluble mineral and transforms it into a soluble mineral. Podsol soil is formed by the chelation process in the coniferous forest regions.

Question 27 What is sheeting?
Answer:

Sheeting:-

Sheeting is a process in which cracks and fractures develop parallel to the ground surface in massive rocks such as granites, quartzites, etc. The main cause of sheeting is the removal of superincumbent load that results in a reduction of pressure off the rock layers.

Question 28 What is spalling?
Answer:

Spalling:-

Spalling is a common mechanism of rock weathering. In this process cracks and fractures develop and lozenge or irregular platy rock fragments form. The main causes of spalling are the unloading of superincumbent load, freezing and thawing, and thermal expansion.

Chapter 5 Weathering Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. The main process of mechanical weathering in a warm desert is—
1. Saline Crystal Formation
2. Frost Action
3. Granular Disintegration
4. Block disintegration

Answer: 3. Granular Disintegration

2. Which component plays an important role in the oxidation process of the weathering of rocks?
1. H2
2. 02
3. N2
4. C02

Answer: 2. 02

3. The main component of chemical weathering is—
1. Water
2. Sunlight
3. Air Stream
4. Flora

Answer: 1. Water

4. Chemical formula of humic acid is—
1. c187c186c89c9c1
2. C10H20°10
3. C12H10O10
4. C5h607

Answer: 1. c187c186c89c9c1

5. Limestone-clad areas are prone to—
1. Carbonation
1. Hydration
3. Hydrolysis
3. Oxidation

Answer:  1. Hydration

6. Snowfall-prone areas experience—
1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Biological Weathering
4. Mechanical And Chemical Weathering

Answer: 1. Mechanical Weathering

7. Which of the following is visible in homogeneous rocks?
1. Block Disintegration
2. Exfoliation
3. Granular Disintegration
4. Biological Weathering

Answer: 2. Exfoliation

8. Rusting of rocks due to chemical weathering is known as—
1. Oxidation
2. Carbonation
3. Solution
4. Hydrolysis

Answer: 1. Oxidation

9. Areas that are prone to chemical weathering are—
1. Tundra Areas
2. Cool Temperate Areas
3. Equatorial Areas
4. Semi-Arid Areas

Answer: 3. Equatorial Areas

10. Exfoliation occurs in—
1. Basalt
2. Granite
3. Sandstone
4. All Types Of rocks

Answer: 2. Granite

11. The process of mechanical weathering which is most effective in high altitude areas or cold areas is—
1. Colloid Plucking
2. Bolder Cleaving
3. Frost Action
4. Sheeting

Answer: 3. Frost Action

12. The kind of weathering that takes place in heterogeneous rocks is—
1. Disintegration
2. Boulder Cleaving
3. Exfoliation
4. Granular Disintegration

Answer: 4. Granular Disintegration

13. When water freezes into ice, its volume—
1. Decreases By 8%
2. Increases By 9%
3. Increases By 10%
4. Decreases By 11%

Answer: 2. Increases By 9%

14. Heavy rainfall-prone tropical areas witness—
1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Biological Weathering
4. None of the above

Answer: 2. Chemical Weathering

15. Result of mechanical weathering in rocks is—
1. Physical Change
2. Chemical Change
3. Both Physical And Chemical Change
4. No Changes Occur

Answer: 1. Physical Change

16. The process in which calcium carbonate transforms into calcium bicarbonate is—
1. Oxidation
2. Carbonation
3. Hydrolysis
4. Solution

Answer: 2. Carbonation

17. Both mechanical and chemical weathering occur more in—
1. Cool Temperate Areas
2. Warm Temperate Areas
3. Equatorial Regions
4. Desert Regions

Answer: 2. Warm Temperate Areas

18. A major factor of mechanical weathering is—
1. Gravitational Force
2. Oxygen
3. Hardness Of Rocks
4. Heat

Answer: 4. Heat

19. Cold regions experience—
1. Mechanical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
3. Biological weathering
4. Bio-Mechanical weathering

Answer: 1. Mechanical weathering

20. The kind of weathering which changes the shape of a rock is known as—
1. Biological Weathering
2. Mechanical Weathering
3. Bio-Mechanical Weathering
4. Chemical Weathering

Answer: 2. Mechanical Weathering

21. Gunshot-like noises occur in—
1. Exfoliation Process
2. Frost Weathering
3. Granular Disintegration
4. Block Disintegration

Answer: 3. Granular Disintegration

22. The process of weathering in granite is—
1. Exfoliation
2. Dirt Cracking
3. Boulder Cleaving
4. Oxidation

Answer: 1. Exfoliation

23. One of the main causes of exfoliation is—
1. Humidity
2. Solar Energy
3. Decrease In Pressure
4. Rainfall

Answer: 2. Solar Energy

24. Exfoliation is common in—
1. Desert Region
2. Polar Region
3. Humid Region
4. Coastal Region

Answer: 1. Desert Region

25. The weathering process that forms a rounded hill is—
1. Frost Action
3. Granular Disintegration
3. Exfoliation
3. Boulder Cleaving

Answer: 3. Exfoliation

26. Due to excessive temperature variation, the bedded rock peels off like an onion, which is called—
1. Block Disintegration
2. Granular Disintegration
3. Exfoliation
4. Shattering

Answer: 3. Exfoliation

27. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water is formed.
1. Carbonic Acid
2. Calcium Bicarbonate
3. Organic Acid
4. None Of These

Answer: 1. Carbonic Acid

28. Exfoliation is a type of—
1. Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
3. Biological Weathering
4. None Of These

Answer: 1. Mechanical Weathering

29. Block disintegration is common in—
1. Granite
2. Gabbro
3. Basalt
4. Sandstone

Answer: 3. Basalt

30. The process of formation of humus through the decomposition of dead plants or animals is known as—
1. Eluviation
2. Podsolization
3. Humification
4. Illuviation

Answer: 3. Humification

Chapter 5 Weathering Fill In The Suitable Words

1. Rock disintegration takes place in Mechanical type of weathering.

2. Oxidation is a type of Chemical weathering.

3. Decomposition occurs in Chemical weathering.

4. Exfoliation is commonly found in desert areas.

5. Limestone gets dissolved as a result of carbonation

6. Rocks containing iron forms rust as a result of oxidation

7. In areas of snowfall, mechanical weathering largely occurs.

8. In tropical regions, chemical weathering is largely seen.

9. Carbon dioxide mixed with water forms carbonic acid.

10. The constituents of rocks are not altered in case of mechanical weathering.

11. In cold climatic regions, the first action is the process of mechanical weathering.

12. In heterogeneous rocks, granular disintegration takes place.

13. Rocks change only in shape in case of mechanical weathering.

14. Weathering does not occur in permafrost areas.

15. In limestone regions, the process of solution creates permafrost topography.

16. Mechanical weathering due to salt crystals occurs largely in sandstone

17. Humans cause biotic weathering through agriculture.

18. Granular disintegration occurs in Heterogeneous rocks.

19. When water changes into ice, Increases its volume

20. Weathering is a slow process.

21. Due to the process of hydration hematite transforms into Limonite

22. Granular disintegration is an example of mechanical weathering.

23. The chemical weathering that occurs due to the reaction of carbon dioxide is called Carbonation

Chapter 5 Weathering If The Statement Is True, Write TRUE And If False, Write ‘FALSE’ Against The Following Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. Mechanical weathering is dominant in a tropical climate. False

2. Carbonic acid helps in oxidation. False

3. Chelation is a type of biochemical weathering. True

4. Solution is a process of mechanical weathering. False

5. Rocks become smooth and circular as a result of exfoliation. False

6. Rusting of rocks occurs due to the process of carbonation. False

7. The characteristics of rock remain unchanged in chemical weathering. False

8. Atmosphere is the main component of weathering. False

9. Rainfall during monsoon helps in mechanical weathering. True

10. Granular disintegration occurs silently. False

11. Chemical weathering is dominant in desert climates. False

12. Mechanical weathering changes the mineral composition of the original rocks. False

13. Burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, earthworms, etc. cause mechanical weathering. False

Chapter 5 Weathering Match the left column with the right column

1. 

Left column  Right column 
1. Exfoliation A. Cold mountain region
2. Frost  action B. Tropical region
3. Hydrolysis C. Limestone region
4. carbonation D. Hot desert area

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

2.

Left column  Right column 
1. Mineral of the tropical region A. Oxidation
2. Rusting of rocks B. Bauxite
3. Plants and minerals C. Mass wasting
4. Gravitational force D. Biological weathering

 

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

Chapter 5 Weathering Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Where does granular disintegration take place?
Answer: Desert area.

Question 2 Which gaseous component is needed in oxidation?
Answer: Oxygen.

Question 3 What is the process of combination of rock minerals with water called?
Answer: Hydration.

Question 4 Which type of weathering results in rusting of rocks?
Answer: Oxidation.

Question 5 Name a burrowing animal.
Answer: Rat.

Question 6 Exfoliation occurs in which rock?
Answer: Granite.

Question 7 Which type of weathering occurs due to the construction of houses and roads?
Answer: Mechanical weathering.

Question 8 Ice disintegration occurs in which climatic region?
Answer: Tundra.

Question 9 Which type of weathering causes changes in the structural composition of rocks?
Answer: Chemical weathering.

Question 10 Which type of weathering is hydrolysis?
Answer: Chemical weathering.

Question 11 Name the cone-shaped depositional feature formed as a result of mechanical weathe¬ring on hill slopes.
Answer: Screen or Talus.

Question 12 Which acid is formed due to the decomposition of organic matter?
Answer: Humic acid.

Question 13 Give an example of an easily soluble rock.
Answer: Limestone.

Question 14 In which climatic regions is mechanical weathering predominant?
Answer: Arid and semi-arid regions.

Question 15 Which type of weathering is prevalent in homogeneous rocks?
Answer: Exfoliation.

Question 16 Which type of weathering occurs in limestone areas?
Answer: Carbonation.

Question 17 Which type of weathering is prevalent in rainy tropical regions?
Answer: Chemical weathering.

Question 13 What type of chemical weathering occurs due to the reaction of iron with oxygen?
Answer: Oxidation.

Question 19 What is the process known whereby small-grained rocks are further fragmented in the coastal areas?
Answer: Slaking.

Question 20 Which process causes the disintegration of rocks as a result of a decrease in the pressure of the superincumbent rock layers (due to mechanical weathering)?
Answer: Spalling.

Question 21 What is formed as a result of the decomposition of branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits of trees after they fall to the ground?
Answer: Humus.

Question 22 The process whereby rocks are broken apart is an example of which type of weathering?
Answer: Mechanical weathering.

Question 23 What happens when rocks get heated during the daytime?
Answer: They increase in volume.

Question 24 Which type of weathering causes rocks to get fragmented in a square shape?
Answer: Block disintegration.

Question 25. Which type of weathering causes rock layers to come off like the peels of an onion?
Answer: Exfoliation.

Question 26 Which type of weathering is predominant in the Thar Desert?
Answer: Granular disintegration.

Question 27 In which type of weathering does gunshot-like noises occur?
Answer: Granular disintegration.

Question 23 In which type of weathering do both physical and chemical changes occur in rocks?
Answer: Chemical weathering.

Question 29 Which type of weathering helps to form laterite soil in the tropical climate?
Answer: Oxidation.

Question 30 In which rock is exfoliation maximum?
Answer: On the granites in the warm desert climate.

Question 31 Which regions are prone to mechanical weathering?
Answer: Hot deserts, tundra region, polar region, and high mountainous region.

Chapter 5 Weathering TOPIC C Effect of Weathering and Soil Erosion Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 State the effects of weathering. Explain how soil is formed as a result of weathering.
Answer:

Effects of weathering:

The effects of weathering are-

1. Formation of landforms: Landforms like tors and rounded hills in the humid tropical regions, inselbergs in the hot dry desert regions, caves, stalactites, and stalagmites in limestone areas, etc., are all formed as a result of weathering.

2. Formation of minerals: New minerals are formed as a result of chemical reactions. For example, bauxite is formed in humid tropical countries.

3. Facilitates agriculture: Due to the disintegration of rocks by weathering, the porosity of soil increases, which facilitates air and water circulation and hence aids in agricultural practices.

4. Formation of regolith: Due to the disintegration and decomposition of rocks, regolith is formed, which plays a major role in soil formation later on.

Soil Formation: The soil-forming process, as a result of weathering, may be explained by the following stages-

1. First stage: Various processes of mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering, break down rocks into smaller fragments and decompose them further. This loose layer of fragmented rocks on the top is called regolith, which is the first step of soil formation.

2. Second stage: Rainwater and air seep through the various layers of the rocks through this regolith layer which facilitates chemical weathering of the fragmented rocks. Biological weathering is also initiated by the microorganisms and the dead remains of plants and animals present in the top layer. As a result a black-colored substance called humus forms through the process of humification.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering steps of soil erorions

3. Third stage: Humus and other weathered particles oxidize in the presence of oxygen and form new minerals. This process is called mineralization. During the process of soil formation iron, aluminum, and other minerals are transported from the top layer to the lower layers of the soil. This process is called eluviation. These minerals get accumulated in the lower layers and this process is called illuviation.

Thus, with the passage of time, the components in the soil-forming process change their physical and chemical characteristics to form a soft layer called soil on the surface of the Earth, with organic matter and minerals as their constituents.

Question 2 Briefly explain the concept of soil erosion.
Answer:

Concept of soil erosion:

The concept of soil erosion is-

Definition: The process in which soil particles are removed from the top layer by natural or man-made factors, is called soil erosion.

Factors: The following equation explains the process-

e = g(cl, v, t, s, h)

where, e = soil erosion, g = effectiveness, cl= climate, v = vegetative cover, t = landform or relief, s = type of soil, h = role of man or human interference.

Causes of soil erosion: They may be classified as-natural and man-made causes.

Natural causes:

1. Rainfall: In regions with high rainfall, the raindrops loosen the soil particles from the rock layer and wash them away.

Wind: Winds blow with high velocity in open desert areas and coastal tracts (receiving no obstacles) and lead to soil erosion.

Flowing water: Currents of river water and sea waves over the adjacent land areas cause soil erosion.

2. Man-made causes:

Deforestation: In deforested areas, the bare land is more prone to soil erosion. The roots of the trees bind the soil together. When the trees are cut down, the region becomes prone to soil erosion and is thus rendered infertile.

Overgrazing: Excessive grazing by cattle, goats, and sheep in grassland areas results in the baring of the ground, leading to soil erosion.

Unscientific methods of cultivation: In areas where shifting or ‘jhum’ cultivation is practiced, the forest is cleared by burning it down (which is unscientific), and this leads to soil erosion.

Process of soil erosion: Soil erosion is mainly caused by flowing water and wind.

By work of flowing water:

1. Sheet erosion: When rainfall or flowing water removes the soil layer by layer, it is known as sheet erosion.

2. Rill erosion: When rainwater or a river (in its youth stage), flows along the slopes of a mountain as narrow channels or rills, soil erosion occurs.

2. Gully erosion: These rills become wider and deeper due to more soil erosion, and this is known as gully erosion.

4. Ravine erosion: When the gullies become further deepened and widened, the topography is converted to a ‘badland’, where cultivation is not possible and the area becomes inaccessible too.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Different types of soil erorision

2. By work of wind: In desert areas, winds carry sand from one area to other distant areas, leading to erosion of the top layer.

Effects of soil erosion:

1. Effects on the physical environment:

1. As a result of soil erosion, the groundwater level decreases,
2. hydrological cycle is affected,
3. food chain is disturbed as habitats of the decomposers (like bacteria, fungi, etc.) present in the soil are destroyed,
4. the navigability of rivers and other waterbodies decrease (due to aggradation by soil deposits or siltation), and the areas become more prone to floods.

2. Effects on the human environment:

1. Fertility of soil decreases, crop productivity gets reduced,
2. decrease in the navigability of rivers hampers trade and water transport,
3. ecosystem of wetlands is damaged as they get filled up with soil deposits.

Areas prone to soil erosion: Continuous flat areas, plateaus devoid of vegetation, desert areas, coastal areas, riverine tracts, etc., are more prone to soil erosion.

Question 3 Briefly discuss the methods of soil conservation. Or, Discuss the preventive measures for soil erosion.
Answer:

Different methods of soil conservation:

The various measures adopted for preventing soil erosion and increasing the fertility of the soil are known as soil conservation measures.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Soil coveration measures

1. Agricultural methods

1. Afforestation: If trees are planted along the slopes of mountains, on infertile and barren lands, soil erosion can be prevented. This is because the roots of the trees bind the soil together.

2. Restriction on overgrazing: If overgrazing can be controlled in grassland areas, soil erosion can be prevented.

3. Ban on shifting or ‘jhum’ cultivation: When the forests are burnt down for clear land, the trees are destroyed and soil erosion also increases. This can only be prevented by banning such a practice.

4. Step/Terrace farming: The slopes of the mountains are carved into steps or terraces to retain rainwater on each step (to be used by the cultivated crops). Soil erosion can be prevented by practicing such type of farming.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering terrace farming

5. Creation of forest line/boundary: If forest boundaries are created (by planting trees) on all sides of agricultural fields, coastal regions (especially in the direction of the winds), etc., then soil erosion can be reduced.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Contour farming

6. Crop rotation: If any land is cultivated throughout the year with different types of crops (not allowing it to lay bare), then the land is not exposed to soil erosion.

7. Contour farming: Bunds are constructed along the contour of the land (horizontally along the slopes of mountains), to prevent water from washing down and hence it prevents soil erosion.

8. Strip cropping: When crops are cultivated in long strips prepared along the slopes, they prevent soil from being carried away by flowing water along the slopes.

9. Land cover: If the unused parts of the crops like stems, hay, etc., are spread over any bare land, soil erosion can be prevented, especially in muddy areas.

2. Infrastructural methods:
1. Construction of artificial walls: If walls are constructed on seashores and along river banks, soil erosion by flowing water can be prevented.

2. Digging of canals: If canals are dug to facilitate drainage and several waterbodies are constructed especially in desert areas, soil erosion can be prevented.

3 Other methods: More advanced research on preventing soil erosion and increasing soil fertility, spreading awareness among the people, can help in soil conservation.

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is the role of man in soil erosion?
Answer:

Role Of Man In Soil Erosion:-

The activities carried out by human beings that lead to soil erosion, are as follows-

1. Deforestation: Due to the cutting down of trees, the soil is exposed to weathering. Thus rainwater washes away the fertile topsoil.

2. Unscientific methods of cultivation: Shifting cultivation, intensive cultivation, etc., reduce soil fertility and increase soil erosion.

3. Increased grazing: Excessive grazing practiced on the thin soil along the mountain slopes, leads to exposure of the soil to weathering and erosion.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Deforestation

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering increased grazing

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering unscientific methods of cultivation

Question 2 How does terrace farming help in conserving soil?
Answer:

Terrace Farming Help In Conserving Soil As Follows:-

The rate of flow of water along the slopes of hills and mountains can be controlled. In such areas, farming is done on steps cut along the slopes at different heights. Each step or terrace is bordered by slightly elevated mud bunds which prevent the washing away of water down the slope and thus store water on these terraces. Thus, runoff is reduced and infiltration of water underground is increased. These terraces are of three types-

1. Bench-like steps: The lower part of these steps are flat and on the outer sides, low bunds are constructed.
2. Successive steps: A series of steps or terraces at different altitudes (like a staircase), prevents water from washing down and thus conserves soil.
3. Plain or flat steps: The lower part of these steps are flat and different crops are cultivated here. Thus, water seeps underground and soil erosion is prevented because run-off is controlled.

Question 3 How does weathering help in increasing soil fertility?
Answer:

Weathering Helps In Increasing The Soil Fertility:-

The role of weathering in increasing soil fertility is discussed as follows-

1. A soft layer called regolith is formed on the upper surface of the Earth as a result of weathering. The minerals present in this regolith seep underground (in solution with water) and supply essential nutrients to the plants.

2. The roots of trees cause the rocks to break apart (biotic or biological weathering). Besides, burrowing animals like rabbits, rats, etc., loosen up the soil by digging into it and thereby allowing air circulation in the soil, which is beneficial to the plants.

3. Humus is formed as a result of the decaying of leaves, flowers, etc., that are shed from the trees. When humus mixes with the oxygen present in the atmosphere, it enriches the various minerals found in the soil, which, in turn, increases the fertility of the soil.

Question 4 What are the landforms developed due to weathering?

Answer:

Landforms Developed Due To Weathering Process:-

Weathering is a process in which surface rocks are disintegrated or decomposed and remain in their original place or ‘in situ’. Weathered materials are transported through the process of erosion.

So, the process of weathering and erosion together develop various types of landforms, namely- Round shaped topography develops over granite by the process of exfoliation; flattened topography develops on basalt by the process of block disintegration; residual hills like inselbergs form in the hot deserts

Sometimes, these are transformed in mesas, and buttes due to excessive weathering and erosion; in humid tropical climates, tors develop; in limestone regions, caves, stalactites, stalagmites, etc. form due to carbonation and solution processes.

Sometimes, rivers that flow over a karst region may disappear and enters underground through shallow holes or sink holes which develop blind or dry valleys on the surface. Felsenmeer forms through the deposition of talus or scree along the foothills.

Question 5 Write the differences between regolith and humus.
Answer:

The differences between regolith and humus are as follows-

Point of difference       Regolith     Humus
1. Concept The layer formed of disintegrated and decomposed rock particles lying on the top layer of the Earth’s surface is called regolith. Humus is a black or deep brown colored material that is formed by the decomposition of various organic materials.
2. Nature Regolith is formed by the disintegration of rocks, so, these are solid materials. Humus is a semi-solid matter that is formed through the decomposition of organic matter.
3. Origin Regolith is formed from fragmented rocks. Humus is formed through the decomposition of plant, animal, and organic matter.

 

Question 6 What are the differences between eluviation and illuviation?
Answer:

The differences between eluviation and illuviation are as follows-

points of difference  eluviation  illuviation 
1. Work process It is a process of transportation. It is a process of deposition
2. Place This process occurs on the upper layer of the soil i.e, surface This process occurs beneath the soil surface
3. Presence of minerals Minerals are removed from the upper layer of soil. Minerals are deposited below the soil surface.
4. Dependency The process of eluviation depends on the amount of rainfall received. The process of illuviation depends on the nature of the eluviation process.
5. Colour of the soil layer The upper layer of soil is light in color due to the removal of minerals. Sub-surface soil is deep in color due to the deposition of minerals.

 

Chapter 5 Weathering Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is soil erosion?
Answer:

Soil Erosion:-

When soil particles from the top layer are separated and transported elsewhere due to natural or man-made factors, it is called soil erosion. For example, soil erosion occurs as a result of surface run-off due to heavy rainfall (the topsoil is washed off and transported elsewhere).

Question 2 Where is terrace farming practiced?
Answer:

Terrace Farming:-

Terrace farming (or step farming) is usually practiced along the slopes of mountains. For example, it is common in the hill slopes of Darjeeling.

Question 3 What is talus?
Answer:

Talus:-

The action of ice and snow in the cold mountainous regions, widens the cracks in the rocks and eventually breaks the rocks into angular fragments. These fragments are deposited at the foothill zones in a cone-like formation known as a talus or scree. These features are commonly seen in the Ladakh region. They are also known as Blackspade or Felsenmeer.

Question 4 What is humification?
Answer:

Humification:-

The process by which the organic matter present in the soil is decomposed by micro-organisms and turned into a black-colored semi-solid substance, is called humification.

Question 5 What is eluviation and illuviation?
Answer:

Eluviation And Illuviation:-

The process by which the dissolved minerals in the upper layers of the soil are transferred to the lower layers is called eluviation. The process in which the minerals present in the soil are deposited in the lower layers of the soil/rocks is known as illuviation.

Question 6 What is terra rosa?
Answer:

Terra Rosa:-

In the karst region, the dissolved limestone gets removed and accumulated in the upper layers of the soil as a result of the process of carbonation. This red-colored layer of soil deposited on the earth’s surface is called terra rosa (‘terra’ meaning soil and ‘rosa’ meaning red).

Question 7 What is regolith?
Answer:

Regolith:-

The layer formed of disintegrated and decomposed rock particles lying on the upper layers of the earth’s surface is called regolith. The soil-forming process starts from the formation of regolith (a slow process).

Question 8 What is solum?
Answer:

Solum:-

The humus-rich layer formed in the process of soil formation lying on the parent rock is called solum. The term ‘soil’ is derived from the Latin word ‘solum’.

Question 9 What are tors?
Answer:

Tors:-

Due to differential weathering, the hard inner layers of the rocks are exposed to the surface when the surrounding soft regolith gets removed. Sometimes the rocks that have broken apart along the points or cracks may tumble down the slope of hills. The remaining upright hard rocks situated on the slopes or in the foothills of gently sloping hills are called tors.

Question 10 What is humus?
Answer:

Humus:-

Dead plants, animal remains, fallen leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. get deposited on the regolith layer as raw organic matter. The organic matter is decomposed by micro-organisms and turned into deep brown or black-colored complex matter.

This complex matter is known as humus. The soil that is rich in humus is fertile in nature. The water-holding capacity of humus-rich soil is greater. The dead remains of plants and animals decompose in rainwater to form humic acid (C187H186 Og NGS,) which accelerates the process of chemical weathering in rocks containing magnesium, feldspar, and sulfur.

Chapter 5 Weathering Multiple Choice Type Questions

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. The first stage of soil formation is—
1. Solum
2. Regolith
3. Batholith
4. Monolith

Answer: 2. Regolith

2. Conical rocks formed due to frost action—
1. Talus or Scree
2. Erg
3. Pediment
4. Bajada

Answer:  1. Talus or Scree

3. Terrace farming is prevalent in—
1. Hilly Areas
2. Deserts
3. Plain Areas
4. Coastal Areas

Answer: 1. Hilly Areas

4. Soil erosion in desert areas takes place—
1. Due To River Action
2. Due To Glacial Action
3. Due To Wind Action
4. Due To Human Beings

Answer:  3. Due To Wind Action

5. Layer of soil formed due to weathering in limestone regions is called—
1. Terra Rosa
2. Talus
3. Blocksped
4. Pediment

Answer: 1. Terra Rosa

6. The process of humus formation is called—
1. Regolith
2. Humification
3. Mineralisation
4. Alluviation

Answer:  2. Humification

7. Which process of weathering leads to the formation of karst landforms?
1. Oxidation
2. Carbonation
3. Hydrolysis
4. Block Disintegration

Answer:  2. Carbonation

8. One of the man-made reasons for soil erosion is—
1. Water Flow
2. Farming
3. Extension Of Root
4. Digging Holes In Soil

Answer: 2. Farming

9. The process of weathering that forms inselbergs is known as—
1. Exfoliation
2. Carbonation
3. Hydrolysis
4. Oxidation

Answer: 1. Exfoliation 

10. The layer of disintegrated rock particles that are formed due to weathering is known as—
1. Hardpan
2. Batholith
3. Regolith
4 Lopolith

Answer: 
3. Regolith

11. Covering the land with straw, roots of the crops, etc. is a process of soil conservation, which is called—
1. Mulching
2. Terracing
3. Strip Cropping
4. Contour cropping

Answer:  1. Mulching

12. The process that results in the removal of minerals from the upper layer of soil, is—
1. Humification
2. Mineralisation
3. Calcification
4. Eluviation

Answer:  4. Eluviation

13. Forms due to weathering.
1. Mountain
2. Plateau
3. Soil
4. Desert

Answer:  3. Soil

14. Maximum eluviation occurs in—
1. Desert areas
2. Cold areas
3. Rainy areas
4. Temperate areas

Answer:  3. Rainy areas

Chapter 5 Weathering Fill In The Suitable Words

1. The layer of loose and unconsolidated materials lying over the bedrock is called Regolith

2. The most important effect of weathering is the formation of soil

3. Step cultivation should be practiced on hill slopes in order to prevent soil erosion.

4. Deposition of groundwater helps in the weathering of rock beds.

5. The erosion of soil by raindrops is a Natural cause

Chapter 5 Weathering If The Statement Is True, Write TRUE And If False, Write ‘FALSE’ Against The Following

Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. Weathering helps in the storage of groundwater in the rock beds. True 

2. The disintegrated layer of the rocks as a result of weathering is called regolith. True 

3. Rock particles formed by the disintegration due to ice crystals are called boulders. False

4. Regolith is formed in the last stage of soil formation. False

5. An important influence of weathering is the formation of soil. True 

6. Afforestation controls soil erosion. True 

7. Weathering helps in increasing soil fertility. True 

8. Soil erosion increases due to excessive grazing. True

Chapter 5 Match The Left Column With The Right Column

Left column  Right column
1. Primary stage for the formation of soil A.Eluviation
2. Minerals removal process B.illuviation
3. Mineral dispositional process C. Mulching
4. Soil conversation process D.Regolith

 

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

 

Chapter 5 Weathering Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 What is the loose and thin layer of finely fragmented rocks due to weathering known as?
Answer: Regolith.

Question 2 In the process of soil formation, when the minerals present in the regolith are removed from the upper to lower layers, what is this process known as?
Answer: Eluviation.

Question 3 What is the process called by which the humus is formed?
Answer: Humification.

Question 4 When weathering occurs as a natural process, what is it called?
Answer: Geomorphic weathering.

Question 5 What is the process called by which the depth of gullies increases due to erosion?
Answer: Gully erosion.

Question 6 How can the soil on the slopes of mountains be conserved?
Answer: By terrace farming.

Question 7 What is the process of conserving soil by covering it with a layer of organic material called?
Answer: Mulching.

WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Salient Points – At A Glance

1. The extreme events that disrupt our normal activities and our daily lives and originate due to natural causes or human activities or combined activities of both, are called hazards.
2. The temporary or permanent events caused by natural or human activities endangering human life causing great damage to life and property, which degrade the quality of the environment and last for a long time, are called disasters.
3. French word ‘des’ means ‘bad’ and ‘aster’ means ‘star’ and the aggregation of these two words is a disaster (bad star).
4. Many lives and a huge amount of property were damaged by flash floods on 16 July 2013 in Uttarakhand. It was a disaster.
5. Huge amount of property was damaged and millions of people were killed due to the Tsunami on 26 December 2004 in the surrounding countries of the Bay of Bengal in south-east Asia.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

6. In 2001, millions of people died due to the earthquake in Bhuj City in Gujarat.
7. In 1902, Saint Pierre city was completely destroyed due to the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pelee volcano in the West Indies.
8. The landslide-prone zones of West Bengal are Darjeeling and Kalimpong. But, the hilly areas of the Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri districts also face landslides.
9. The most cyclone-prone areas of West Bengal are North and South 24 Parganas and Purba and Paschim Medinipur districts.
10. Drought-prone areas of West Bengal are the western plateau and its adjacent regions (Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum, Paschim Bardhaman, Paschim Medinipur and Jhargram districts).

11. The most flood-prone areas of West Bengal are the Sundarban region, the coastal region of Purba Medinipur, the northern Terai region and the Rarh plain due to the release of excessive water from barrages and reservoirs.
12. Cyclones are known by different names in different countries, such as-
1. Cyclone in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea,
2. Typhoon in China Sea, Taifu in Japan, Hurricane in West Indies and Caribbean Sea, Willy-Willy in Australia,
3. Tornado in Mexico and southeast America, Baguio in the Philippines, etc.
13. Richter Scale is a measuring scale of earthquake intensity.
14. In 1935, CF Richter invented the measuring scale of earthquake intensity.
15. It is not possible to stop a disaster most of the time. But some measures can be taken to tackle the effects of a disaster to reduce the loss of life and damage to property. Such measures are called disaster management.

16. Three steps of disaster management are pre-disaster management, during-disaster management and post-disaster management.
17. The possibility of loss or damage due to any hazard or disaster is called risk.
18. While the disaster or hazard intensified, people could not resist and surrender to it. This is called vulnerability.
19. All the essential materials that are sent to the disaster-affected people are called relief.
20. Disaster mitigation means the measures that are taken before a disaster to eliminate or reduce the intensity of the damage.

21. Rehabilitation is a process, which brings back the disaster-affected people into normal life after the disaster.
22. The three disaster prevention processes are together known as PMR, where
P = Preparedness or preparation,
M = Mitigation or reduction and
R = Recovery or reclamation.
23. The helper’s group for the quick response or relief and rescue work management is called QRT (Quick Response Team)
24. DART (Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) is a special system for Tsunami alertness.
25. The act that has been enacted in 2005 to deal with the management of disasters is called Disaster Management Act, 2005.
26. Full form of UNDMT is United Nations Disaster Management Team.
27. National Flood Commission was formed in 1980.

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters TOPIC A Different Types of Hazards and Disasters Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by hazard and disaster?
Answer:

Hazard And Disaster:-

A dangerous condition or event that threatens or has the potential to cause injury to life or damage to property or the environment is known as a hazard. Hazards can be classified into two broad categories-natural and man-made.

A disaster is an event or series of events that result in casualties and damage or loss of property, environment and livelihood on such a scale that is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to sustain. A landslide that occurs on a hill slope can be termed a hazard. But when this same landslide causes casualties and damage to life and property on the slope, it becomes a disaster.

Question 2 What are the characteristics of hazard?
Answer:

The characteristics of hazard are as follows-

1. Most of the hazards are difficult to predict and occur all of a sudden.
2. Hazards may be nature-induced, human-induced or even a combination of both.
3. The expansion of hazard is generally over smaller areas and its magnitude is comparatively low.
4. Hazards have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
5. Hazards with higher potential leads to disasters.

Question 3 Discuss the main characteristics of a disaster.
Answer:

The main characteristics of a disaster are as follows-

1. Distressed normal life: Normal public lives and activities are hampered and disrupted because of a disaster.

2. Casualties: A large number of human and animal life are devastated by a disaster. Damages and loss of property also take place.

3. Magnitude: The magnitude of a disaster is not always the same. They vary from intense to moderate.

4. Speed of occurrence: Disasters can be slow and predictable, or they may even be sudden and temporary.

5. Affects the environment: The negative environmental effects of disasters are by and large severe and persist for a long.

6. Disfunctioning of essential services: The functioning of essential services such as transport and communication gets disrupted.

7. Combined effect of several factors: A disaster is a combination of hazard, vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk.

Question 4 Explain and classify hazards.
Answer:

Hazards:-

A dangerous condition or event that threatens or has the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment is known as a hazard. Hazards can be classified into the following types-

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard

The following broad categories of hazards are discussed below-

1. Natural hazard: Natural hazards characterise those elements of the physical environment that are detrimental to human beings and are caused by forces extraneous to them. More precisely, the term ‘natural hazard’ refers to all atmospheric, hydrological and geological phenomena that, because of their location, intensity and frequency have the potential to affect adversely humans. beings, their constructions or their activities.

2. Semi-natural hazard: Hazards that are caused by the combination of natural and man-induced processes are known as semi-natural hazards. For instance, a landslide is a semi-natural hazard as it can be caused by natural processes (such as heavy or prolonged rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and slope undercutting by rivers) and can also be caused by human activities (such as slope excavation and loading, land use changes, irrigation, blasting vibrations, water leakage from utilities and such. others).

3. Man-made hazard: Man-made hazards are caused by the elements like unscientific human activity, negligence or error, superstition or the failure of a man-made system. Man-made hazards can be controlled by increasing awareness among communities. According to the location, hazards can be classified into the following-

1. Atmospheric hazard: These hazards have their root in the atmosphere. For example, cloudbursts, cyclones and others.

2. Hydrological hazard: These hazards have their root in the water bodies. For example, floods, tsunamis and others.

3. Geological hazard: These hazards have their root in the interior of the Earth. Landslides, earthquakes and others are examples of geological hazards.

Question 5 What is meant by natural hazard? Give example.
Answer:

Natural Hazard:-

A hazard that is typically caused by nature and there is no human intervention is called a natural hazard.

Characteristics:

1. The main characteristics of a natural hazard are
2. It is only caused by nature. This type of hazard is entirely unmodified by human activities.

Effects: Natural hazards temporarily disrupt normal human life. It may also damage the property, environment and human life.

Examples: earthquakes, volcanism, cyclone, landslide, etc.

Question 6 What is meant by semi-natural hazard? Give example.
Answer:

Semi-Natural Hazard:-

A hazard caused by the combined effects of natural and man-induced processes is known as a semi-natural hazard.

Characteristics:

1. The main characteristics of semi-natural hazards are- Semi-natural hazards are caused by combined effects of nature and man.
2. These hazards occur due to improper uses of man’s knowledge and technology.

Effect: Sometimes this type of hazard causes disaster for its severity.

Example: Flood that occurs due to sudden release of water from reservoirs within a short period of time. Every flood is a natural hazard but the level of damage caused by the hazard is further increased by the intervention of man. Both the role of man and nature are important for occurrence of this type of hazard.

Question 7 What is meant by a man-induced hazard? Give example.
Answer:

Man-Induced Hazard:-

A hazard caused by the influence of ignorance, unconsciousness, superstitions, unscientific thinking, violence, etc. is known as a man-induced hazard.

Characteristics:

1. The main characteristics of man-induced hazards are- There is no role of natural force for these hazards.
2. Small self-interests and unconscious activities of humans are the main causes of these hazards.

Effect: This kind of hazard lags behind the social system and temporarily disrupts livelihood.

Example: Earthquakes that occur due to experimental explosions of atomic bombs, communal riots, etc.

Question 8 Discuss the causes of man-induced hazards.
Answer:

Causes Of Man-Induced Hazards:-

The hazards that are caused by elements like human intent, negligence, unscientific activities, superstition or failure of a man-made system are known as man-induced hazards. The notable causes of man-induced hazards are as follows-

1. Unscientific activities: Faulty and unscientific activities often lead to man-induced hazards. For instance, unplanned construction of houses on the hill slopes, faulty farming on the hill slopes or even carving roads across the slopes of hills intensifies the probability of landslides.

2. Illiteracy: Illiteracy leads to a lack of knowledge, intolerance and even negligence. All these lead to common man-induced hazards like arson, civil disorder and even terrorist activities.

3. Ungoverned population growth: Ungoverned population growth can lead to competition for scarce resources and susceptibility to diseases, that in turn, may cause civil strife and even loss of human life. 4. Riot: Ethnic conflict or communal riot causes hazards due to superstition, bigotry etc. It damages human life and property which disrupts social and economic life.

Question 9 Explain the various types of natural disasters.
Answer:

Various Types Of Natural Disasters:-

A natural event or a series of natural events that results in casualties and damages, is known as a natural disaster. They can be classified as follows-

1. Geophysical disaster: Disasters that are caused due to tectonic disturbances are called geophysical disasters. Earthquakes and volcanisms are examples of geophysical disasters.

2. Landform-process-related disaster: Landform processes like riverbank erosion, landslides in mountainous areas, coastal erosion due to sea waves, etc., may give rise to disasters if they occur on a macro-scale.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering Geophysical disaster earth quake

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters

3. Meteorological/Climatic disaster: Disas- terms that are caused by extreme weather events are known as meteorological disasters. Storms, tropical cyclones, heat or cold waves, floods and droughts are examples of meteorological disasters.

4. Extraterrestrial disaster: Disasters that are caused by asteroids, meteoroids, comets and other extra-terrestrial elements striking the Earth are called extra-terrestrial disasters.

Example: Meteorite strikes.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters climatic disaster

5. Soil disaster: Various causes like soil erosion, an increase in salinity of soil and loss of fertility are the reasons for soil disaster. Excessive salinity of the soil hampers productivity that results in scarcity of food.

Example: This type of disaster frequently occurs in Rajasthan.

Economic disaster: An economic disaster is the widespread disruption or collapse of a national or regional economy, possibly causing financial loss, hoarding, famine, inflation, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters soil erosion

Question 10 Explain the various types of man- swKv induced or man-made disasters.
Answer:

Various Types Of Man- SwKv Induced Or Man-Made Disasters:-

An event or series of events that results in casualties and damages by man-induced causes is known as a man-induced disaster.

They can be classified as follows—

1. Technology-related disaster: A techno¬logy-related disaster is the failure of modern systems, like, unchecked exhaust fumes from vehicles, untreated wastes from industries, and leakage of radioactive minerals from nuclear. power plants, etc., which harms people and also pollutes the environment.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters soil erosion

2. Economic disaster: An economic disaster is the widespread disruption or collapse of a national or regional economy, possibly causing financial loss, hoarding, famine, inflation, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters famine

3. Biological disaster: Disasters caused due to the exposure of human beings to toxins, and viruses leading to epidemics, are known as biological disasters. Extinction of any species is also possible.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 5 Weathering nuclear reaction

4. Disasters due to other complex emergencies: These involve a breakdown of administration, riots, religious conflicts, war, etc.

Question 11 What are the differences between hazard and disaster?
Answer:

The differences between natural hazards and disasters are as follows—

 

Point of difference                Hazard     Disaster
1. Concept A dangerous condition or event that threatens or has the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment is known as a hazard. A disaster is an event or series of events that results in casualties and damage or loss of property, infrastructure, environment, essential services or means of livelihood on such a scale that is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to sustain.
2. Extent The extent of the impact is limited to a smaller region. The extent of impact runs to a comparatively larger area.
3. Nature Hazards lead to disaster. Disasters are impacts of hazards.
4. Casualty Hazards have the potential for causing injury to life, but may not always be fatal. Disasters result in casualties.
5. Economic damages — Accounts for damage or loss of property that is lesser in comparison to disasters. Accounts for damage or loss of property that is at a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of the area to sustain.
6. Sub-types Hazards can be classified into three broad categories—natural, semi-natural and man-made. Disasters can be classified into two broad categories—natural disasters and man-made disasters.
7. Control Hazards are manageable and precautions can be taken to a certain level. Disasters are unmanageable and precautions cannot be taken most of the time.

 

Question 12 What are the differences between natural hazards and man-made hazards?
Answer:

The differences between natural and man-made hazards are as follows—

 

Point of difference                         Natural hazard      Man-made hazard 
1. Concept Natural hazards characterise those elements of the physical environment that are detrimental to human beings and are caused by forces extraneous to us. Man-made hazards are caused by an element of human intent, negligence or error or involving a failure of a manmade system.
2. Extent It has a widespread impact. The extent of the impact is lesser, the nuclear explosion being an exception.
3. Control Natural hazards cannot be resisted or controlled but precautions can be taken. Man-made hazards can be controlled by increasing awareness among communities.

 

Question 13 What is meant by flash flood? What are the main causes of the occurrence of flash floods?
Answer:

Flash Flood:-

A flash flood can develop within a few hours of heavy rainfall. Flash floods can be highly dangerous and have the potential to instantly turn a gasping rivulet into a thundering channel of water that sweeps away everything in its path. Most of the casualties from flooding occur due to flash floods. The intensity of flash floods cannot be classified.

The causes of flash floods can be classified into two categories. They are—

1. Natural causes of flash floods: The natural causes of flash floods are—

1. Rapid rain: A flash flood may occur when it rains rapidly on saturated soil or dry soil with poor absorption ability. The run-off collects in gullies and streams and as they join to form larger volumes, it often exceeds the carrying capacity of the stream. This may lead to the occurrence of flash floods.

2. Volcanic eruption: A flash flood may also occur in areas on or near volcanoes, when glaciers may have been melted by the intense heat after eruptions.

3. Thunderstorms: Multiple or slow-moving thunderstorms occurring over the same area can also produce a flash flood.

4. Cloud burst: Cloud burst results in excessive rainfall in a short period of time that can produce flash floods.

2. Man-induced causes of flash floods: Dam failure is extremely destructive and can create a flash flood. In such an event, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam is capable of causing loss and damage to life and property in the downstream areas of the dam.

Question 14 What are the natural causes of floods?
Answer:

The natural causes of flood are as follows—

1. Excessive rainfall: Excessive rainfall occurring over a prolonged period of time causes a flood. Due to this excessive rainfall, the discharge of a river exceeds the capacity of its channel to carry it. Thus the river overflows its banks causing a flood. Therefore, excessive rainfall is positively related to flood.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters rainfall and flood

2. The shape of a river course: The probability of flood increases if the course of a river is meandering rather than straight since the flow of the river is hindered by obstacles along its course and hence overflowing occurs.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters The shape of a river course influences flooding

3. Snowmelt: During the warm summers, the glacial snow in the mountains melts down. This results in the flow of a large amount of water downslope within a short period of time. As the ground is almost frozen, water cannot penetrate or be absorbed. The water, therefore, flows off the surface and runs into lakes, streams and rivers. This causes excess water to spill over the respective banks and results in snow-melt floods.

4. Shape of the drainage basin: The possibility of flash flood increases in a drainage basin that is circular in shape rather than the elongated one. This is because, in the latter case, rivers have the capacity to carry water over long distances.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters The shape of the drainage basin influences flooding

5. Slope of the river course or the relief of the land: The areas with steep slopes are less susceptible to flood as rainwater flows down the slopes. But the plain lands where the rainwater cannot flow down the slopes are more susceptible to flood and waterlogging.

6. Shallow riverbed: Water holding capacity and transportation power of the river decrease due to the sediment action on the riverbed over a long time which makes the riverbed shallow. As a result, normal rainfall causes floods in the river.

7. Cyclonic storm and intensity of tide: Spate and flood may occur in coastal regions due to cyclonic storms. Similarly, at the time of a new moon and full moon the excess water that enters the river from the sea, causes a flood.

Question 15 Briefly describe the causes of man-made floods.
Answer:

The main causes of man-made floods are—

1. Deforestation: Vegetation cover prevents soil erosion and also controls the amount of precipitation.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters Realtion between deforstation and flood

Deforestation increases soil erosion and the sedimentation of the eroded materials on the riverbed over a long period of time makes the riverbed shallow. As a result, the possibility of the occurrence of flooding increases.

2. Modification of the catchment area: The land-use pattern of the catchment area changes with the increasing number of settlements, urbanisation, industrialisation and the change in agricultural patterns. All these may subsequently lead to flooding.

3. Change in the course of the river: Artificial modification in the course of a river such as the construction of dams, development of irrigation systems and such others to satisfy human needs may also lead to flooding in the long run.

Question 16 Explain the negative impacts of floods.
Answer:

The various negative impacts of the flood are as follows—

1. Impacts on physical nature: The impacts of the flood on physical nature are—
1. Floods can cause water pollution,
2. it disrupts the environmental balance,
3. It can cause soil pollution.

2. Impacts on the ecosystem: The impacts of the flood on the ecosystem are—
1. Flood destroys the standing crops and other small vegetation covers,
2. It disrupts the food chain,
3. It causes inadequacy of food for herbivores,
4. a large number of animals and birds may die due to floods.

4. Impacts on the human: The impacts of the flood on the human being—
1. It hampers agricultural activities,
2. It causes loss of life and damage to property,
3. flood results in water-borne diseases (such as Cholera and Typhoid),
4. It disrupts public life by destroying settlements, communication and transport systems.

Question 17 Differentiate between flood caused by snow melt water and flood caused by rain
Answer:

The differences between floods caused by snow melt water and flood caused by rain are as follows—

Point of difference The flood caused by snow melt water The flood caused by rain
1. Extent The flood caused by the melting of snow extends over a larger area. The flood caused by heavy rainfall extends over a lesser stretch of area.
2. Region It occurs mostly in the downstream areas of the hill slopes. It occurs in the plains, mostly near the river banks.
3. Season It mostly occurs in summer. It mostly occurs during the monsoon season.

 

Question 18 Discuss the causes of droughts.
Answer:

Causes Of Droughts:-

The causes of droughts can be classified into two categories.

They are—

1. Natural causes of drought:

The important natural causes of drought are—

1. Rise in temperature: A rise in land and sea surface temperature increases evaporation leading to droughts.

2. Change in atmospheric circulation: Atmospheric circulation patterns influence the moisture content of the atmosphere. Reduction in atmospheric moisture due to the change of these circulation patterns reduces the average precipitation, which causes droughts.

3. Lack of soil moisture: Soil moisture content can also, influence the occurrence of drought. If the soil is dry, then there is little or no water available to evaporate. Consequently, the incoming sunlight can only continue to warm the surface, thereby making conditions hotter and drier, thus beginning the chain of events leading towards drought.

2. Man-induced causes of drought:

The main-induced causes of drought are—

1. Reckless deforestation: Reckless deforestation that leads to a decrease in atmospheric as well as soil moisture, increases the probability of drought.

2. Unplanned urbanisation: Unplanned urbanisation that restricts the replenish¬ment of groundwater level and subsequently puts pressure on water resources, may cause drought conditions.

Question 19 Classify and discuss the various types of drought on the basis of water availability.
Answer:

Various Types Of Drought On The Basis Of Water Availability:-

On the basis of water availability, droughts can be classified into three categories—

1. Meteorological drought: A drought is categorised as a meteorological drought when actual rainfall over an area is significantly less than the normal amount of rainfall. Meteorological droughts need to be defined specifically in particular regions as the atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation vary highly from region to region. Meteorological drought can also be defined as the actual precipitation departures from average amounts on monthly, seasonal or annual time scales.

Drought can be classified into the following sub-types—

1. Mild drought: When rainfall is 11% to 25% less than normal rainfall.
2. Moderate drought: When rainfall is 26% to 50% less than normal rainfall.
3. Severe drought: When rainfall is less than 50% of the normal rainfall.

2. Hydrological drought: A hydrological drought occurs when there is a marked depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Therefore, hydrological drought is related to periods of precipitation deficits in the surface or subsurface water supply.

It can again be classified into two types—

1. Surface water drought: This is caused when ponds, lakes and rivers dry up due to inadequate rainfall.

2. Groundwater drought: When the level of groundwater decreases due to a deficit of rainfall, groundwater drought occurs.

3. Agricultural drought: An agricultural drought occurs when inadequate soil moisture produces acute crop stress and affects productivity in the long run. Inadequate topsoil moisture during the planting stage may obstruct germination, leading to low plant populations per hectare and a reduction of final yield. However, if topsoil moisture is sufficient for early growth, insufficiencies in subsoil moisture at this early stage may not impact final yield if subsoil moisture is replenished as the growing season progresses or if precipitation meets plant water needs.

Question 20 Classify drought on the basis of the time period.
Answer:

Classification Of Droughts On The Basis Of The Time Period:-

Droughts differ in the time and period of their occurrence. Thornthwaite delineated drought as follows—

1. Permanent drought: It occurs mostly in arid desert regions. Crop production is not possible without irrigation, due to inadequate rainfall. In these areas, the xerophyte type of vegetation is generally observed. For example, cacti, thorny shrubs, etc.

2. Seasonal drought: It occurs in areas with clearly defined wet and dry climates. Seasonal drought occurs due to large-scale seasonal circulation. This occurs mainly in monsoon areas.

3. Contingent drought: This results due to irregular and variable rainfall, especially in humid and sub-humid regions. The occurrence of such droughts may coincide with growth periods of the crops when the water needs are critical and the greatest, resulting in the severity of the effects i.e., yield reduction.

Question 21 Briefly discuss the impacts of drought.
Answer:

Droughts create immense environmental and socio-economic impacts. The impacts are as follows-

1. Impact on the environment:

1. The ecological balance is disturbed due to enhanced soil erosion (due to loss of soil moisture).
2. The fertility of soil decreases.
3.  Loss or destruction of vegetation cover may lead to desertification of the region.
4. Spread of diseases in wild animals and migration of wildlife may be observed because of reduced food and water supplies.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters cracked soil due to drought

2. Impact on the ecosystem:

1. It causes damage to plants and animals.
2. plants struggle to survive due to the hampering of the process of photosynthesis.
3. Food scarcity is noticed for the herbivorous animals that lead to the death of a vast number

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters the flood prone areas of west bengal

4. Impact on the population:

1. Lack of precipitation may subsequently lead to lesser replenishment of groundwater and as a result, the groundwater level falls. This makes irrigation more difficult and many farmers become jobless.
2. Excessive drought conditions may lead to famine and starvation becomes a common picture.
3. Many people die due to a lack of nutrition and tremendous heat.
4. Droughts lead to international and intra-national migration.

Question 22 Briefly explain the causes of drought in India.
Answer:

The main causes of drought in India are—

1. Natural causes:

1. India is a monsoon-dominated country. So, if the southwest monsoon wind arrives late than its normal arrival time, then it creates a drought condition.
2. Break in monsoon or a persisting long dry period within the monsoon season causes drought.
3. If the monsoon winds retreat before the normal time, drought conditions prevail.
4. Each state of India does not receive an equal amount of precipitation during monsoons. This areal difference in precipitation may cause drought.
5. In El Nino years, the normal patterns of precipitation and atmospheric circulation get disrupted. This is also an important reason for drought in India.,

2. Man-induced causes:

1. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere decreases due to excessive deforestation, causing a lack of sufficient precipitation and eventually drought.
2. Some other man-induced causes of drought in India are urbanisation, industrialisation, pollution, etc.

Question 23 Differentiate between meteorological drought and agricultural drought.
Answer:

The differences between meteorological and agricultural drought are as follows—

Point of difference Meteorological drought Agricultural drought
1. Concept  Meteorological drought occurs when actual rainfall over an area is significantly less than the climatological mean. Agricultural drought occurs when inadequate soil moisture produces acute crop stress and affects productivity.
2. Dependency It is not dependent on agricultural drought. It is dependent on meteorological drought.
3. Impact It has a widespread impact. The extent of the impact is lesser than meteorological drought.

 

Question 24 Write three differences between meteorological and hydrological drought.
Answer:

The difference between meteorological and hydrological drought is as follows-

Point of difference Meteorological drought Hydrological drought
1. Concept Meteorological drought occurs when actual rainfall is less than normal rainfall and causes dry weather conditions. Hydrological drought occurs when inadequate soil moisture produces acute crop stress and affects productivity.
2. Dependency It is dependent on the atmospheric temperature and the amount of rainfall. It is dependent on the amount of groundwater.
3. Cause This kind of drought occurs due to inadequate rainfall. This kind of drought occurs due to the water shortage in the river basin.

 

Question 25 What are the impacts of earthquakes?
Answer:

The impacts of earthquakes can be devastating. Some of the most commonly observed impacts of earthquakes are as follows—

1. People may be killed or injured.

2. Built landscapes such as houses may be ‘ destroyed.

3. Transport and communication links may be interrupted and shops and businesses may be destroyed. This can subsequently lead to difficulty in trade.

4. Water pipes may burst and water supplies may be contaminated.

5. Fires can spread due to gas pipe explosions that can even lead to forest fires in certain areas.

6. Landslides may occur.

7. Tsunamis may cause flooding in coastal areas.

8. Can lead to social unrest and heedless looting may take place.

Question 26 Explain why the Himalayan regions are prone to earthquakes.
Answer:

The Himalayan Regions Are Prone To Earthquakes:-

The Himalayan mountain range was formed due to the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates – a process that began at least 50 million years ago. Where the two plates converge, the Indian plate plunges below the Eurasian. The two plates continue to rub against each other due to the northward movement of the Indian plate-this continuously generates immense geological stress. This builds up pressure, leads to seismic vulnerability and is later released as earthquakes.

The east-west lying fault line that separates these two plates is known as the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Since there is no historical evidence of earthquakes iri several portions of the Himalayan arc, it is predicted that there is potential energy available to generate large earthquakes.

Question 27 Briefly discuss the natural causes of the Earthquake.
Answer:

The natural causes of the earthquake are as follows—

1. Plate tectonics: Due to prevailing high temperature and pressure, convection currents evolve in the viscous mantle below the earth’s crust. These convection currents cause the plates (parts of the earth’s crust) to move in different directions and at different speeds from those of the adjacent ones which at times cause earthquakes.

2. Isostatic causes: Isostasy is the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere and in this process of trying to attain a hydrodynamic equilibrium, earthquakes may take place.

3. Formation of fold mountains: Formation of new fold mountains may also result in the occurrence of earthquakes.

4. Volcanism: Volcanic activity may also cause earthquakes.

5. Landslides and avalanches: During landslides and avalanches a huge mass of snow, ice and rocks slide down along the steep slopes of mountains/that may cause earthquakes.

6. Meteorite: Meteorite impacts could cause larger earthquakes than has ever been observed. A Meteor crater in Arizona in the United States is an example.

7. Collapse of subterranean cavities: The removal of minerals and other materials from the Earth may cause instability, leading to the sudden collapse of subterranean cavities, which may cause local tremors. In karst areas, due to the action of underground water, the sudden collapse of the ground surface also causes an earthquake.

Question 28 Briefly explain the anthropogenic causes of earthquakes.
Answer:

Anthropogenic Causes Of Earthquakes:-

Unplanned anthropogenic activities may lead to earthquakes.

For example—

1. Faulty construction of dams: It is well-accepted that large dams can cause earthquakes. Dams cause earthquakes due to the extra pressure of water created in the minor cracks and fissures in the ground under and near a reservoir.

2. Nuclear testing: Nuclear testing may also trigger earthquakes. As an example, in 1999, an earthquake occurred due to the explosion of nuclear testing at Pokhran in Rajasthan.

3. Dynamite blasting for road construction: Blasting of rocks by dynamite for the construction of roads may trigger earthquakes.

4. Collapsed roof of the mines: Earthquakes can occur locally due to the collapsing of the roof of the mines if the pit mines are not perfectly filled with sand. This kind of earthquake often occurs at Ranigange.

Question 29 ‘Mountainous regions are prone to landslides.’ Why?
Answer:

Mountainous Regions Are Prone To Landslides:-

Landslides are mainly associated with mountainous regions. This is because of the following reasons—

1. Geological causes: Weak or sensitive materials of the hill-slopes and the abundance of weathered materials make the mountainous regions prone to landslides.

2. Climatic causes: Mountainous regions are inclined to freeze-thaw cycles and wetter conditions promote organic activity and associated weathering. Soil slopes and rocks are weakened through saturation by heavy rain or snow melt. Moreover, winter snowstorms may produce avalanche-like conditions. All these together cause a landslide-prone condition.

3. Human causes: Landslides are frequently caused by the undercutting of slopes during road construction or when fill materials are dumped onto already less stable slopes. Defectively constructed mine tailing piles, dams and waste landfills may result in landslides. Construction of houses on hill- slopes and reckless deforestation are the most commonly observed causes of landslides in the hills.

Question 30 Briefly discuss the natural causes of landslides.
Answer:

The natural causes of landslides are as follows—

1. Intense and prolonged rainfall: Prolonged and intense rainfall is the immediate and direct cause of landslides where water acts as a lubricant. With prolonged and intense rainfall large amounts of rainwater seep into the soil that results in an increase in water pressure in the pores of the soil. Thus the friction and internal cohesion of slope materials reduce, which subsequently destabilises the slopes and causes landslides.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters realtion beteen rainfall and landslide

2. Earthquake: Earthquakes can trigger landslides in the hill slopes if the magnitude reaches 6 and above.

3. Slope gradient: Slopes with steeper gradients are more prone to landslides as gravity has more influence on these slopes, increasing their sliding force.

4. Loose materials: Unstable materials like large boulders increase the vulnerability of the slope which leads to landslides.

5. Topography: Any cracked or faulted topography is weaker than any other type of topography, which causes landslides.

6. Nature of soil: The predominance of pebbles and sand makes the soil loose, which causes landslides.

Question 31 Briefly discuss man-induced causes of landslides.
Answer:

The man-induced causes of landslides are as follows—

1. Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation can make a place vulnerable to landslides. The roots of the trees hold the soil in place. But excessive deforestation in hilly regions makes the soil loose. As a result, the regions become landslide prone.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters Realtion between deforstation and land slide

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters land slide prone areas of darjeeling district of west bengal

2. Urbanization: Unscientific construction of roads and houses on steep slopes disturbs soil stability, which may lead to landslides.

3. Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation is an unsustainable practice that depletes the soil nutrients and reduces the forest cover, causing landslides.

4. Overgrazing: Overgrazing may result in land degradation that may subsequently lead to landslides.
For example, Darjeeling district is one of the most landslide-prone districts of West Bengal. The Paglajhora region is highly prone to landslides due to both natural factors and increasing human activities for the last five decades.

Question 32 Briefly discuss the impacts of a cyclone.
Answer:

The impacts of a cyclone are—

1. Impact on the physical environment:

1. Disturbs the balance of the ecosystem: Vast number of animals and birds die due to the occurrence of a cyclone that subsequently leads to the imbalance of the local ecosystem.

2. Occurrence of the flood: Heavy rainfall may accompany a cyclone, which may lead to a devastating flood.

3. Coastal erosion: The strong waves formed by a cyclone near the coast may result in coastal erosion.

2. Impact on human beings:

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters destruction done by the cyclone alia

1. Loss of life: Huge loss of human and animal life occurs due to cyclones. Vast areas of vegetation cover are also destroyed due to cyclones.

2. Loss of property: Cyclones disrupt communication and transport systems. They ravage and inundate the agricultural fields and subsequently may cause food scarcity. They also hamper public life by destroying houses.

3. Spread of epidemics: The water gets polluted due to cyclones, resulting in water-borne diseases. Epidemics like Cholera may spread from this polluted water.

Question 33 Write about some terrible cyclones and their affected areas.
Answer:

Some terrible cyclones and their affected areas are-

 Cyclone Time of occurrence Affected areas  Speed of cyclone
1. Hudhud 7 October to 14 October 2014 Formed in the Bay of Bengal and caused damage in Andaman and Nicobar island, Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and also in Madhya Pradesh, Maximum speed was about 260km/hour.
2. Nargis 27 April to 3 May 2008 It mainly damaged Myanmar but surrounding areas of Bangladesh and north-east India were also affected. Maximum speed was about 165-215 km/hour.
3. Katrina  23 August to 31 August 2005 Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, etc. Maximum speed was about 200 km/hour
4. Aila 25 May to 27 May 2009 West Bengal and Odisha in India and Bangladesh. Maximum speed was about 110-120 km/hour.


Question 34 What are the causes for the origination of a tsunami?
Answer:

The major causes of tsunamis are—

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters Tusanami

1. Submarine earthquake: Most severe earthquakes occur in convergent boundaries where an ocean plate slides under a continental plate. All earthquakes do not generate tsunamis. To generate a- tsunami, the fault where the earthquake occurs must be underneath or near the ocean. It must also cause vertical movement of the sea floor over a large area. Earthquakes originating at shallow depths of the seabed (focus) are responsible for the most destructive tsunamis.

2. Landslides: Landslides resulting in rockfalls, submarine landslides or slumps can generate tsunamis. For example, the movement of a significant amount of earth for the construction of an airport triggered an underwater landslide in 1980 in southern France. This resulted in a devastating tsunami hitting the harbour of Thebes.

3. Eruption of the volcano: Volcanic eruptions can generate waves as a result of sudden displacement of water giving rise to tsunamis. For example, one of the most devastating tsunamis was ever recorded on August 26, 1883, after the explosion and collapse of the Krakatoa in Indonesia.

4. Extraterrestrial collision: Although tsunamis caused by extra-terrestrial collisions such as meteors and asteroids- induced tsunamis have not been recorded in recent history and the possibilities are rare, tsunamis may be generated by such extra-terrestrial collisions.

Question 35 Briefly discuss the effects of tsunamis.
Answer:

The major effects of tsunamis are—

1. Physical changes: Tsunami may result in various physical changes. For example, the islands of Andaman and Nicobar experienced widespread devastation because of a tsunami in 2004. Some smaller islands in the Nicobars have entirely vanished and some others have changed shape, such as Trinket which has been split into two parts after the tsunami.

2. Change in soil characteristics: Tsunami may result in a change in the characteristics of soil, especially soil salinity. The coastal regions are bounded by vast expanses of salty, marine waters and thus the salinity of the soil may increase at certain times. This may negatively affect soil fertility and productivity.

3. Damages the marine ecosystem: Tsunamis cause great damage and even devastation to the marine ecosystem.

4. Shortening the length of the day: The massive earthquake that struck Sumatra in 2004 has shortened the length of the earth’s day. The intense tremor of 9.1 magnitudes has accelerated the spin of the earth, shortening the length of the 24 hours day by 6.8 microseconds.

5. Casualties: Tsunamis are generally very devastating and cause huge loss of life for humans and animals. The tsunami waves in the morning hours of December 26, 2004, around the Bay of Bengal caused an official death toll of 812 and the unofficial death toll is estimated to be about 7,000.

6. Damage to property: Tsunamis generally cause great damage to property, especially in coastal regions. Huge losses of houses, roads, agricultural fields, and factories are caused by tsunamis.

Question 36 Write a short note on the blizzard.
Answer:

A blizzard is a severe storm condition characterised by low temperatures, strong winds and heavy snow. Blizzards can restrict visibility to near zero. Blizzards have a negative impact on the local economy.

Characteristics: The main characteristics of blizzard are—

1. Strength of wind: Winds that are at least 56 kilometres per hour or greater than the normal snowstorm are identified as blizzards.

2. Visibility: The visibility is reduced to almost 400 metres or even to zero at times.

3. Duration: Most blizzards last for a duration almost 3 hours.

Location: The occurrence of blizzards is most prominent in the countries of Antarctica, northern parts of North America, Canada, north of Europe and Asia as well as in New South Wales in Australia. Apart from these, the snowcapped high mountainous regions also experience blizzards.

Question 37 Discuss with examples how a blizzard can cause hazards or disaster. Or, Briefly discuss the effects of blizzard.
Answer:

During blizzards, winds combined with fleeting snow produce extreme conditions and disrupt normal living conditions.

The hazards caused by blizzards are as follows—

1. Physical illness: The extreme cold winds during blizzards are a cause of great discomfort to the local people which may subsequently lead to physical illness and may even cause hypothermia. Such as, in 1972, four thousand people died due to the effect of a blizzard in Iran.

2. Disrupts transport system: The thick layers of snow that accumulate during blizzards may disrupt the local transport system. Blizzards paralyse the transport system and leave the roads in unsafe conditions. For example, from March 11 to 14, 1888, a blizzard dumped an average of 1 metre of snow over southeast New York and the southern part of New England. It killed over 400 people, of which New York City alone recorded 200 deaths.

3. Flood: The sudden rise in temperature that may follow a blizzard can prove to be damaging as the rapid snow-melt water may trigger serious floods and other fatal accidents.

4. Disrupts public life: Blizzards generally disrupt public life by interrupting transport, electricity and water supplies and also normal day-to-day life by interrupting health and educational facilities.

Question 38 Discuss briefly the causes of volcanism.
Answer:

The major causes of volcanism are as follows—

1. Plate tectonics: The earth’s crust is divided into a number of tectonic plates moving in different directions and at different speeds. At the convergent plate boundaries, the plates move towards each other, at the divergent plate boundaries the plates move away from each other and at the transform plate boundary, the plates slide past each other horizontally. These boundaries are geologically active and the movement of the plate gives rise to the occurrence of volcanoes.

2. The buoyancy of the magma: As a rock inside the earth melts, its volume increases,
producing magma that is less dense than the surrounding rock. This lighter magma rises up because of its buoyancy. Since the density of the magma between the zone of its generation and the surface is less than that of the surrounding and overlying rocks, the magma will reach the surface and erupt.

3. The pressure from the dissolved gases in the magma: Magma contains dissolved volatiles like water, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The amount of dissolved gases in the magma at atmospheric pressure is zero but rises with increasing pressure. When magma moves toward the surface, the solubility of the water in the magma decreases, and excess water separates from the magma as bubbles. The closer it gets to the surface, the more water comes from the magma, increasing the gas and magma ratio in the magma tube. When the volume of bubbles reaches about 75%, the magma turns into partially molten and solid fragments and it erupts explosively.

4. Injection of new magma into an already filled magma chamber: As an additional amount of magma enters a chamber that is already at its full capacity, the new magma causes some of the existing magma to move to the surface and erupt.

5. Release of energy: A volcanic event occurs when there is a sudden or continued release of energy caused by magma movement near the surface. The energy can be in the form of earthquakes, gas emission at the surface, release of heat through geothermal activity, explosive release of gases and the non-explosive extrusion or intrusion of magma.

Question 39 Briefly discuss the impacts of vulcanicity.
Answer:

The impacts of vulcanicity have been shown broadly—

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters impacts of vulcanicity

1. Impact on nature:
Vulcanicity impacts nature in various ways—

1. Development of landforms: Different types of landforms like caldera, cinder cones, laccolith, dykes, sills, etc., are formed due to vulcanicity.

2. Earthquakes: When explosions take place during volcanic eruptions on a massive scale, earthquakes may be felt in adjoining areas.

3. Change in the ecosystem: The ecological balance of the affected area is disturbed as many species of plants and animals become endangered.

4. Change in temperature: The temperature of the surrounding areas of a volcanic eruption increases.

5. Change in soil character: Soil characteristics get changed as lava spreads across the land.

6. Change in the local environment: Local environment is considerably changed. For example, there is a possibility of acid rain as a reaction to toxic gases released during vulcanicity.

2. Impact on human life: Vulcanicity also affects human life—

1. Loss of life: A massive loss of life occurs as a result of vulcanicity. For example, about 3600 people died in the coastal areas of Java when the Krakatoa volcano erupted in 1883.

2. Loss of property: Huge loss of properties like buildings, transport networks, and industries occurs and the economic life of the whole region is affected.

3. Loss of agricultural land: Large tracts of land are rendered infertile as a result of being covered by hot molten lava gushing out of the volcanoes. For example, the famous Barren Island of Andaman and Nicobar.

Question 40 Briefly discuss the causes of a forest fire.
Answer:

The main causes of forest fires are-

1. Natural causes:

The natural causes of forest fires are—

1. If lightning strikes, dry leaves of trees or tree trunks may get ignited.
2. In the dry season, a boulder coming down a mountain slope may give rise to a spark that leads to a fire.
3. A vol¬canic eruption may also cause a forest fire.

2. Man-made causes:

The man-made causes of forest fires are—

1. When a forest is burnt for clearing land for agricultural activities like in shifting cultivation, the fire may spread, causing a forest fire.
2. The fire used for cooking in tents by mountaineers may also cause forest fires.
3. If a lit cigarette is discarded by someone unmindfully on the forest floor, the dry leaves on the forest floor may cause a fire to break out.

Question 41 What are the effects of a forest fire?
Answer:
The effects of forest fires can be categorised into two sub-types. They are as follows—

1. Primary effects:

Primary effects of forest fires are—

1. Casualties and injury to people and animals who are caught in the flames.
2. Damages to property and possessions.
3. Burning of vegetation and crops.
4. Release of large amounts of smoke.

2. Secondary effects:

The secondary effects of forest fires are—

1. Health troubles for people as a result of the smoke and ash.
2. Loss of jobs for agricultural workers whose animals and crops get destroyed.
3. Diminution in the tourist industry, leading to loss of jobs and restriction to recreational areas.
4. Soil erosion and landslides because there is less vegetation to bind the soil together.
5. Loss of habitats for animals may lead to the extinction of some species.

Question 42 What remedial measures can be taken to prevent the occurrence of forest fires?
Answer:

The different measures that can be taken to prevent forest fires are—

1. Do not throw any inflammable object or lighted objects on the forest floor,
2. Remove dry leaves and parts of plants and trees to safe corners as much as possible,
3. Keep pets and other valuables at a safe distance
4. Dig a circular canal and make arrangements for adequate water around the zone of forest fire,
5. Act as per emergency instructions broadcast by radio or other devices during a forest fire,
6. Arrange awareness programmes for forest dwellers and people residing in forests regarding measures to save their lives.

Question 43 What are the favourable conditions that cause avalanches?
Answer:

The favourable conditions that cause avalanches are-

1. Slope of the land: It has been observed that avalanches are a common occurrence on slopes ranging from 35°-45° and concave slopes are more favourable than convex slopes of the mountain.

2. Excessive snowfall: Avalanches are influenced by the amount of snow or ice on the mountain tops. Excessive snowfall increases the possibility of avalanches.

3. Smoothness of slope: In comparison to forested or vegetated slopes, bare and smooth slopes act as a trigger for avalanches.

4. Size of ice crystals: Since bigger ice crystals are weak and break easily, they are more prone to initiate an avalanche compared to compacted or packed ice.

5. Sun rays: Since the sun’s rays warm up the ice, they lead to avalanches.

6. Wind flow: Winds blowing from varying directions loosen up the ice and initiate an avalanche.

7. Human interference: Human activities such as cutting down of trees, construction of roads, explosion by dynamite, ice sports etc., increase the possibility of avalanches.

8. Melting of the snow: Sun rays warm up the snow on the hill slope and thus the snow gradually melts. As a result, avalanches occur and melted snow moves down the slope.

9. Earthquake: Earthquake causes crack in the snow which results in avalanches.

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by a hazard?
Answer:

Hazard:-

A dangerous condition or event that threatens or has the potential to cause injury to life or damage to property or the environment is known as a hazard.

Question 2 What is meant by a disaster?
Answer:

Disaster:-

A disaster is an event or series of events that results in casualties and damage or loss of property, infrastructure, environment, essential services or means of livelihood on such a scale that is beyond the normal capacity of the affected Community to sustain.

Question 3 What are natural hazards?
Answer:

Natural Hazards:-

Hazards that are typically caused by nature and without any human intervention are known as natural hazards. Examples- Earthquakes, floods, etc.

Question 4 What is meant by a semi-natural hazard?
Answer:

Semi-Natural Hazard:-

Hazards that are caused by the combination of natural and man-induced processes are known as semi-natural hazards. For instance, a landslide is a semi-natural hazard as it can be caused by natural processes (such as heavy or prolonged rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.) and can also be caused by man-made activities (such as slope excavation and loading, land use changes, irrigation, and such others).

Question 5 What is meant by a flood?
Answer:

Flood:-

A flood may be defined as a situation caused due to the overflow of rivers and other waterbodies due to an excess supply of water.

Question 6 What is meant by a flash flood?
Answer:

Flash Flood:-

A flash flood can develop within a few hours of heavy rainfall. Flash floods can be highly dangerous and have the potential to instantly turn a gasping rivulet into a thundering channel of water that sweeps away everything in its path. Most of the casualties from flooding occur as a result of flash floods. The intensity of flash floods cannot be classified. Desert regions are vulnerable to flash floods.

Question 7 How can dam failure cause floods?
Answer:

Dam Failure Causes Floods:-

Dams are the water storage or diversion barriers that seize water upstream in reservoirs. Dam failure involves. the over¬topping, breach or collapse of a dam. It is an extremely destructive occurrence and in such an event, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam is capable of causing loss and damage to life and property. For example,-in 1977, Tamil Nadu experienced a dam failure from the Kodaganar Dam that led to over-topping by flood waters.

Question 8 What is meant by drought?
Answer:

Drought:-

Drought may be defined as a situation caused due to lack of rainfall or scarcity of rainfall for a long period. According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), an area is considered to be affected by drought, if it receives less than 75% rainfall than its normal value.

Question 9 What is meant by meteorological drought?
Answer:

Meteorological Drought:-

A drought is categorised as a meteorological drought when actual rainfall over an area is significantly less than the climatological mean. Definitions of meteorological droughts must be region-specific as the atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation are highly variable from region to region.

Question 10 What is meant by hydrological drought?
Answer:

Hydrological Drought:-

A drought is categorised as a hydrological drought when there is a marked depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Therefore, hydrological drought is related to the effects of periods of precipitation deficits on surface or subsurface water supply.

Question 11 What is meant by agricultural drought?
Answer:

Agricultural Drought:-

The situation when soil moisture is insufficient and results in a lack of crop growth and production, is known as agricultural drought. Agricultural drought has a huge impact on the economy of the country.

Question 12 What is a cyclone?
Answer:

Cyclone:-

A cyclone is a giant whirlwind or a very strong wind system moving rapidly in a cylindrical or funnel shape about a centre of low atmospheric pressure over tropical or subtropical waters. It advances at a speed of about 30 to 50 kilometres per hour and often brings heavy rain.

Question 13 Name the districts of West Bengal that are prone to drought.
Answer:

Districts Of West Bengal That Are Prone To Drought:-

The western uplands of West Bengal consisting of the districts of Bankura, Birbhum, the western part of Paschim Medinipur, jhargram and Purulia are the most drought-prone districts of the state.

Question 14 What is meant by a landslide?
Answer:

Landslide:-

A landslide is the movement of rocks or debris down a slope. Landslides occur when gravitational and other types of shear stress within a slope exceeds the shear strength of the materials that form the slope. Landslides are also known as landslips, slope failure, etc.

Question 15 What is meant by a snowstorm?
Answer:

Snowstorm:-

A snowstorm is a severe weather condition where precipitation falls in the form of snow and creates a hazardous condition. It is characterised by low temperatures, strong winds and enormous quantities of either falling or blowing snow.

Question 16 Where do snowstorms mostly occur?
Answer:

Occur Of  Snowstorms:-

People experience snowstorms in middle-latitude to high-latitude areas during winter. The occurrence of snowstorms is most prominent in Antarctica, northern parts of North America, Canada, north of Europe and Asia as well as in New Sout Wales in Australia. The snowcapped high mountainous regions also experience snowstorms.

Question 17 Name the most commonly faced hazards and disasters in West Bengal.
Answer:

Most Commonly Faced Hazards And Disasters In West Bengal Are:-

The most commonly faced hazards and disasters in West Bengal are drought, flood, landslides and tropical cyclones.

Question 18 What is meant by the forest fire?
Answer:

Forest Fire:-

A forest fire, also known as a wildland fire or wildfire, is an uncontrolled fire often occurring in forest areas. The blazes are fueled by lightning, volcanic eruptions, pyroclastic flow from active volcanoes, heat waves, droughts, and cyclical climate changes. as El Nino as well as human carelessness. It is observed that more than four out of every five forest fires are human-induced. Forest fires often begin unnoticed, but they spread quickly at a speed that extends up to 23 kilometres an hour igniting bushes, trees, homes and agricultural resources.

Question 19 Name the districts of West Bengal that are prone to cyclones.
Answer:

Districts Of West Bengal That Are Prone To Cyclones Are:-

The coastal area in West Bengal mostly faces the wrath of tropical cyclones. The districts of Purba Medinipur, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Kolkata are more susceptible to the hazard caused due to tropical cyclones.

Question 20 Name the districts of West Bengal that are prone to flood.
Answer:

Districts Of West Bengal That Are Prone To Flood Are Given Below:-

West Bengal is one of the most flood-prone states of India. The flood-prone areas of West Bengal include low-lying areas, coastal regions and regions along rivers downstream from dams.

The flood-prone districts of West Benga I can be classified into two groups—

1. Districts of North Bengal: Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, Malda, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur.

2. Districts of South Bengal: Nadia, Howrah, Murshidabad, North and South 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Purba and Paschim Bardhaman, Birbhum, Purba and Paschim Medinipur.

Question 21 Classify drought on the basis of medium.
Answer:

On the basis of medium drought can be classified into two types—

1. Soil drought: It is the condition when soil moisture depletes and falls short of meeting the potential evapotranspiration of the crop.

2. Atmospheric drought: This occurs due to low humidity, and dry and hot winds that cause the desiccation of plants.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters the flood prone areas of west bengal

Question 22 What is meant by an earthquake?
Answer:

Earthquake:-

Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in the earth’s crust is abruptly released. This happens usually when masses of rock layers push one another abruptly. Therefore, earthquakes or any sudden shaking of the ground are caused by seismic waves originating within the earth’s crust.

Question 23 What is meant by a tsunami?
Answer:

Tsunami:-

A catastrophic ocean wave, generally caused by an earthquake on the seabed by an underwater or coastal landslide or by the eruption of a volcano is known as a tsunami. It is derived from a Japanese word meaning harbour waves. It is also commonly referred to as a seismic sea wave or tidal wave.

Question 24 What is meant by volcanism?
Answer:

Volcanism:-

Volcanism is the process that refers to hot molten magma escaping from the earth’s core, cooling down and forming hard rocks. Volcanism can be of three types depending on the place where it occurs.

They are as follows—

1. Extrusive volcanism: Molten lava that escapes the earth and reaches the surface is known as extrusive volcanism.

2. Intrusive volcanism: Molten magma that cools and hardens beneath the surface of the earth is known as intrusive volcanism.

3. Plutonic volcanism: Molten magma that cools and hardens deep beneath the surface of the earth, far below the crust is known as plutonic volcanism.

Question 25 What is an avalanche?
Answer:

Avalanche:-

When accumulated snow and ice slide down along the steep slopes (35°-45°) of mountains, encompassing a wide area, it is called an avalanche. At the higher altitude of the mountain slopes, the upper part of the accumulated ice breaks apart from the underlying layer of ice. It hurls down along the steep slopes as a vast expanse of white sheets mainly due to the earth’s gravity. This phenomenon mostly occurs during the winter months and is a common feature in the mountainous areas of the Himalayas and the Alps.

Question 26 What is meant by a disaster-prone area?
Answer:

Disaster-Prone Area:-

An area that has already faced one or more types of hazards is demarcated as a disaster-prone area. This is because the area is prone to several kinds of hazards. For example, Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts and the coastal area of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal are landslides and cyclone-prone areas respectively.

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Multiple Choice Type Questions [MCQ type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. The following is a man-made hazard—
1. Drought
2. Earthquake
3. Volcano
4. Riot

Answer: 4. Riot

2. The following is a semi-natural hazard—
1. Volcano
2. Tsunami
3. Snowstorm
4. Landslide

Answer: 4. Landslide

3. The following is a natural disaster—
1. Drought
2. Global Warming
3. Nuclear Disaster
4. Riot

Answer: 1. Drought

4. The following is not a cause of landslide—
1. Deforestation
2. Multi-Purpose River Valley Project
3. Urbanisation
4. Tsunami

Answer: 4. Tsunami

5. Give an example of a disaster caused by human activity—
1. Earthquake
2. Volcano
3. Nuclear Bomb Explosion
4. Drought

Answer: 3. Nuclear Bomb Explosion

6. The following is known as the ‘land of earthquakes’—
1. Japan
2. Iraq
3. Myanmar
4. India

Answer: 1. Japan

7. Volcanic eruptions occur due to—
1. Deforestation
2. Unplanned Development Of Settlements
3. Rise In Heat And Pressure Within The Earth
4. Construction Of Roads

Answer: 3. Rise In Heat And Pressure Within The Earth

8. The following disaster occurs in the coastal regions—
1. Drought
2. Volcano
3. Landslide
4. Tsunami

Answer: 4. Tsunami

9. The percentage of land in India that is prone to flood is—
1. 10%
2. 11%
3. 12%
4. 13%

Answer: 3. 12%

10. Landslides occur more often in—
1. Hills
2. Deserts
3. Forests
4. Plains

Answer: 1. Hills

11. Snowstorms are mostly observed in the—
1. Equatorial region
2. Tropical Region
3. Sub-Tropical Region
4. Polar region

Answer: 4. Polar region

12. A terrible blizzard hit the eastern side of the USA and Canada in—
1. 1777
2. 1888
3. 1920
4. 1992

Answer: 2. 1888

13. Avalanches occur in—
1. Mountains
2. Deserts
3. Plateaus
4. Coastal regions

Answer: 1. Mountains

14. The following is an example of a climatic hazard—
1. An Arabic Term
2. A Japanse Term
3. A Frech Term
4. A Russian Term

Answer: 2. A Japanse Term

15. In Japan and China, whirlwinds are known as—
1. Volcano
2. Flood
3. Forest Fire
4. Tsunami 

Answer: 2. Flood 

16. An example of an atmospheric disaster is—
1. Tornado
2. Typhoon
3. Hurricane
4. Willy- Willy

Answer: 1. Tornado

17. An example of an atmospheric disaster is-
1. Drought
2. Tsunami
3. Soil erosion
4. Desertification

Answer: 1. Drought

18 Cyclone of the South China Sea is known as—
1. Taifu
2. Typhoon
3. Hurricane
4. Willy-willy

Answer: 2. Typhoon

19 Tsunami is a type of—
1. Organic Disaster
2. Geological Disaster
3. Hydrological Disaster
4. Meteorological Disaster

Answer: 3. Hydrological Disaster

20. Affected area of cyclone Willy-willy is located in—
1. Germany
2. Japan
3. Australia
4. China

Answer: 3. Australia

21. An example of man-induced hazard is—
1. Communal Riot
2. Forest Fire
3. Landslide
4. Volcanism

Answer: 1. Communal Riot

22. Which of these is not a geological disaster?
1. Landslide
2. Cyclone
3. Earthquake
4. Volcanic eruption

Answer: 2. Cyclone

23. Cyclone of the Indian subcontinent is called—
1. Cyclone
2. Typhoon
3. Hurricane
4. Willy-willy

Answer: 1. Cyclone

24. Huge rainfall in high mountainous regions in a short period is called—
1. Out Burst Of Monsoon
2. Cloud Burst
3. Dust Storm
4. Heavy Rain

Answer: 2. Cloud Burst

25. Which is not a natural disaster?
1. Cyclone
2. Tsunami
3. Earthquake
4. Soil Erosion

Answer: 4. Soil Erosion

26. Many people die in a short time, because of—
1. Forest Fire
2. Drought
3. Hailstorm
4. Earthquake

Answer: 4. Earthquake

27. Direct natural cause of flood is—
1. Heavy Rainfall
2. Hailstorm
3. Deforestation
4. Unscientific agriculture

Answer: 1. Heavy Rainfall

28. In which country was Fani named?
1. Bangladesh
2. India
2. Nepal
2. Pakistan

Answer: 1. Bangladesh

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. A region is considered to be drought-prone if it receives an average annual rainfall less than 75 % of its normal value.

2. The centre of a cyclone is known as its eye

3. Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

4. The average speed at which grass fires spread can be up to 22km/hour

5. Forest fire is a semi-natural hazard.

6. One of the deadliest snowstorms in history occurred in Iran in the year 1972

7. Low pressure prevails at the centre of a whirlwind.

8. Darjeeling is an example of a landslide-prone district in West Bengal.

9. The possibility of flash floods is higher in a circular river basin.

10. Avalanches are more likely to occur on convex slopes.

11. Cyclone AHA hit West Bengal in the year 2009

12. Phailin is a cyclone

13. Blizzard is a type of snowstorm

14. The Kedarnath temple was affected severely due to a flash flood in 2013.

15. One of the most accepted weather conditions for hurricanes to develop is that the temperature of the ocean waters must be above 26° C

16. Agricultural droughts can develop quickly during a dry spell if absolutely no rain is observed and the soil does not have enough water to sustain crops.

17. The disaster is a cause hazard.

18. Famine is an acute shortage of food that causes people to die of starvation.

19. About 12 % of the total land mass in India is prone to flood.

20. Most tsunamis occur on the Pacific coast.

21. Air pollution occurs due to volcanic eruptions.

22. Cooch Behar is a flood-prone district in West Bengal.

23. Extreme disaster like famine occurs as a result of drought

24. Extreme Growth of the population is a type of man-induced disaster.

25. Disaster is an extreme condition or hazard

26. Cyclone is known as Hurricane in the Caribbean Sea.

27. The most earthquake-prone region of India is Aila 

28. In the year 2009, the severe cyclone that affected West Bengal is known as 26° C

29. Phailin storm developed in the Bay of Bengal

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write False Against The Following

1. Plutonic earthquakes are deep-focus earthquakes, the depth of disturbances being between 250 km and 700 km approximately. True 

2. The downward flow of magma is known as a ‘plume’. false 

3. Not all hazards can be termed as disasters. True 

4. When a river flows in a straight direction, the possibility of flood decreases. True 

5. Whirlwinds are common in the hills. false 

6. Most avalanches occur on slopes with an angle of inclination between 35° and 45° approximately. false 

7. Tornado is a severe cyclone. True 

8. Avalanches most commonly occur on the leeward slopes of mountains. True 

9. Earthquakes are one of the main causes of tsunamis. True 

10. Snowstorms are one of the major natural disasters faced by the people of Sunderbans. false 

11. Remote sensing and GIS help in disaster management. false 

12. Fujiyama is a volcano in India. false 

13. Snowstorms reduce visibility sharply. false 

14. When floods occur, old alluvium accumulates on a floodplain. false 

15. Droughts are generally categorised into 5 classes. false 

16. Narcondam and Barren are two volcanoes in India. True 

17. Snowfall is a man-made disaster. false 

18. Ecosystems are affected enormously due to landslides. True 

19. Damages caused by disasters are much greater than those caused by hazards. True 

20. Tornado is a man-made hazard. false 

21. Acid rain does not cause any damage to the aquatic ecosystem. false 

22. Reckless deforestation can cause landslides in hilly regions. True 

23. Seismograph is used to measure the intensity of tsunamis. false 

24. Avalanches are more likely to occur on concave slopes. false 

25. For hurricanes to develop, the temperature of the ocean waters must be above 26° C. True 

26. Blizzards are common in Antarctica. True 

27. According to Irrigation Commission, drought is a situation occurred in a region where the annual rainfall is less than 75% of the normal rainfall. True 

28. Seismograph is used to know the movement of earthquakes. True 

29. If, the intensity of the hazard increases, there is a possibility of disaster. True 

30. Both P and S waves are known as surface waves. false 

31. Soil moisture increases due to excessive withdrawal of groundwater.

32. Drought is a slow-onset disaster. True 

33. Blizzard is also known as an avalanche. false 

34. Many people died at Bhuj in Gujarat due to a severe earthquake. True 

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left Column Right Column
1. Landslide A.Plains
2. River bank erosion B. Forest regions
3.  Forest fire C. Polar regions
4. Snowstorm D.  Mountains

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

2.

Left Column Right Column
1. Natural hazard A. War
2. Semi-natural hazard B. Volcano
3. Man-made hazard C. Landslide

 Answer: 1-B,2-C,3-A

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Answer In One Word

Question 1 Which type of hazard is easiest to manage?
Answer: Man-made hazards.

Question 2 Which force is one of the factors behind the occurrence of avalanches?
Answer: Gravitational force.

Question 3 Which type of hazard is a Tornado?
Answer: Natural hazard.

Question 4 Name a man-made cause for landslides in the mountains.
Answer: Reckless deforestation.

Question 5 What type of disaster may occur if absolutely no rain falls for a long stretch of time?
Answer: Drought.

Question 8 Sn which type of climate is snowfall a common affair?
Answer: Extremely cold climate.

Question 7. Which instrument is used to measure the intensity of earthquakes?
Answer: Seismograph.

Question 8 Which type of hazard is a volcano?
Answer: Natural hazard.

Question 9 Name a semi-natural hazard.
Answer: Landslide.

Question 10 Name a man-made disaster.
Answer: War.

Question 11 Name a flood-prone district in West Bengal.
Answer: Cooch Behar.

Question 12 Give a non-tectonic cause of earthquakes.
Answer: Nuclear testing.

Question 13 Cite a recent example of a very severe cyclonic storm that occurred in India.
Answer: Aman.

Question 14 Name the wind that influences the occurrence of both droughts and floods in India.
Answer: Monsoon wind.

Question 15 Into how many divisions can hazards be classified?
Answer: Three.

Question 18. In which year was Uttarakhand affected severely due to a flash flood?
Answer: 2013.

Question 17 Which disaster destroyed the city of St. Pierre in 1902?
Answer: Volcanic eruption.

Question 18 Which type of natural hazard occurs when trees rub against each other?
Answer: Forest fire.

Question 19 What percentage of the total land area in India is prone to flood?
Answer: 12

Question 20. Name a disaster that may result in landslides.
Answer: Earthquake.

Question 21 Which kind of disaster can be prevented by adopting proper patterns and methods of land use on the hill slopes?
Answer: Landslides.

Question 22 Which area of India is mostly affected by tsunamis?
Answer: Coastal regions.

Question 23 Which mountain range in India is most prone to earthquakes?
Answer: The Himalayas.

Question 24 What are the adverse effects resulting from natural processes of the Earth called?
Answer: Natural hazards.

Question 25 Which type of disaster may result due to faulty and unscientific methods of farming in the hills?
Answer: Landslides.

Question 26 Cite an example of a geological disaster.
Answer: Earthquake.

Question 27 Cite an example of a hazard associated with landscape change.
Answer: River bank erosion.

Question 28 Which type of disaster are whirlwinds and snowstorms?
Answer: Atmospheric disaster.

Question 29 What type of disaster may result due to human intent, negligence or a failure of a man-made system?
Answer: Man-made disaster.

Question 30 Which type of disaster may occur due to sudden heavy rainfall in the hills?
Answer: Flash flood.

Question 31 Name a natural cause of earthquakes.
Answer: Movement of the earth’s plate.

Question 32 Name a man-made cause of earthquakes.
Answer: Nuclear tests.

Question 33 What is the rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface known as?
Answer: Avalanche.

Question 34 Which region in West Bengal is most prone to landslides?
Answer: The hilly regions in Darjeeling.

Question 35 What is planning to cope with disasters known as?
Answer: Disaster management.

Question 36 Which type of rain causes damage to the aquatic ecosystem?
Answer: Acid rain.

Question 37 Which type of hazard may lead to a disaster in the forest regions?
Answer: Forest fires.

Question 38 What kind of disaster results from excessive rainfall?
Answer: Flood.

Question 39 Into how many divisions can seismic waves be classified?
Answer: Three.

Question 40 What type of disaster devastated the city of Bhuj in Gujarat in 2001?
Answer: Earthquake.

Question 41 Name one of the most prominent causes of tsunamis.
Answer: Earthquake.

Question 43 In which type of drainage basin is the probability of flash floods highest?
Answer: Circular drainage basin.

Question 42 What type of disaster is the Phailin?
Answer: Very severe tropical cyclone.

Question 44 Which type of disaster is most prominent in the coastal regions of South Bengal?
Answer: Cyclone.

Question 45 On which slopes are avalanches more likely to occur?
Answer: Convex slopes.

Question 46 Which type of disaster is most prominent in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal?
Answer: Landslide.

Question 47 Which type of disaster is most prominent in the Puruiia district of West Bengal?
Answer: Drought.

Question 48 Cite an example of a type of severe cyclone.
Answer: Tornado.

Question 49 What are deep-focus earthquakes known as?
Answer: Plutonic earthquakes.

Question 50 Name two important volcanoes in India.
Answer: Narcondam and Barren.

Question 51 What is the helpless condition caused due to the occurrence of hazards and disasters known as?
Answer: Vulnerability.

Question 52 Which type of hazard is global warming?
Answer: Man-induced hazard.

Question 53 Which kind of disaster is more common in the fluvial plain region?
Answer: Flood.

Question 54 On which coast of India does cyclone Fani hit first?
Answer: Coast of Odisha.

Question 55 Which sea was the source of cyclone Fani?
Answer: Bay of Bengal.

Question 56 What type of cyclone is Fani?
Answer: Tropical cyclone.

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Disaster Management Topic B Disaster Management Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions Marks

Question 1 Discuss the importance of disaster management.
Answer:

Importance Of Disaster Management:-

The main purpose of disaster management is to reduce losses in all spheres such as, social, economic, environmental etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters disaster management

1. Prevention of economic loss:

1. Prevention of agricultural loss: The fertility of the land diminishes and the salinity of soil may also increase as a result of floods, droughts, earthquakes etc. Proper infrastructure can be developed for the cultivation of crops if a forecast of any disaster is made.

2. Prevention of industrial loss: Various industrial products and infrastructure are damaged which can be restored by undertaking proper disaster management programmes.

3. Prevention of economic loss: The economy of any region is hampered as a result of loss in agricultural and industrial, sectors due to natural calamities. Appropriate disaster management measures can be taken to reduce such economic losses.

4. Prevention of disruption of transport system: When the transport system is disrupted due to calamities like, landslides, earthquakes etc., alternative modes of transport can be arranged to alleviate the problem.

2. Prevention of social damage:

1. Rehabilitation of affected people: A damaged area can be restored to its original normal state by acting on an emergency basis and on a war footing.

For example—
Rapid action taken for rescuing people and rehabilitating them would be of immense help.

2. Supply of necessary items: Supply of necessary items like food, water, shelter, etc., is possible through aid by state and central governments.

1. Prevention of loss of property: If a warning is issued prior to the disaster, much of the damage caused to life and property can be minimised.

2. Reconstruction: Disaster management also helps to rebuild properties (like houses, buildings, etc., quickly that are damaged.

3. Prevention of environmental damage:

1. Maintenance of ecological balance: By adopting appropriate measures of disaster management, the damage incurred to the environment can be reversed.

2. Pollution control: Disaster management helps to control pollution.

For example—
Afforestation along the bank of a river helps to prevent the erosion of soil and the subsequent sedimentation of river beds. As a result, floods are prevented and eventually soil pollution is controlled. Besides that, planting trees help to control air pollution.

Question 2 Adoption of disaster management techniques can be used to reduce the after-effects of a disaster
Answer:

The occurrence of most natural disasters cannot be stopped but measures can be taken to reduce the after-effects. The organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters is termed disaster management.

The procedures to be followed are as follows—

1. Preventive measures:
Even before the actual disaster occurs there are some prior measures that can be taken to reduce the intensity of the disaster. Such as-

1. Conducting awareness programmes,
2. Compiling suitable laws,
3. Conducting proper regional surveys and preparing maps,
4. Forecast of the disaster can be transmitted through radio and television channels to the common people.

2. Remedial measures:
These measures are taken once the disaster has hit a region. There are two stages of remedial measures—

1. The first stage involves the rescue and recovery of the affected people and providing them with relief facilities like food, medicine, clothing, temporary houses and others.
2. The second stage involves working towards recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters and revert to normal conditions. The measures taken under this stage are re-establishing the communication systems, rebuilding the roads, houses, and schools and working towards the supply of electricity, and safe drinking water.

Question 3 What are the pre-disaster measures that should be taken?
Answer:

Pre-disaster measures that should be taken care of—

1. Data collection: Data related to causative factors of disasters should be collected.

For example—
In the case of floods and droughts, rainfall data for the past few years should be taken.

2. Data analysis and mapping: The collected data is then analysed to determine the intensity and extent of the disaster and mapping are done on the basis of analysed data.

3. Research: After mapping, thorough research is undertaken in order to assess past conditions and future predicaments.

4. Forecast: If a proper forecast is done through data analysis using modern technology, the amount of loss or damage caused by any disaster can be minimised.

5. Training: Training can be imparted to all including common people, army personnel etc., by the authorities at the centre, state and district levels so that the loss and damage incurred in a disaster are minimal.

6. Duty distribution: After proper training, duties and responsibilities are determined for all the people. It helps to prevent disaster and also helps to deal with it.

7. Increase public awareness: Steps should be taken to increase public awareness and precautionary measures should be taken.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 6 hazard and disasters disaster management data collection

Question 4 what measures are undertaken after a disaster?
Answer:

Measures that are disasters are-

1. Rescue operations: These are undertaken on an emergency basis by both the local people and army personnel in order to save a maximum number of people and animals.

2. Relief operations: Relief materials are distributed to the people of the affected area by central and state government ‘agencies and the extent of loss and damage is estimated. Preventive measures are taken to control the further deterioration of the situation. Medicines, food and safe drinking water are also provided to the affected people.

3. Temporary shelter arrangements: If the intensity of the disaster gradually increases, necessary steps should be taken to shift the disaster stricken people quickly from the disaster-affected areas to safe and secure places. Besides, security arrangements also have to be made for the prevention of theft, looting, etc. in disaster-affected areas.

Question 5 Briefly discuss the post-disaster measures
Answer:

Some important post-disaster measures are—

1. Rehabilitation: Normal life can be restored by providing aid and making arrangements for the reconstruction of damaged houses, roads, transport and other civic amenities and services including agricultural and industrial establishments. Temporary shelters have to be made on an urgent basis.

2. Reconstruction: A host of measures can be taken, like planning different projects and creating jobs in different sectors, to normalise the economic condition of the affected people.
For example—
In drought-prone areas, watershed projects, irrigation projects etc., can aid in reducing the chances as well as the impact (where a disaster has already taken place) of such disasters.

Although natural calamities like earthquakes, volcanicity, etc., cannot be prevented and are beyond human control. Proper pre-disaster planning by conducting surveys and analysing previously recorded data can reduce the impact of such a calamity. By providing precautionary measures and spreading general awareness in the concerned areas, the disastrous effects can be minimised.

Question 6 Discuss the disaster-prone
Answer:

Disaster-Prone:-

The disaster-prone regions in West Bengal are as follows—

1. The Darjeeling-Himalayan region: This region frequently experiences landslides and floods.

2. The Sunderban region: This region frequently experiences tropical cyclones and floods.

3. The plateau region: The areas under Purulia, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purba and Paschim Bardhaman and
the western part of Birbhum fall under the plateau region. This region frequently experiences the wrath of droughts.

4. The plain region: The plain region consists of the areas that are situated on the bank of the river Ganga or near the Ganga plain in West Bengal. This region experiences heavy monsoons and thus is prone to flood.

Question 7 What measures should be taken to control floods?
Answer:

The measures that should be taken to control flood are—

1. Less human interference in the land: If climatic conditions change naturally, rainfall intensity decreases and as a result, there would be lesser floods. 0 Watershed management and proper drainage system, afforestation, changing the slope by constructing terraces, control of overgrazing, contour-farming etc., can check the occurrence of floods.

2. Barrage construction and dredging:
1. Construct barrages and reservoirs to store excess water from rivers,
2. Construct dykes or dams across rivers at specific locations in order to prevent flooding of low-lying areas, 3. regular dredging of the river bed is needed to lower the level of silt for smooth flow of river water.

3. Proper planning:
1. Implementation of strict laws to bar the construction of houses etc., in flood-prone areas along rivers,
2. Dredging and reclaiming dead and decaying rivers,
3. Increasing public awareness through propaganda and advertisements— by these methods, losses incurred due to floods can be reduced.

Question 8 what measures should be taken during floods to control them?
Answer:

Measures to be taken during floods are—
1. Stay back at home, or at a higher ground when the level of floodwater rises.
2. Keep the following items handy-polythene packets, cord, torch, matchbox, candles, important documents, dry clothes, dry food, radio, mosquito net, pure drinking water etc.
3. Switch off all electrical switches and appliances, close taps and lock gas cylinders.
4. Wait for relief to arrive from government agencies, NGOs etc., and abide by the advice given by them instead of panicking.

Question 9 What measures should be taken to prevent drought?
Answer:

Measures that should be taken to prevent droughts are—

1. Conservation of water: Conservation and appropriate use of water are necessary to prevent drought.

2. Recharge of groundwater: To keep the water supply intact throughout the year, groundwater reservoirs should be recharged properly. Seepage from the ponds and reservoirs can help to recharge the groundwater storage.

3. Dry farming: To stop the excessive use of water in agriculture and to prevent droughts, dry farming should be practised. The use of draught-resistant seeds should be encouraged.

4. Rainwater harvesting: The collection and storage of- rainwater from a roof-like surface and using it properly for irrigation and other domestic purposes is known as rainwater harvesting. It helps to recharge groundwater reservoirs that prevent drought.

5. Stop the wastage of water: Wastage of water in various ways must be checked. It helps to conserve water and also prevent drought.

6. Other measures:

Some other measures that should be taken to prevent drought are—

1. Construction of artificial reservoirs,
2. Increase the efficiency of irrigation, which reduces water wastage,
3. arrange proper distribution of relief to drought-hit victims, etc.

Question 11 What measures should be taken before and during an earthquake?
Answer:

Measures that should be taken before and during an earthquake to control and manage such disaster are as follows—

1. Measures to be taken before an earthquake:

1. Earthquake-resistant houses should be constructed for the people living in an earthquake-prone areas.
2. The basic amenities needed for survival, like drinking water, food, torch, candles, etc., should be stored in adequate amounts.
3. People should also know how to contact the nearest fire station, health-centre etc., in case of exigencies.

2. Measures to be taken during an earthquake:

1. One should leave the house and move to any vacant, open place.

2. One can take shelter beneath any sturdy furniture, like a table, bed, etc.

3. Electricity, gas and water connections should be promptly disconnected when an earthquake strikes.

4. Any kind of inflammable objects like matchboxes, candles, and gas ovens should not be used.

5. One should not try to jump from windows or doors from great heights.

6. People must keep a safe distance from the electrically conductive wire and equipment. It is not advisable to take shelter beneath any multi-storeyed building or tree and should immediately move to any open or vacant place announcements made outside the house.

Question 12 What are the measures that need to be taken to minimise the effects of landslides?
Answer:

Measures that need to be taken to minimise the effects of landslides are—

1. Proper planning should be done after surveying landslide-prone areas.
2. Geological survey is needed and the data should be used while constructing houses, roads, bridges, etc. (in accordance with the local geological structure, rock types, soil, underground water table conditions, etc.)
3. Safe and secured shelters should be constructed near landslide-prone areas beforehand.
4. Felling of trees should be prevented and measures like afforestation should be adopted.
5. The weak and unstable slopes of the mountains should be guarded by putting boulders or concrete in a planned way.
6. Awareness must be created among the local residents regarding the dangerous impacts of landslides.

Question 13 Discuss the measures to be taken for dealing with a cyclonic storm.
Answer:

Measures to be taken for dealing with a cyclonic storm is—

1. Houses should not be constructed on reclaimed land since they have weak foundations. Moreover, storerooms should be made for stocking essential items that would be used during a storm.
2. Important and valuable documents and items should be transferred to a safe place as soon as the announcement of an upcoming storm is made.
3. Foodstuffs like dry food and essential medicines (especially for children and the aged, and for treatment of the injured) should be well-stocked.
4. There should be alternative means of transport and one should be in continuous touch with various governmental and non¬governmental agencies.

Question 14 Discuss the measures to be taken during and after the cyclonic storm.
Answer:

Measures to be taken during a cyclonic storm: Measures to be taken during a cyclonic storm is—

1. A calm mind should be maintained during such a calamity, instead of being panicky and paying attention to rumours.

2. One can take shelter under heavy furniture like a bed or table during a storm.

3. All electrical switches should be turned off.

4. It is not advisable to take shelter near doors and windows or underneath trees.

Measures to be taken after a cyclonic storm: Measures to be taken after a cyclonic storm are—

1. Proper arrangements should be made after assessing the damage caused by such storms.

2. Relief should be arranged properly by contacting local voluntary organisations.

3. First aid should be provided to the injured and doctors should be pooled in for the proper functioning of the healthcare system.

4. Rapid action should be taken by the government to reconstruct shelters and other infrastructural facilities by making a reconnaissance survey of the area and proper estimation.

Question 15 What are the measures to be taken in case of a tsunami forecast?
Answer:

Measures to be taken in case of a tsunami forecast are—

1. Prior warning to the coastal people should be sent by the tsunami warning centre since they receive signals of earthquakes on the seabed (which act as a trigger to cause tsunamis after a. certain gap of time) via satellites.
2. People should be evacuated and removed from the coastal areas to safer and higher grounds.
3. Fishermen should be restricted from going out to the sea for fishing.
4. Tourism activities should be stopped in the coastal areas.
5. The areas on the mouth of rivers, (where they meet the sea) should be avoided by people.

Question 16 Discuss the role of a student in taking measures for disaster management.
Answer:

The students have a major role to play to manage disasters. Usually, there are 3 steps of disaster management—

1. pre-disaster stage,
2. during the disaster stage,
3. post-disaster stage.

1. Pre-disaster stage:

1. Evaluation of risk: The students must have an idea of the area in which they reside and how much it is prone to a disaster. They should be aware of their neighbours and all the members of their family.

2. Spread of awareness: Any place or area can experience a disaster, hence mock drills must be done to make people aware of what measures can be taken to combat it.

For example—

If, any area is prone to flood, how should people reach higher grounds to save themselves, what types of food and medicines they should carry with them, etc., must be rehearsed?

3. Arranging the essential documents: Disasters like floods/cyclones, and earthquakes are sudden events. So, students should keep their essential documents like voter cards, adhaar cards, pan cards, results and certificates, bank documents, etc. close by at the time of quick escape.

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Disaster Management Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is vulnerability?
Answer:

Vulnerability:-

Vulnerability can be defined as the impaired capability of, any individual or group to conceive of, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural, semi-natural or man-induced hazard. Vulnerability develops when an individual or a small group is isolated, insecure and defenceless, before or after they face any hazard, shock or stress. In this context, more preparedness to face a disaster means lesser vulnerability.

Question 2 Name the districts of West Bengal that are prone to flood.
Answer:

The flood-prone districts of West Bengal can be classified into two groups—

1. Districts of North Bengal: Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, Malda, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur.

2. Districts of South Bengal: Nadia, Howrah, Murshidabad, North and South 24 Parganas, Hooghly, Bardhaman, Birbhum, Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur.

Question 3 What are the three phases in a disaster management cycle?
Answer:

The three phases in a disaster management cycle are—

1. pre-disaster phase,
2. during the disaster phase,
3. post-disaster phase.

4. What is meant by disaster management?
Answer:

Disaster Management:-

Disaster is any kind of temporary or permanent damage entailing a loss of human life and disruption of normal activities (due to natural or man-made causes) and cannot be dealt with without external aid. Disaster management is the means to control and restore such a disruptive situation (through various measures).

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. A drought-prone district in West Bengal is—
1. Howrah
2. Darjeeling
3. Bankura
4. Jalpaiguri

Answer: 3. Bankura

2. The following is one of the measures to control flood—
1. Practice Of Dry Farming
2. Construction Of Deep Wells
3. Initiation Of Water Conservation Projects
4. Controlling The Grazing Of Cattle

Answer: 3. Initiation Of Water Conservation Projects

3. The International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR) is observed on—
1. 13 October
2. 10 November
3. 5 September
4. 5 January

Answer: 1. 13 October

4. The following is a landslide-prone district in West Bengal—
1. Midnapore
2. Birbhum
3. Malda
4. Darjeeling

Answer: 4. Darjeeling

5. Cyclone Hudhud occurred in—
1. 2013
2. 2014
3. 2015
4. 2016

Answer: 2. 2014

6. The most affected district in West Bengal by cyclone Aila is—
1. Howrah
2. Hooghly
3. Nadia
4. South 24 Parganas

Answer: 4. South 24 Parganas

7. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) was formed in—
1. 2002
2. 2003
3. 2004
4. 2005

Answer: 4. 2005

8. Disaster that frequently occurs in Sundarban, is—
1. Earthquake
2. Cyclone
3. Landslide
4. Forest fire

Answer: 2. Cyclone

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. Purulia is an example of a drought-prone district in West Bengal.

2. Irrigation facility is necessary for drought-prone areas.

3. Students play an important role in disaster management.

4. The influence of cyclones can be felt more in the coastal region of southern West Bengal.

5. The Ring dam is constructed for the prevention of flood

6. Distribution of proper medicine and food to disaster victims is a part of relief management.

7. One should go out of the house during an earthquake.

8. Dry farming is a measure that may prevent drought

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters If The Statement Is ‘True, Write True And False False Write ‘False Against The Following

1. Nadia is the most drought-prone district in West Bengal. false

2. Uttarakhand is an earthquake-prone region in India. True 

3. Western part of West Bengal is a region prone to man-induced floods. True 

4. Awareness of the people is important for the prevention of disaster. True 

5. Cloud burst affected region of West Bengal is Purulia. false

6. East coast of India is a Tsunami affected region. True 

7. During an earthquake, one should leave the house and move to any vacant place.

8. Houses of Darjeeling and Kalimpong are built of wood due to the effect of the cyclone. false

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Match The Left Column With The Right Column

Left Column Right Column
1. Drought A.Ministry of home affairs
2. Flood B. Ministry of Agriculture
3. Chemical accidents C.Department of health and family welfare
4. Epidemic D. Ministry of water resources

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

Chapter 6 Hazards And Disasters Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Into how many sub-types can disaster management be mainly classified?
Answer: Two.

Question 2 To control which type of disaster does the Ministry of Water Resources play a significant role?
Answer: Flood.

Question 3 Which ministry is responsible for dealing with the Integrated Drought Management Programme in India?
Answer: Ministry of Agriculture.

Question 4 What are the main reasons for the construction of wooden houses in mountainous regions?
Answer: Landslides and earthquakes.

Question 5 Name a ‘Tsunami warning method’.
Answer: (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis).

Question 6 Name a recent cyclone in India.
Answer: Aman (2020)

WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 West Bengal

Chapter 8 West Bengal Salient Points – At A Glance

1. West Bengal is the only state of India that extends from the Bay of Bengal to the Himalayas.
2. At present, there are 28 states and 8 union territories in India.
3. West Bengal ranks fourth in total population and second in population density among the 28 states of India.
4. West Bengal shares common boundaries with three independent countries namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, and five Indian states namely, Assam, Sikkim, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Odisha. Though the state of Tripura does not share a common boundary with West Bengal, yet it is regarded as a neighboring state of West Bengal.
5. Presently, there are 23 districts in West Bengal which are grouped into 5 administrative divisions—

1. Jalpaiguri division,
2. Malda division,
3. Bardhaman division,
4. Medinipur division,
5. Presidency division.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

6. The most newly formed districts of West Bengal are Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman which were formed on 7 April 2017 after the bifurcation of the former Bardhaman district.
7. West Bengal is mainly divided into three physiographic divisions—
1. Northern hilly region,
2. Western plateau region and
3. Plain region.
8. Northern hilly region of West Bengal is the extended part of the eastern Himalayas. This mountainous region covers the major part of Darjeeling district except for the Siliguri subdivision, Kalimpong district, and the northern part of Alipurduar district.
9. Singalila range extends along the boundary of Darjeeling and Nepal. Sandakphu, one of the peaks of the Singalila range (3665 m) is the highest peak in West Bengal.
10. The plain land at the foothills of the northern hilly region is known as Terai. The slope of the land is from north to south. The land at the east of Terai is known as Dooars or Duars.

11. Geologically western plateau region is a part of the Chotanagpur Plateau.
12. Gorgaburu of Ayodhya hill is the highest peak (677 m) of the western plateau region.
13. Old alluvium region of North Bengal is called Barind or Barendrabhumi. Red soil can be seen in this region.
14. Scattered marshy land of the northern plain is locally known as Tal.
15. The flat land between the western plateau region and the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river is known as the Rarh region.

16. Sagar Island is the largest island and Purbasha or New Moore island (currently submerged) is the newly formed island of the Sundarban region.
17. The main river of West Bengal is Ganga and its tributary Bhagirathi-Hooghly.
18. Teesta is the main river of the northern hilly region which originated from the Jemu glacier of the Himalayas.
19. Teesta is also known as the ‘River of threat’ as it causes floods during monsoons in the northern hilly region.
20. Many rivers flow along the slope of the western plateau. Damodar is the main river among them.

21. Damodar originates from the Khamarpat. Hill of Jharkhand. It is also known as the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’ as it causes massive floods during the rainy season.
22. The combined flow of the Dwarakeswar and Shilabati rivers is known as the Rupnarayan river.
23. In the coastal region of West Bengal, the rivers become wider at their mouths and form funnel-shaped creeks.
24. Most of the rivers in a northern hilly region, are snow-fed and thus, carry water throughout the year.
25. Most of the rivers of the western plateau region are rain-fed.

26. Rivers of the Sundarban region are tide fed.
27. Influence of monsoon winds is maximum on the climate of West Bengal.
28. The four seasons summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter occur sequentially in West Bengal.
29. The southwest monsoon wind blows from June to September and from the end of September to the beginning of October, retreating monsoon wind or northeast monsoon wind blows over West Bengal.
30. In the summer season, a hot and dry wind known as ‘loo’ blows at noon over the. western plateau region, of West Bengal.

31. Hottest and coldest places in West Bengal are Asansol and Sandakphu respectively.
32. Buxaduar of the Alipurduar district is the wettest or the most humid (average annual rainfall 535 cm) place in West Bengal, whereas Mayureswar of the Birbhum district is the driest place.
33. During summers in West Bengal (April- May), sometimes in the evening thunderstorms and heavy rainfall or hailstorm occur, which are called Nor’wester [locally known as ‘Kalbaisakhi’]. On the other hand, in autumn (October-November) a local cyclone called ‘Aswiner Jhar’ causes rainfall in the coastal regions of West Bengal.
34. Most of the region in West Bengal is covered by alluvial soil. It is fertile soil with a high water-holding capacity. Alluvial soil is found on both banks of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river.
35. Sandy saline soil is found in the coastal regions of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas.

36. Red, hard lateritic soil is found in the districts of Purulia, Birbhum, Bankura, and Paschim Medinipur. All these districts fall under the plateau region of West Bengal. Laterite soil is rich in iron and aluminum oxide.
37. Duricrust forms the top hard layer of laterite soil.
38. Brown podsol soil is found in the northern hilly region of West Bengal. This soil is favorable for the cultivation of tea, cinchona’, oranges, pineapple, etc. Coniferous trees also grow in this type of soil.
39. Terai soil, which is found at the foothills of the northern hilly region in West Bengal, is full of pebbles and has high nitrogen content.
40. A characteristic type of landform has developed by soil erosion caused due to rainfall and streamflow near, Shantiniketan in the Birbhum district. This type of topography is called khoai or badland topography.

41. Only 13% of the total land in West Bengal is under forest cover, out of which 60% of the forest is restricted to the northern hilly region.
42. Most of the area in West Bengal is covered by deciduous forests. However, the terai-duars region and the high-altitude areas of the northern hilly region are covered by dense evergreen forest and coniferous forest respectively.
43. The deciduous forest cover of the western plateau region of West Bengal has considerably reduced due to deforestation.
44. Mangrove or tidal forest is found on the southern coast of North and South 24 Parganas. This mangrove forest is known as Sundarbans for the predominance of
Sundari trees.
45. Sundarbans. mangrove forest was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.

46. Two-thirds of the whole population of West Bengal is directly or indirectly dependent on agricultural work.
47. The main agricultural food crop of West Bengal is rice and different types of cash crops grown here are tea, jute, etc.
48. The variety of paddy that is mainly cultivated in West Bengal is Aman.
49. Purba Bardhaman district is called the ‘Rice bowl of West Bengal’.
50. Rice Research Institute of West Bengal is located at Chinsurah in the Hooghly district.

51. Jute is known as golden fiber and tea is known as a golden drink.
52. An institute on jute research is located at Barrackpore in North 24 Parganas.
53. A tea auction center is located in Siliguri.
54. Tea Board India is located in Kolkata.
55. The main source of power for electricity generation in West Bengal is thermal power (heat produced by the burning of coal).

56. The largest thermal power station in West Bengal is Mejia (estimated total capacity is 2340 MW). Another important power station is Farakka (estimated total capacity is 2100 MW).
57. Durgapur and Kulti-Burnpur are the main centers of the iron and steel industry in West Bengal. Durgapur is called ‘Ruhr of India’.
58. The first jute mill in India was set up in 1854 at Rishra. Most of the jute mills in India are found in the Hooghly industrial belt,
59. The first cotton textile factory in West Bengal as well as in India was established in 1818 at Ghusuri in the Hooghly district.
60. Cotton textile industry is also called the footloose industry.

61. Edward Food Research and Analysis Centre Limited has been established at Barasat in North 24 Parganas to assess the quality of products in the food processing industry.
62. Software Technology Park has been established in Salt Lake to promote software technology. The Intelligent Complex has also been formed for the same purpose and it covers an area of over 3 lakh square feet.
63. The state government of West Bengal has launched a campaign named ‘Beautiful Bengal’ to promote tourism in West Bengal in India and also across the world.
64. The second largest city of West Bengal is Asansol. It is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman and is also called ‘the City of Black Diamond’.
65. Recently, the construction of the third largest port of West Bengal has been initiated near Sagar island in South 24 Parganas.
66. Some noteworthy historical places of West.’Bengal is Hazarduari, Plassey, Gour, etc.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic A Location And Administrative Division Of West Bengal Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Describe the restructuring of West Bengal after the independence of India.
Answer:

Restructuring of West Bengal after independence:

There was no state known by the name of West Bengal before India’s independence on August 15, 1947. At that time, the undivided Bengal was known as ‘Bangladesh’.

The different stages of evolution of the administrative regions of West Bengal from previous Bangladesh are mentioned below—

1. In 1947 when India was divided, Bengal was divided too. One-third of the land area of Bengal formed West Bengal, while the rest went on to form East Pakistan. The Boundary Commission was formed in 1947 under the leadership of the English lawyer Radcliff Brown. He marked the boundary between West Bengal and Bangladesh.

2. Religion was the major basis of the partition of Bengal. The majority of non-Muslims formed West Bengal and Bangladesh was formed where the Muslim community was the majority. At that point of time in 1947, the total area comprising West Bengal was 78,000 sq. km.

3. The Islampur sector of Bihar was annexed to the district of West Dinajpur of West Bengal in 1947.

4. The French colonies of Chandannagar and Gaurhati were included in West Bengal.

5. The Mahananda Corridor was formed after including the Bengali-speaking region of the eastern Purnea district of Bihar (in accordance with the law of reconstruction of states).

6. A self-governed region of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Board (‘Parshad’) was formed including the hilly region of the Darjeeling district of West Bengal in 1988.

7. In 1986, the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal was divided into two districts-^ North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas.

8. In 1992, the district of West Dinajpur was divided into Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur. The corridor named ‘Teen Bigha’ was leased to Bangladesh, which included the district of Cooch Behar, the bordering regions of Makaliganj and Kuchilbari.

9. In 2002, the district of Medinipur was divided into two districts  Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur.

10. The latest change in the administrative boundary of West Bengal was the formation of the Alipurduar district (from the Jalpaiguri district) on 25 June 2014.

11. Kalimpong district was formed from Darjeeling district on 14 February 2017.

12. Jhargram district was formed from Paschim Medinipur district on 4 April 2017 and Purba and Paschim Bardhaman districts were formed on 7 April 2017 by splitting the Bardhaman district.

Question 2 Write about the neighboring countries and states of West Bengal.
Answer:

Neighbouring states of West Bengal:

1. Bihar: Bihar is located to the west of West Bengal. Its area is 94163 sq. km. The capital of Bihar is Patna. Besides Ganga (which is the main river of Bihar), other rivers which flow through this state are Kosi, Gandak, Son, etc.

2. Jharkhand: It is located on the western side of West Bengal covering an area of 79714 sq. km. Its capital is Ranchi. The main river of this state is Mayurakshi. Jharkhand is also called the ‘Mineral State of India’.

3. Assam: It is located to the east of West Bengal and its total area is 78438 sq. km. The capital of Assam is Dispur. The main river here is the Brahmaputra. The famous Majuli island, which is the largest riverine island in the world has formed over this river.

4. Odisha: It is located on the southwestern side of West Bengal with an area of 155707 sq. km. Its capital is Bhubaneshwar. The main river of this state is Mahanadi. Puri is a famous religious as well as tourist center of Odisha.

5. Sikkim: it is located in the northern part of West Bengal covering an area of 7096 sq. km. Its capital is Gangtok. The highest peak of Sikkim is the Kangchenjunga and the longest river is Teesta.

Question 3 Write a note on the administrative divisions of west Bengal.
Answer:

Administrative divisions of west Bengal:

west Bengal is divided into 23 districts. The districts are divided into sub-divisions and blocks. Apart from this, the districts are also divided into five administrative divisions namely Presidency, Burdwan, Jalpaiguri, Medinipur, and Malda.

The districts of West Bengal and their headquarters are (listed in the following table—

 

Administrative Division                Name of the District Area (sq. km| Population 1 (2011) Density (per sq. km) Headquarters Founding Year
1. Jalpaiguri division Jalpaiguri 2844 3872846 622 Jalpaiguri 1947
Alipurduar 3383 1700000 400 Alipurduar 2014
Darjeeling 3149 1846823 586 Darjeeling 1947
Cooch Behar 3387 2819086 832 Cooch Behar 1950
 Kalimpong 1054 251642 239  Kalimpong 7017
2. Malda division Murshidabad 5324 7103807 1334 Berhampore 1947
Uttar Dinajpur 3140 3007134 958 Raigan, 1992
Dakshm Dinajpur Malda 2219 3988845 755 Balurgnat English Bazar 1992
3. Burdwan division Birbhum 4S45 3502404 771 Source 1947
Hooghly Purba Bardhaman 3149 5519145 1753 Chinsurah 1947
5433 4835532 890 Bardhaman 2017
Paschlm Bardhaman 1603 2882031 1798 Asansol 2017
4. Medinipur division Bankura 6882 3596674 522 Bankura 1947
Purba Medinipur 4736 5095875 1076 Tamluk 2002
Paschim Medinipur 9345 5913457 633 Medinipur 2002
Puruiia 6259 2930115 468 Puruiia 1956
Jhargram 3038 1136548 370 Jhargram 2017
5. Presidency division North    24 Parganas 4094 0.10009781 2444 Bara sat 1986
South 24 Parganas 9660 8161961 844 Alipore 1986
Howrah 1467 4850029 3306 Howrah 1947
Nadia 3927 5167600 1315 Krishnanagar 1947
Kolkata 185 4496694 24306 Kolkata 1947

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal administrative divisions of west bengal

Question 4 Discuss the importance of West Bengal as a state.
Answer:

Importance of West Bengal as a state: West Bengal has immense importance as a state because of the following reasons

1. Area: West Bengal comprises about 2.7% of the total area of India.

2. International border: West Bengal has an international border with Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Pertaining to the length of the international border, West Bengal ranks second in India.

3. Population: In terms of population, West Bengal ranks fourth in the country and comprises about 7.5% of the total population of India.

4. Population density: West Bengal has the second highest population density (1029 persons per sq. km) just after Bihar.

5. Agricultural production: Among all the states of India, West Bengal occupies the top position in the production of rice, jute, and fish. In the case of potato and tea production, West Bengal ranks second whereas, for coal mining, it occupies the seventh position.

6. Industry: West Bengal has a significant position in case of iron and steel industry, engineering industry, and tea industry.

7. Commercial position: Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is the second largest city in India (in terms of population). Apart from this, it is also the largest commercial center in eastern India. Kolkata has the largest commercial port and an international airport.

8. Diverse physical features: West Bengal is the only state in India where both the Himalayan mountain range and the Bay of Bengal are found. Apart from these, flood plains, plateaus, rivers & islands are also found here.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write a note on the location of West Bengal.
Answer:

Location Of West Bengal:-

West Bengal is a state located in the eastern region of India. In terms of area, West Bengal holds the 14th position among the 28 states in India. The latitudinal extent of the state is 21°38’N from the south to 27°10’N to the north whereas the longitudinal extent is 85°50’E from the west to 89°50’E to the east. The Tropic of Cancer passes across the districts of Nadia, Purba Bardhaman, Bankura, and Purulia.

From north to south, West Bengal extends about 650 km, and from west to east, it extends about 325 km. West Bengal is surrounded by land on three sides and by sea on one side. West Bengal shares its boundary with Sikkim and Bhutan in the north. It is bounded by Bangladesh in the east, Assam in the northeast, the Bay of Bengal in the south, Odisha in the southwest, Nepal in the northwest, and Jharkhand and Bihar in the west.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal Geographical location of west bengal

Question 2 What Is the significance of the geographical location of West Bengal?
Answer:

West Bengal is located on the eastern side of India. The Himalayas are located to the north and the Bay of Bengal to the south of West Bengal.

The geographical location of West Bengal is significant in many ways—

1. The cold winds from the northern part are not able to reach West Bengal because of the location of the Himalayas which acts as a barrier in the north. It also protects us from foreign invasion.

2. The Bay of Bengal, located to the south of West Bengal protects the state from foreign invasion and also helps in international trade. The Kolkata and Haldia ports play a vital role in carrying out trade via sea.

3. The seasonal variation and rich biodiversity of West Bengal are a result of its geographical location.

Question 3 What do you mean by the municipality and municipal corporation?
Answer:

Like the other states of India, all autonomous institutions of West Bengal are divided into two categories—

1) Rural and
2)Urban.

Panchayat is a rural autonomous institution. Municipalities have been established in small and medium towns whereas the large cities are under municipal corporations. At present, the number of municipalities and municipal corporations in West Bengal is 130 and 6 respectively.

The six municipal corporations are—

Kolkata,
Howrah,
Asansol,
Durgapur,
Siliguri, and
Chandannagar.

Question 4 Give an idea about the Zilla Parishad KsiW. Jn West Bengal.
Answer:

Idea About The Zilla Parishad KsiW. Jn West Bengal

The panchayat system in West Bengal is a three-tier system in which the topmost tier is Zilla Parishad at the district level (according to the West Bengal Panchayat Act). The state government has formed a Zilla Parishad for each district according to its name except for the Darjeeling district.

A Zilla Parishad is formed by the following members—

1. President of Panchayat Samiti of respective districts,
2. members elected by the voters of each block, and not exceeding three,
3. members of Lok Sabha and legislative assembly from the respective districts, except elected ministers from the district,
4. Rajya Sabha members who are also the voters in their respective districts but not ministers.

Question 5 Briefly write about the Panchayat samiti in West Bengal.
Answer:

Panchayat Samiti In West Bengal:-

According to the West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, Panchayat Samiti is the second tier of the Panchayat system. There is a Panchayat Samiti in every block. Each block is developed by the aggregation of some villages. According to Panchayat Act, the overall responsibility of block development is entrusted to the Panchayat Samiti. The state government names the Panchayat Samiti according to the name of the block.

Panchayat Samiti is were formed by the following members—

1. By virtue of their positions, heads of the panchayat within a block become members of the Panchayat Samiti,
2. Not more than 3 members of every gram panchayat area within a block are elected by the electoral committee.

Question 6 Give an idea of Gram Panchayat in West Bengal.
Answer:

Gram Panchayat In West Bengal:-

The lowest level of the three-tier Panchayat System is Gram Panchayat. According to the Panchayat Act, of 1973, a village, constitutes a single mouse or multiple mouzas along with their adjacent areas The state government will form a Gram Panchayat as per the name of the village. Voters of every village elect the members of the Gram Panchayat. The number of elected members in a Gram Panchayat may be a minimum of five and a maximum of twenty-five. The head of a Gram Panchayat is the head of the Panchayat.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What were the earlier administrative divisions of West Bengal?
Answer:

The three earlier administrative divisions of West Bengal were—

1. Presidency division,
2. Bardhaman division,
3. Jalpaiguri division.

Question 2 Write about the subdivision and block administration of West Bengal.
Answer:

Subdivision And Block Administration Of West Bengal:-

West Bengal is divided into 23 districts for conducting administrative activities properly. Each district is divided into a number of sub-divisions. A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) is in charge of each subs division. Further, each sub-division is divided into a number of blocks. The head of the block administration is called Block Development Officer (BDO). BDO works under the supervision of SDO.

Question 3 What are the administrative divisions of West Bengal?
Answer:

West Bengal is divided into five administrative divisions namely—

1. Jalpaiguri division,
2. Malda division,
3. Burdwan division,
4. Medinipur division and
5. Presidency division.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. The number of districts in West Bengal is-
1. 17
2. 18
3. 19
4. 23

Answer: 4. 23

2. The state which shares the longest border with West Bengal is—
1. Bihar
2. Jharkhand
3. Odisha
4. Assam

Answer: 2. Jharkhand

3. The latitude that extends over Krishnanagar of Nadia district is—
1. 0°
2. 23/2° N
3. 231/2° S
4. 30° N

Answer: 2. 23/2° N

4. A state which lies to the north of West Bengal is—
1. Sikkim
2. Tripura
3. Bihar
4. Odisha

Answer: 1. Sikkim

5. The state of West Bengal was formed in—
1. 1951
2. 1947
3. 1949
4. 1956

Answer: 2. 1947

6. The number of bordering states of West Bengal is—
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5

Answer: 2. 3

7. Chandannagar was included in West Bengal in the year—
1. 1956
2. 1968
3. 1952
4. 1954

Answer: 4. 1954

8. Cooch Behar became a part of West Bengal in —
1. 1950
1. 1952
3. 1954
1. 1947

Answer: 1. 1950

9. The state which lies to the south-west of West Bengal is—
1. Bihar
2. Arunachal Pradesh
3. Odisha
4. Jharkhand

Answer: 3. Odisha

10. The latitude which forms the northern limit of West Bengal is—
1. 28°02’N
2. 21°30’N
3. 27°10’N
4. 20°30’N

Answer: 3. 27°10’N

11. The latitude which forms the southern limit of West Bengal is—
1. 21°38’N
2. 21°22’N
3. 27°10’N
4. 27°05’N

Answer: 1. 21°38’N

12. The number of districts in the Presidency division of West Bengal is—
1. 7
2. 9
3. 8
4. 5

Answer: 4. 5

13. The east-west stretch of West Bengal is—
1. 650 km
2. 325 km
3. 395 km
4. 610 km

Answer: 2. 325 km

14. The youngest island of West Bengal is—
1. Lothian Island
2. Dalhousie Island
3. Purbasha Island
4. Sagar Island

Answer: 3. Purbasha Island

15. The principal river of Sikkim is—
1. Kali Gandak
2. Manas
3. Teesta
4. Torsa

Answer: 3. Teesta

16. The longest river in Bhutan is—
1. Kaligandak
2. Kosi
3. Manas
4. Dibond

Answer: 3. Manas

Chapter 8 West Bengal fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. West Bengal was founded on 15 August 1947

2. Siliguri is known as the of India.North-east gateway

3. Darjeeling district is the ‘Crown of West Bengal’.

4. Burdwan division of West Bengal has 4 districts.

5. From north to south West Bengal extend for about 650 km.

Chapter 8 West Bengal If the statement is true, write True if false, write false against the following

1. Bangladesh lies to the west of West Bengal. False 

2. The highest peak in the Darjeeling district is Gorgaburu. False 

3. Haryana is a neighboring state of West Bengal. False 

4. The Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal has five districts. True

5. In the northern part, Bihar is one of the most important neighboring states of West Bengal. False 

6. West Bengal has 19 districts at present.  False 

7. The second largest neighboring country of West Bengal is Bangladesh. False 

8. Ayodhya hill is located in Purulia. True 

9. Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is an important tourist place. True

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match The Left Column With The Right Column

 

Left column   Right column 
1. The newest district of west Bengal A. Tropic of cancer (231/2N)
2. major latitude that passes through west Bengal B. Jharkhand
3. Neighbouring state of west Bengal C. Kolkata
4. Capital of West Bengal D. Paschim bardhaman

 Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer in one or two words

Question 1 What is the total area of West Bengal?
Answer: 88752 sq. km.

Question 2 Which are the newly formed districts of West Bengal?
Answer: Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman (7 April 2017).

Question 3 Which district in West Bengal occupies the largest area?
Answer: South 24 Parganas.

Question 4 How many districts do West Bengal have?
Answer: 23 districts.

Question 5 What is the percentage of West Bengal’s area with respect to that of India?
Answer: 2.69%.

Question 6 In which year was Alipurduar formed?
Answer: 2014.

Question 7 What is the capital of Jharkhand?
Answer: Ranchi.

Question 8 What is the capital of Assam?
Answer: Dispur.

Question 9 In which year was Medinipur classified into two administrative divisions?
Answer: January 1, 2002.

Question 10 Krishnanagar lies in which district?
Answer: Nadia.

Question 11 Which district in West Bengal is called the ‘Queen of hill stations’?
Answer: Darjeeling.

Question 12 What is the name of the newest district in West Bengal?
Answer: West Bardhaman (2017).

Question 13 Which administrative division of West Bengal does the Kolkata district belong to?
Answer: Presidency division.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic B Physiography Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1 Discuss the physiographic divisions of West Bengal. Or, Give an account of the physiography of West Bengal.
Answer:

Physiographic divisions of West Bengal:

The physiography of West Bengal is very diverse. Based on the physiography, West Bengal can be divided into The following groups and subgroups—

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west Bengal physiographic divisions of west Bengal

Northern hilly region:

Location: The entire districts of Darjeeling (except, the Siliguri subdivision) and Jalpaiguri along with the northern part of the Alipurduar district fall under the Northern hilly region.

Characteristics: The main characteristics of the Northern hilly region are—

1. This region is a part of the Eastern Himalayas.
2. The average height of this region is approximately 2600m-2700 m.
3. The northern hilly region has several canyons and high peaks and so is inaccessible in general. The slope of this region is from north to south.

Physiography: Teesta river flows from north to south over the region and divides this region into two parts.

These are as follows—

1. The western part of Teesta: The western part of the Teesta river has two important Himalayan mountain ranges—

1. Singalila mountain range and
2. Darjeeling-Kurseong mountain range. Three main peaks of the Singalila mountain range are located in the Darjeeling district.

These are—

Sandakphu (3630 m, the highest peak of West Bengal), Phalut (3596 m), and Sabargram (3543 m). In the Darjeeling-Kurseong mountain range, one of the most prominent peaks is Tiger Hill (2573 m). Another notable peak of this range is Senchal (2615 m).

2. The eastern part of Teesta: The average elevation of the mountain range in the eastern part of Teesta river is comparatively less. The highest peak in this region is Rishila (3121 m). Apart from this, other peaks in this region are Renigango (1885 m), Sanchuli (1726 m), etc. The Buxa-Jayanti Hills and Durpin Dara Ridge are also located in the eastern part of the Teesta river.

Western plateau region:

Location: The entire districts of Purulia, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Paschim Bardhaman, and the undulating Western part of the Birbhum district constitute the western plateau region.

Characteristics:

The main characteristics of this region are—

1. The average elevation of the western part of this plateau region is higher (600 m) than that of the eastern part (100 m).
2. The land here is rocky and full of pebbles.
3. The region is mainly composed of granite and gneiss rocks. However, some parts of the plateau region are also made of rocks like sandstone, shale, etc.

Hills:

This area has many low hills, such as Ajodhya Hills, Baghmundi Hills, Panchet Hills of Purulia district; Biharinath Hills, Susunia Hills of Bankura district; Mama-Bhagne Hills of Birbhum district. The highest peak of this plateau region is Gorgaburu (677 m) in the Ajodhya Hills.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal physiographic divisions of west bengal.png.u

Plain Region:

Location: Except for the northern hilly region and the western plateau region, the remaining area of West Bengal falls under the plain region.

Characteristics:

The main characteristics of this region are—

1. The elevation of this region is not very high.
2. This region has formed by the deposition of silt carried by rivers.

Division:

The plain region can be further divided into the following way—

1. Plain of North Bengal: This plain region extends from the foothills of the Darjeeling Himalayas in the north to the left bank of the Ganga river in the south. The slope of this region is from north to south. In the north, the foothills of the Himalayan range are called the Terai, and the remaining region is called Ganga-Brahmaputra Doab. This region is known by different names in different areas.

For example, The low-lying regions of Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, and Uttar Dinajpur are known as ‘Tal’, and the eastern parts of the Malda and Dakshin Dinajpur districts, composed of old alluvial soil and laterite soil are called ‘Barendrabhumi’ and the western part of the Malda district composed of new alluvial soil, which is extremely fertile is known as ‘Diara;

2. Rarh plain: The intermediate region between the plateau region in the west and Bhagirathi-Hooghly in the east is called the Rarh plain. The eastern parts of Bankura and Paschim Bardhaman; northern and eastern parts of Birbhum; the entire district of Purba Bardhaman, Purba Medinipur, Howrah, Hooghly, and western part of Murshidabad fall under the Rarh plains. The western part of this plain region is slightly undulating and red soil is found in that region. The slope of this area is from west to east.

3. Deltaic plain: The entire districts of Nadia, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and the eastern part of Murshidabad district fall under the deltaic plain region. This is a low-lying plain and is a part of the Gangetic deltaic plain. The northern part of this plain is an inactive, delta, the middle part is a mature delta whereas the southern part, i.e., the Sundarbans is an active delta.

4. Sandy coastal plain: The sandy coastal plain is located along the coast of the Bay of Bengal in Purba Medinipur. The slope of this region is from north to south. Many sand dunes are found in this coastal plain.

Question 2 Describe the physiography of the plateau region of West Bengal.
Answer:

The physiography of the plateau region of West Bengal:

The physiography of the plateau region of West Bengal is described below-

1. The entire Purulia district, adjacent districts of Paschim Medinipur, Jhargram, Bankura, Paschim Bardhaman, and the western part of Birbhum constitute the undulating western plateau region.

2. From the geological point of view, this area is an extended part of the Chotanagpur plateau region. This is one of the most ancient regions of West Bengal and is made up of mainly old igneous and metamorphic rocks.

3. The western part of this plateau region is higher than the eastern part (75 m). The highest peak in this region is Gorgaburu (677 m). The slope of the land here is from west to east.

4. This plateau region is scattered with isolated hills which are made of hard rocks. For example, Ajodhya Hills and Baghmundi Hills are located in the western part of the Purulia district.

5. Gorgaburu of the Ajodhya Hills in Purulia is the highest peak of this whole plateau region. Panchet Hills (490 m) is located in the northern part and Bhandari Hills (433 m) is located in the southern part of the Purulia district.

6. The eastern part of the western plateau gradually slopes down over the districts of Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Jhargram, Paschim Bardhaman, and the western region of Birbhum. Small hills like Belpahari in Paschim Medinipur and Susunia Hills (440 m) are located in the Western plateau region.

Question 3 Give an account of the physiography of the various plains of West Bengal.
Answer:

The physiography of the various plains of West Bengal:

The whole of West Bengal is plain land except the mountainous region in the north and the plateau region in the west.

This vast plain region can be broadly divided into four categories—

1. Plains of North Bengal,
2. Rarh plains,
3. Deltaic plains and
4. Sandy coastal plains.

Plains of North Bengal: The plain region lying between the river Ganga in the south and the Darjeeling Himalayas in the north is known as the plains of North Bengal.

This region can be further classified into—

1. Terai or Dooars plains:

1. This region comprises the southern part of the Alipurduar district, a major part of the southern region of the Jalpaiguri district, and the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district.

2. The Himalayas in the north meets the plain here with a gentle slope and creates almost a sloping plain-like landform.

3. Scattered mounds of pebbles and rocks and some wetlands are found in this region.

4. This land slopes from north to south.

5. This region receives heavy rainfall and hence remains wet for the most part of the year.

2. Ganga-Brahmaputra Doab Plain:

The plain land lying between the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra is further classified into the following categories—

1. Tal: The area between the rivers Kalindi and Mahananda in the Malda district and the low-lying area in the districts of Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, and Uttar Dinajpur is collectively known as ‘Tal’. Numerous wetlands and marshes are seen here.

2. Barind or Barendrabhumi: The area encompassing the eastern parts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Malda districts which are undulating and made up of old alluvial soil and laterite soil is known as ‘Barind’ or ‘Barendrabhumi’.

3. Diara: This area which is composed of new alluvial soil and Dies to the south of Kalindi river, flowing along the south¬ western part of Malda district is called ‘Diara’.

Each plan:

1. The vast expanse of plainland lying between Bhagirathi-Hooghly in the east and the plateau region to the west is known as the Rarh plain.
2. Certain regions of the districts of Purba Medinipur, Bankura, Purba Bardhaman, Paschim Bardhaman, Birbhum, and Murshidabad fall under the Rarh plain region.
3. The Rarh plains have been formed as a result of the deposition of silt by the rivers Damodar, Ajay, and Mayurakshi.
4. The average elevation of this region is higher in the west (75 m) and lower in the east (10 m) and thus it has a general slope from west to east.
5. The western part of this region is slightly undulating and is composed of old alluvial soil.

Deltaic plain:

The deltaic plain has the Rarh region to its east and the districts to the south of Ganga, i.e., the eastern part of Murshidabad, Kolkata, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, and some parts of Purba and Paschim Medinipur constitute this deltaic plain region. On the basis of structural variations, this plain region is further.

Divided into the following categories—

1. Inactive delta: The northern part of the deltaic plain encompassing the districts of Nadia and Murshidabad is known as the inactive delta. This is because the rivers here do not deposit silt anymore and so the ‘ process of delta formation has almost ceased to exist. In this region oxbow lakes, creeks and wetlands are found.

2. Mature delta: This region stretches from the southern part of the inactive delta to the northern part of the Sundarban region. It comprises Kolkata, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, and some parts of Purba and Paschim Medinipur. The rivers flowing over this region still deposit some amount of silt during floods. Thus, the formation of delta continues to some extent.

3. Active delta: The southern part of South and North 24 Parganas fall under the active delta region. This deltaic region is called active since. the rivers of the Sundarbans are still carrying out depositional work, i.e., siltation, and thereby help in the process of delta-formation.’

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal physiographic divisions of delta region of river ganga


Sandy coastal plain:

1. The sandy coastal plain is located along the Bay of Bengal coast in Purba Medinipur.
2. The slope of this region is from north to south.
3. There are many sand dunes in this region which are known as Kanthi-Digha sand dunes.
4. The average height of these sand dunes is 10-15m.
5. There are marshy lands behind these sand dunes. The Digha dune lies near the Bay of Bengal.
6. Digha, a popular sea beach destination is located in the Digha sand dune region.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why is the Terai region of west Bengal also known as the ‘Dooars’ or ‘Duars’?
Answer:

Terai Region Of West Bengal Also Known As The ‘Dooars’ Or ‘Duars’:-

The word ‘Terai’ means low marshy ground. The sloping foothills in the southern part of the Himalayan range in North Bengal have an abundance of pebbles, wetlands, and dense forests. Thus, this region has a wet and
damp environment and is called the ‘Terai’ region. On the other hand, the Terai region also serves as the gateway to Bhutan, i.e., the door to Bhutan is the Terai. region. For this reason, the Terai region is also called the ‘Dooars’ or ‘Duars’.

There are 23 districts in West Bengal that are grouped into 5 administrative divisions—The word ‘Tal’ means lowland or lake. The intermediate region between Mahananda and Kalindi rivers in Malda, the whole of Cooch Behar, some areas to the south of Jalpaiguri, and some areas to the north of Uttar Dinajpur are low-lying plains, which are termed as ‘Tal’. In these low-lying plains, the rivers such as Mahananda, Kalindi, Jaldhaka, Torsa, etc. flow very slowly, often changing their courses and the riverbeds of these rivers are quite shallow. Thus, these rivers overflow their banks during the heavy showers in the monsoon season. For this reason, the plains of North Bengal are extremely flood-prone.

There are 23 districts in West Bengal which are grouped into 5 administrative divisions—The western plateau region of West Bengal is rich in mineral resources. Fluge amounts of coal, fire clay; moderate quantities of china clay, dolomite, limestone, quartz, apatite, manganese graphite, etc., and a small amount of iron ore are found in this region. This plateau is ancient and is an extension of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Thus, the western plateau region of West Bengal has an abundance of different types of general resources.

Question 4 ‘The Gangetic delta region has a high density of population/ Explain.
Answer:

The Gangetic delta region is one of the world’s most densely populated regions.

The causes of the such high density of population are discussed below—

1. Plain relief: The plain relief is ideal for agriculture as well as transport and communication.

2. Moderate climate: The moderate climate and adequate rainfall are the causes of the high density of the population in this region.

3. Fertile alluvial soil: The soil of the deltaic region is made up of alluvial soil (silt) which is very fertile and suitable for agriculture.

4. Development of transport: The area is covered by an extensive network of railways, and roadways.

5. Job opportunities: This region is well-developed in both agriculture and industry and so job opportunities are plenty here.

Question 5 Differentiate between the physiography of the northern hilly region and the western plateau region.
Answer:

Physiography Of The Northern Hilly Region And The Western Plateau Region:-

The northern hilly region of West Bengal includes the districts of Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Alipurduar. On the other hand, the entire districts of Purulia, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, Paschim Bardhaman, Bankura, and the western part of Birbhum fall under the western plateau region.

The differences between the physiography of the northern hilly region and the western plateau region of West Bengal are as follows—

 

point  of difference Physiography of northern hilly region Physiography of the western plateau region
1. Age This landform is comparatively new. This landform is comparatively ancient.
2. Origin The Indian subcontinent plate converges with the Siberian plate due to tectonic movement. The northern hilly region has formed at this convergent boundary. Ancient highlands have been eroded gradually for a Dong period of time by exogenic forces which have resulted in the formation of this plateau region of low elevation.
3. Characteristic features High peaks, canyons, and steep slopes are the main characteristic features of this region. Undulating highlands, erosional plateaus, and isolated hills of low elevation are the characteristic features of this region.
3. Slope It slopes from north to south. It slopes from west to east and southeast.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the main physiographic divisions of West Bengal?
Answer:

The main physiographic divisions of West Bengal are—

1. Northern hilly region,
2. western plateau region and
3. plain region.

Question 2 What is Mahananda Corridor?
Answer:

Mahananda Corridor:-

The southern part of Jalpaiguri district, the southern part of Cooch Behar district, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts, and Malda district together form the plain region. North Bengal. The narrow river valley of the Mahananda river which flows from north to south connects the plains of Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar in the north with the plains of Malda in the south. This narrow valley is called the Mahananda corridor.

Question 3 What is Tal?
Answer:

Tal:-

In the southern part of Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts and the western part of Malda district there are scattered marshes and lowlands which are flood-prone regions. These are locally called ‘Tals’ as the word ‘Taly means lowland or lake.

Question 4 What is Bhabar?
Answer:

Bhabar:-

The sand, silt, and pebbles brought down by the rivers from the Himalayan mountains get deposited in the foothills, giving it a gentle slope. Such a feature is known as the Terai in North Bengal. The rocky land of the Terai region which is covered by forests is known as Bhabar.

Question 5 What is Barendrabhumi?
Answer:

Barendrabhumi:-

In the eastern part of Malda and South Dinajpur, the gently undulating highland formed of laterite soil and old alluvial soil is known as ‘Barendrabhumi’.

Question 6 What is Diara?
Answer:

Diara:-

The region in the southern part of Malda district, along the banks of the river Ganga which is made up of new alluvial soil and is very fertile, is called Diara.

Question 7 What is Bagri?
Answer:

Bagri:-

The region of the Gangetic delta plain which includes the eastern part of Murshidabad and the entire Nadia and North 24 Parganas districts, where the Bhagirathi river and its distributaries do not deposit any silt, i.e., the formation of the delta has almost stopped is known as Bagri. This region is also an inactive delta region.

Question 8 Where is the Rarh plain located?
Answer:

Location Of Rarh plain:-

The intermediate area between the plateau region in the west and Bhagirathi-Hooghly in the east is called the Rarh plain. This region includes the eastern part of Bankura, the western part of Murshidabad, the eastern part of Paschim Bardhaman, the northern and eastern part of Birbhum, and the entire districts of Purba Bardhaman, Purba Medinipur, Howrah, and Hooghly.

Question 9 Where is the active delta of West Bengal found?
Answer:

Active Delta Of West Bengal:-

The active delta of West Bengal is usually found in the southern and eastern parts of South 24 Parganas (i.e., the Sundarbans) and the southern part of North 24 Parganas. In this region, the process of delta formation is still going on.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer for the given alternatives

1. Sandakphu, the highest peak of West Bengal, is located at an altitude of—
1. 3543 m
2. 3596 m
3. 3665 m
4. 3700 m

Answer: 3. 3665 m

2. One of the important peaks of the Singalila range is—
1. Phalut
2. Tiger Hill
3. Chitrakoot
4. Anaimudi

Answer: 1. Phalut

3. famous hill in the plateau region of West Bengal is—
1. Raj Mahal
2. Dowhill
3. Baghmundi
4. Chitrakoot

Answer: 1. Raj Mahal

4. Mama Bhagne hill is in the—
1. Bankura district
2. Birbhum district
3. Jalpaiguri district
4. Darjeeling district

Answer: 2. Birbhum district

5. The newly formed plain land in the southern part of the Mahananda river in Malda district is called—
1. Diara
2. Barendrabhumi
3. Tal
4. Dooars

Answer: 1. Diara

6. Which of the following is found in the plateau region of Purulia?
1. Ajodhya Hill
2. Susunia Hill
3. Mama Bhagne Hill
4. Mt. Maniratna

Answer: 1. Ajodhya Hill

7. Biharinath hill is in—
1. Bankura district
2. Birbhum district
3. Malda district
4. Hooghly district

Answer: 1. Bankura district

8. Sand dunes are found in—
1. Purulia
2. Bankura
3. Birbhum
4. Purba Medinipur

Answer: 4. Purba Medinipur

9. The highest hill in the western plateau region in West Bengal is— –
1. Susunia
2. Biharinath
3. Ajodhya
4. Baghmundi

Answer: 3. Ajodhya

10. The old alluvial highland region of the northern plain in West Bengal is called—
1. Terai
2. Diara
3. Tal
4. Barendrabhumi

Answer: 4. Barendrabhumi

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

 

1. The Singalila mountain divides Nepal from Darjeeling.

2. The highest peak of Ajodhya hill is Gorgaburu

3. The word’Terai’means marshy land

4. The word ‘Rarh’ means dry rocky Hand in Santhali.

5. The mountain range lies in the Himalayas north of West Bengal.

6. Barendrabhumi is an old plain.

7. The highest peak of the western plateau region in West Bengal is Gorgaburu.

8. Southern part of the Bhagirathi river is known as Hooghly

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal If the statement is true, write True if false, write false against the following

1. A mountain pass known as Buxa is situated in the northern mountainous region of the Alipurduar district. True 

2. Susunia is the highest bill in the plateau region of West Bengal. false 

3. The ancient region of South Dinajpur and Malda districts, composed of alluvial soil is called ‘Barendrabhumi’. True 

4. The northern part of the Ganga delta is called the active delta. false 

5. The plateau region of West Bengal is [trade of granite and gneiss rocks. True 

6.’Terai’ means dry rocky land.  false 

7. Purulia district of West Bengal falls under the plateau region. True 

8. The highest peak of Mama-Bhagne Hills is Gorgaburu. false 

9. Ajodhya Hills is located in the Purulia district. True 

10. Mama-Baghne Hills are located in the Bankura district. false 

11. Purbasha is the largest island of West Bengal. false 

12. Sabargram is the highest peak of the Durpin Dara range. false 

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match the left column with the right column

 

1.

Left Column Right Column
1. Singalila A. Gorgaburu
2. Ajodhya Hills B.  Rishi
3. Darjeeling Himalayas C. Sandakhphu
4. Darjeeling Kurseong Range D. Tiger Hill

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D

2.

Left Column      Right Column
1. Ajodhya Hills A. Bankura
2. Susumu Hills B. Jhargram
3. Belpahari C. Birbhum
4. Mama Bhagne Hills D. Purulia

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer in one or two words

Question 1 Which is the highest peak of West Bengali
Answer: Sandakhphu (3665 m).

Question 2 What is the meaning of ‘Dooars’?
Answer: Door.

Question 3 On which side of the Teesta river does the Terai plain lie?
Answer: Western side.

Question 4 In which part of West Bengal is the Himalayas located?
Answer: Northern side.

Question 5 What is the meaning of ‘Tal’?
Answer: Lake.

Question 6 In which district are the Panchet hills Located?
Answer: Purulia.

Question 7 In which district are the Susunia hills located?
Answer: Bankura.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic C River And Water Resources Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Describe the rivers of West Bengal.
Answer:

Rivers of West Bengal:

The rivers are divided on the basis of source, the direction of flow, the amount of water carried, type of delta, etc.

The divisions are as follows—

1. Rivers of North Bengal,
2. Ganga and its tributaries running through the central part,
3. Rivers of the western plateau and Rarh region,
4. Southern Sunderban region and its rivers,
5. Rivers of the sandy areas of the Kanthi region.

1. Rivers of North Bengal: The rivers of North Bengal are snowed. They originate from the Himalayan region and flow from north to south according to the slope. The rivers are Teesta, Jaldhaka, Mahananda, Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, etc.

1. Teesta: It originates from the Jemu glacier in the Sikkim Himalayas. Teesta is the main river of North Bengal, flows through the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri, and drains into the Jamuna in Bangladesh.

2. Jaldhaka: It rises from the hilly regions of the Sikkim-Bhutan border and flows through the districts of Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar before draining into the Jamuna in Bangladesh.

3. Mahananda: This river rises in the Darjeeling Himalayas, flows south, and drains into the Ganga. Balaton river is its tributary.

2. Ganga and its tributaries running through the central part: The main river of West Bengal is the Ganga. It emerges from the Gangotri glacier near Gomukh in Uttarakhand and traverses a great distance before entering West Bengal through Dhulian in Murshidabad. Here, the river gets divided into two parts, one is the Hooghly river in West Bengal and the other enters as Padma in Bangladesh. The Hooghly river flows south and drains into the Bay of Bengal. The distributaries of Ganga and Padma are Ichamati, Churni, Jalangi, etc.

3. Rivers of the western plateau and Rarh region: These rivers are rain-fed. The slope of the land is from west to east and southeast and the rivers originating from the Chota Nagpur Plateau flow accordingly.

The rivers of this region are—
Damodar,
Dwarkeswar,
Shilabati,
Kangsabati,
Ajoy,
Miayurakshi,
Dwarka, etc.

1. Damodar: The river rises from the Khamarpat Hills in the Palamau district of Jharkhand and drains in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly. One of its distributaries, Mundeswari drains into the Rupnarayan river.

2. Rupnarayan: It is the combined flow of rivers Dwarakeswarand Shilabati, both rise from the western plateau region and flow southwest. Rupnarayan drains into the Hooghly river.

3. Other rivers: Other important rivers of this region include the Kangsabati, Ajay, Mayurakshi, Dwarka, etc

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal rivers of west bengal

4. Rivers of Sundarbans: Numerous rivers of this region are tide-fed and flow towards the west. Saptamukhi, Matla, Raimangal, Bidyadhari, etc., are the rivers of Sundarbans.

5. Rivers of Kanthi region: The rivers of this region are tide-fed. Rasulpur and Champa are the rivers of the sandy area of Kanthi.

Question 2 Describe in brief the rivers of North Bengal.
Answer:

Rivers of North Bengal:

Most rivers of North Bengal are fed by rainwater and glaciers. These rivers originate from different regions of the Himalayan range and according to the slope of the land, flow from north to south.

A brief description of the rivers of North Bengal is given below—

1. Teesta: It is the most important river in North Bengal. Teesta originates from the Jemu glacier, flows through the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri and finally drains into the Jamuna river of Bangladesh.

2. Jaldhaka: This river originates from the mountainous terrains of the Sikkim-Bhutan border, flows through the districts of Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar and finally meets the Jamuna river in Bangladesh.

3. Mahananda: This river originates near the Mahaldiram Hills of the Himalayan range and flows southwards. It finally flows into the Ganga and its main tributary is the Balasun river.

4. Others: Some of the other notable rivers of North Bengal are Sankosh, Raidak, and Torsa.

Question 3 Describe the rivers of the plateau iSM region of West Bengal.
Answer:

Rivers of the plateau region of West Bengal

The characteristic features of the rivers in the plateau region of West Bengal are-

1. The rivers of the western plateau Most of the region are the tributaries of the Bhagirathi- Hooghly.
2. The rivers originated from the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
3. Most of the rivers flow towards the east and southeast according to the slope of the land.
4. These are rain-fed rivers and thus their water content reduces in seasons other than monsoons.

The major rivers of this region are—

1. Damodar: It originates from the Khamarpat Hills of Palamau district in Jharkhand and joins river Hooghly downstream. One of its distributaries, Mundeswari, drains into the Rupnarayan. Damodar was a flood-prone river before the conceptualization of the Damodar Valley Project, and was thus known as the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’.

2. Kasai or Kangsabati: It originates from the Ajodhya Hills of the Purulia district and flows to the southeast to meet the river Keleghai. The combined flow of these two rivers is river Haldi, which meets river Hooghly. Kumari river is a tributary of this river.

3. Dwarakeswer and Shilai, or Shilabati: The combined flow of these two rivers near Ghatal in Paschim Medinipur is known as Rupnarayan. (It then meets river Hooghly near Geonkhali in Purba Medinipur.

4. Mayurakshi: It originates from the Chota Nagpur Plateau and flows through the state of Jharkhand. Later it enters the Birbhum district of West Bengal and joins river Bhagirathi at the end. The right bank tributaries of river Mayurakshi include Bakreswar and Kopai, and the left bank tributaries are Brahmani and Dwarka.

5. Ajoy: It originates from the Chota Nagpur Plateau and flows through the southern boundary of Birbhum district and then meets river Bhagirathi near Katwa in Purba Bardhaman district.

6. Others: Another important river of this region is Subarnarekha. It originates from the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand and flows through the southern part of the Jhargram district of West Bengal and Odisha and then drains into the Bay of Bengal.

Question 4 Give a brief description of the rivers flowing through the Rarh Plain and the Ganga Delta region. Write the characteristics of the rivers of the Sundarban region.
Answer:

Rivers of the Rarh Plain: Most rivers of the Rarh Plain originate from the Chota Nagpur Plateau and flows across the western plateau region. These rivers either flow from west to east or from west to southeast.

Some important rivers of the Rarh Plain are briefly described below—

1. Damodar: This river originates from the Khamarpat Hills of the Palamu district in Jharkhand. It flows through the western plateau and the Rarh Plain and drains into the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river. Mundeswari, a distributary of Damodar flows into the Rupnarayan river.

2. Rupnarayan: The rivers Dwarekeswar and Shilai (or Shilabati) meet near Ghatal to form the Rupnarayan river. This river finally drains into the Hooghly river near Geonkhali.

3. Others: Some other notable rivers of this region are—

Kangsabati,
Ajoy,
Bakreswar,
Mayurakshi, and
Dwarka.

Rivers of the Ganga Delta region:

The Bhagirathi-Hooghly river is the most important river in this region. It flows through the western margin of the deltaic region in a north-south direction. Some rivers of this region which flow to the east of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly are Bhairab, Jalangi, Mathabhanga, Ichamati, and Churni. These rivers flow from north to south as per the slope of the land. The rivers, Bhairab, Jalangi, and Mathabhanga are the distributaries of the river Padma. Among these, Mathabhanga and J’alangi have drained into the Bhagirathi river. The southern part of the Mathabhanga river is called Churni. Ichamati is the distributary of Mathabhanga which finally drains into the Bay of Bengal. The slope of the Ganga Delta region is low and so the rivers here take a meandering course and form many estuaries, creeks, and water bodies.

Some other rivers of the Sundarban region which are fed by tidal water are—

Raimangal,
Malta,
Gosaba, and
Bidyadhari, etc.

Characteristics of the rivers of the Sundarban region: Most rivers of the Sundarban region are fed by tidal water, such as-

Saptamukhi,
Malta,
Raimangal,
Bidyadhari, etc.

The characteristics of these rivers are—

1. The rivers are perennial as they are tide-fed.
2. The rivers have saline water.
3. The length of these rivers is short i.e., they have a short course.
4. These rivers have formed estuaries.
5. The mouth of these rivers are quite wide.
6. These rivers finally drain into the Bay of Bengal.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why West Bengal is known as a riverine or riparian state?
Answer:

West Bengal Is Known As A Riverine Or Riparian State:-

West Bengal is a riverine or riparian state with many rivers, tributaries, distributaries, etc. They all have formed a drainage network. The sources of these rivers are the Himalayan Range and the western plateau or Chota Nagpur Plateau. These rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal. In addition to this, there are several tide-fed rivers in the Sunderban region. On one hand, all these rivers flowing across the state have made the plains of the state fertile one by their silt deposition, on the other hand, the water from these rivers is used for household, agricultural, industrial, and various other purposes. Hence, it will not be wrong to call West Bengal a gift of the Ganga, Bhagirathi, and their tributaries and distributaries. Thus, it is called a riverine or a riparian state.

Question 2 What are the characteristics of a river of North Bengal?
Answer:

Characteristics Of A River Of North Bengal:-

Teesta,
Torsa,
Dhaka,
Mahananda,
Sankosh,
Raidak, etc are notable rivers of North Bengal.

Characteristics of these rivers are as follows—

1. Snowfed rivers: Most of the rivers are snow-fed but some rivers have originated from springs.
2. Follow the slope of land: Rivers flow towards the south and southeast according to the slope of the land.
3. Entry into Bangladesh: Most of the rivers of this region ultimately enter Bangladesh and join the river Jamuna (Brahmaputra). Though some of the rivers also meet the river
Padma.
4. Perenniality: Being snowed, the rivers carry water throughout the year and are thus perennial rivers.
5. Presence of strong currents: The rivers flow rapidly in mountainous regions and have strong currents. So they form narrow V-shaped alleys known as gorges in their course and these strong water currents are tapped for hydroelectric power generation.
6. Proneness to flood: The rivers are prone to flooding as they enter the plains from the mountainous regions.

Question 3 State the characteristics of rivers of the plateau area of West Bengal.
Answer:

The characteristics of the river of the plateau area of West Bengal are:

1. The rivers are the tributaries of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river.
2. The rivers originate from the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
3. The rivers are rainfed and so they remain dry except during the rainy season.
4. The rivers flow from west to east or southeast.

Question 4 Give an account of the rivers of the Rarh Plain and the Gangetic Delta.
Answer:

Rivers of the Rarh Plain: Most of the rivers in this region have their sources in the Chota Nagpur Plateau and they either flow to the east or southeast from the west, following the slope of the land. For example, the Damodar river originates from the Khamarpat Hills of the Palamau district of Jharkhand and meets the Bhagirathi-Hooghly to its east. A branch of river Damodar, known as Mundeswari meets the Rupnarayan river. The combined flow of the Dwarakeswar and Shilabati rivers, after flowing towards the southeast, is known as Rupnarayan which meets the Hooghly river. Other notable rivers of this region include Kangsabati, Ajoy, Bakreswar, Mayurakshi, Dwaraka, etc.

Rivers of Gangetic Delta: The major river of this delta region is the Bhagirathi-Hooghly and its important tributaries are Ichamati, Churni, Jalangi, etc. These rivers flow from north to south over the deltaic plains. Besides, many rivers of the Sunderbans are fed by tidal waters, such as Raimangal, Malta, Gosaba, Bidyadhari, etc.

Question 5 Why are most of the rivers of the plateau region in West Bengal east flowing?
Answer:

Notable rivers of the western plateau of West Bengal are Ajoy, Mayurakshi, Damodar, Rupnarayan, Brahmani, Kopai, Dwarakeswar, Shilabati, etc. Most of the rivers have originated from the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the west and then they flow from west to east in the western plateau region according to the slope of the land.

Most of the rivers meet the river Bhagirathi- Hooghly at different places. The general slope of the western plateau is from west to east. Hence, most of the rivers flow in this direction. These rivers are mainly rainfed in nature. Thus, in the rainy season, most of the rivers cause floods in the adjacent areas due to excessive rainfall.

Question 6 ‘The rivers of the western plateau region of West Bengal dry up during the dry season.’Why?
Answer:

The famous rivers of the western plateau region are the Damodar, Ajoy, Mayurakshi, Kangsabati, etc. The rivers dry up in the dry season because—

1. Rainfed river: Most of the rovers of the plateau area are fed rainwater, so it has water only during the rainy season.

2. High temperature: The temperature of the summer season is about 40°C and hence the rate of evaporation is also very high during this time which leads to the drying up of water bodies.

3. Impact of dams: Various dams and reservoirs have been built in this area, which store the water and also regulates the water flow in rivers. Thus, in the lower courses of the river, the amount of water gets reduced as a result of this.

Question 7 Why was river Damodar called the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’?
Answer:

Damodar Called The ‘Sorrow Of Bengal’:-

Damodar is the main river of the western plateau and the Rarh region. The Damodar river rises in the Khamarpat Hills of the Palamau district of Jharkhand. It flows for a distance of 541km through the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The river has several tributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, etc in its upper course, i.e., in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region. Excessive rainfall in the upper course of the river during monsoon raises the water level in its lower course in West Bengal and floods the adjacent areas.

This used to be a yearly phenomenon in the lower course of the river affecting the districts of Bardhaman, Bankura, Howrah, Hooghly, etc. A huge loss of life and property was the outcome of these floods, especially for the people residing along the banks of the river. This is why river Damodar was called the ‘Sorrow of Bengal’. However, the Damodar Valley Multipurpose Project has hugely helped to regulate the floods.

Question 8 Why Kangsabati is called the ‘Sorrow of Medinipur’?
Answer:

Kangsabati Is Called The ‘Sorrow Of Medinipur’:-

River Kangsabati has its source in the Ajodhya Hills of Purulia and flows through the Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, and Purba Medinipur districts. It meets river Haldi and drains into the Bay of Bengal. Due to a steep gradient in the upper course, the river water does not remain stagnated and flows according to the slope. But the gradient is very low in the lower course i.e., in the Purba Medinipur district, and thus flooding occurs as a result of heavy rainfall in the upper course. Since these floods result in massive destruction of life and property here, Kangsabati is called the ‘Sorrow of Medinipur’.

Question 9 why are ‘khanris’ creeks found in the Sunderban region of West Bengal?
Answer:

The mouth of wide rivers is usually known as ‘khanris’ or creeks. The numerous small channel-like waterbodies in the interior of the Sunderbans are known as ‘khanris’. The sea water enters through these channels into the interiors of Sunderbans as an action of regular tides. The same water again recedes during ebb. This regular advancement and recession of water have led to the formation of permanent channel—like waterbodies of short length called ‘khanris’. The ones that have a longer length are called rivers. E. g., Saptamukhi, Jhilli, etc. The regular tidal action through the mouths of these khanris has led to the widening of the mouths and the gradual narrowing down of these channels towards the interior of the land.

Question 10 Discuss the utilization of waterbodies, rivers, canals, wells, etc.
Answer:

Waterbodies are very important to mankind. The various utilization of waterbodies rivers, canals, wells, etc. are as follows-

1. Agricultural purpose: The state of West Bengal is agriculture oriented. Irrigational practices depend mainly on rivers, canals, etc.

2. Transportation purpose: The river Bhagirathi-Hooghly is an important component of West Bengal’s transportation system.

3. Drinking water and other household purpose: The purified water is utilized for drinking purposes. Other household chores such as cleaning, washing, and cooking also involve the use of water.

4. Industrial purpose: Water from rivers, canals, etc., contribute mostly to the development of the industrial sector and the process of manufacturing in factories. For example, many industries have developed on the banks of the river Hooghly.

5. Plantation: Water is used in social afforestation and agricultural afforestation. Huge amounts of water are used for planting trees in the western plateau region.

6. Generation of electricity: The production of hydroelectric power is done from river dams.
For example, from the waters of Mython, Panchet, and Tilaiya dams on the river Damodar, hydroelectricity is produced.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal various uses of water

 

Question 11 Delineate the multivarious uses of groundwater in West Bengal.
Answer:
The multivarious uses of groundwater in West Bengal are as follows—

1. Agriculture: Groundwater is used in areas where there are no rivers or other water bodies for irrigation.
2. Drinking water: Groundwater is mainly used for drinking purposes.

3. Domestic purpose: Domestic or household works like cooking, washing clothes, cleaning rooms, etc., are done using groundwater.

Question 12 Discuss the disadvantages of excessive utilization of surface water in West Bengal.
Answer:

The disadvantages of excessive utilization of surface water in West Bengal are as follows—

1. Dwindling the number of waterbodies and water scarcity: Excessive use of surface water for several household chores leads to a decrease in the amount of water in the waterbodies and drying up of the existing ones in the dry seasons.

2. Water resources being affected: Excessive use of surface water affects aquatic resources and also disturbs the aquatic ecosystem.

3. Livelihoods affected: People dependent on fisheries and related livelihoods are often affected if the waterbodies dry up or if the aquatic resources are hampered due to excessive use of surface water.

4. Rise in water pollution: Excessive people being dependent on dwindling waterbodies results in aggravated water pollution.

5. Depletion in the groundwater reserve: Excessive use of surface water hampers the recharge of groundwater through seepage. Thus, the level of groundwater decreases and gets polluted as well.

Question 13 What are the disadvantages of excessive use of groundwater?
Answer:

The disadvantages of excessive use of groundwater are as follows—

1. Arsenic contamination: The excessive use of groundwater results in the deposition of fluoride in groundwater and it causes diseases like black foot and cancer. In West Bengal, Nadia, Murshidabad, Uttar, Dakshin Dinajpur, Bardhaman, and Howrah, Hooghly districts are affected by arsenic pollution.

2. Increase of salinity: There is a presence of different types of salt from the rock layers mixed with groundwater. The excessive use of groundwater increases the salinity of the soil. The districts of Nadia and Bardhaman face this problem and there is a scarcity of drinking water over here as a result.

3. Subsidence of land: Excessive withdrawal of underground water leads to the subsidence of land. Kolkata and its adjacent areas are vulnerable to land subsidence in the future due to the excessive withdrawal of groundwater.

4. Depletion in the groundwater level: Unregulated withdrawal 0f groundwater has led to a fall in the groundwater level in most regions of West Bengal.

Question 14 Why is the groundwater level of the western plateau region not high?
Answer:

The groundwater level of Purulia, Bankura ‘ Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum, Jhargraim Paschim Bardhaman i.e.,

The western plateau region is not high because—

1. The rainfall is very low in the plateau area, so the level of groundwater remains low.

2. The slope of the area is from west to east, so it does not allow the water to stand and infiltrate below.

3. The land is made of hard rocks which prevent water infiltration into the lower layers.

Question 15 Why man is responsible for the reduction of the amount of groundwater?
Answer:

The storage of water in permeable rock beds is called groundwater. This groundwater level is decreasing day by day as a result of its withdrawal and exploitation by man for various purposes.

Some of them are—

1. Increased demand for drinking water: Since the population is increasing at a fast pace, the groundwater level is gradually lowering as a result of its uncontrolled withdrawal from wells, tube wells, etc.

2. Urbanisation: Increasing urbanization has led to increased concretization (of roads, pavements, buildings, etc.) and a decrease in open spaces. Hence the rainwater is not able to infiltrate or seep through the rock layers. As a result of this, the groundwater level is depleting day by day.

3. Agriculture: Since cultivation is done throughout the year, even during the dry season (with the help of irrigation—mostly relying on groundwater), the groundwater resources get depleted.

Question 16 Write the differences between rivers of hilly regions and rivers of plateau regions.
Answer:

The differences between rivers of hilly regions and rivers of plateau regions are as follows—

 

Question 17 What are the differences between the rivers of North Bengal and the rivers of South Bengal?
Answer: The differences between the rivers of North Bengal and the rivers of South Bengal are as follows—

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 what is groundwater?
Answer:

Groundwater:-

Groundwater refers to water present underground. When rainwater seeps through the soil layers and gets accumulated under the ground in the permeable rock layers, it is called groundwater.

Question 2 What are the sources of irrigation in West Bengal?
Answer:

Sources Of Irrigation In West Bengal:-

Irrigation in West Bengal is carried out through wells, tube wells, and canals.

Question 3 Why does the river water of Teesta often pose a threat?
Answer:

River Water Of Teesta Often Pose A Threat:-

Teesta is the main river of North Bengal. It is extremely swift-flowing in this mountainous area, but when it enters the plains, the river velocity decreases. This river gets flooded when it is in a spate during the monsoons. The river overflows its banks and floods its adjacent plain lands to a great extent thereby causing much loss to the life and property of the people. This is the reason why the Teesta often poses a threat.

Question 4 Why is the river Bhagirathi-Hooghly called the ‘Lifeline of West Bengal’?
Answer:

River Bhagirathi-Hooghly Called The ‘Lifeline Of West Bengal’:-

The Bhagirathi-Hooghly river is the most significant river in West Bengal. Many tributaries join this river on both banks. This has resulted in the formation of a great plain and delta in the southern part of West Bengal. The plain formed is ideal. cultivation of crops. River Hooghly has an important role to play in supplying water to the industries located on either bank, supplying drinking and domestic water to the towns and cities, supplying water for irrigation to the agricultural fields, and even acting as waterways (river transport). This is the reason why it is called the ‘Lifeline of West Bengal’.

Question 5 Mention two harmful effects of over-exploitation of groundwater.
Answer: Over-exploitation of groundwater has many harmful effects.

Two of its effects are as follows—
1. continuous lowering of groundwater level (both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon),
2. arsenic contamination in groundwater.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. An important river that flows through the Rarh region is—
1. Malta
2. Teesta
3. Damodar
4. Churni

Answer: 3. Damodar

2. A snow-fed river of West Bengal is
1. Ganges
2. Saptamukhi
3. Ajay
4. Kangsabati

Answer: 1. Ganges

3. The source of river Barakar is—
1. Ganga
2. Mahanadi
3. Damodar
4. Teesta

Answer: 3. Damodar

4. The most important river of North Bengal is—
1. Teesta
2. Torsa
3. Balasan
4. Jaldhaka

Answer: 1. Teesta

5. A tributary of the Jaldhaka river is—
1. Rili
2. Sevak
3. Diana
4. Balasan

Answer: 3. Diana

6. An example of a tidal river is—
1. Torsa
2. Ajoy
3. Gosaba
4. Teesta

Answer: 3. Gosaba

7. An example of a perennial river is—
1. Rupnarayan
2. Ichhamati
3. Teesta
4. Subarnarekha

Answer: 3. Teesta

8. This river flows through the West Bengal- Assam boundary—
1. Raidak
2. Sankosh
3. Kalyani
4. Teesta

Answer: 2. Sankosh

9. A river of the Sundarban region is—
1. Teesta
2. Malta
3. Damodar
4. Ajoy

Answer: 2. Malta

10. Left bank tributary of the Bhagirathi river is—
1. Ajoy
2. Mayurakshi
3. Jalangi
4. Damodar

Answer: 3. Jalangi

11. Which river has divided the Darjeeling mountainous region into two types?
1. Torsa
2. Teesta
3. Mahananda
4. Jaldhaka

Answer: 2. Teesta

12. Longest irrigation canal in West Bengal is—
1. Damodar Canal
2. Hijli Canal
3. Medinipur Canal
4. Eden Canal

Answer: 3. Medinipur Canal

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill in the blanks with suitable words


1. Rasulpur river flows through the
KanthiDigha coastal area.

2. A distributary of the Ganga river which enters Bangladesh is Padma

3. Hot springs are found in Bakreshwar in birbhum district of West Bengal.

4. Rivers of North Bengal are snow-fed

5. The northern rivers, being swift flowing, Hydroelectric power generation.

6. Damodar river is called the ‘sorrow of West Bengal’.

7. Teesta river causes destructive

8. Damodar river drains into the Hooghly

9. The rivers of the plateau region are rainfed

10. A right bank tributary of the Teesta river is ranged

13. The Teesta river originates from the jump glacier of Sikkim.

14. A hot spring is located in the Bakreshwar district.

15. Among the rivers of the western plateau region SubarnarekhaS river joins the Bay of Bengal.

16. Damodar river originates from the Khamarpat hills of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

17. Mayurakshi river originates from the strikeout hills of the Chotanagpur plateau.

Chapter 8 West Bengal If The Statement Is True Write’true And If False Write False Against The Following

1. Teesta is a rainfed river of West Bengal. False 

2. The origin of the Damodar river is the Jemu glacier in the Eastern Himalayas. False 

3. The rivers of the Sundarbans are swift-flowing. False 

4. The local name of Kangsabati is ‘Kansai’. True 

5. Rivulets known as ‘khanris’ are noticed along with the rivers of the Sundarban region. True 

6. Hooghly is a tributary of Kangsabati. False 

7. West Bengal is called the ‘Land of Rivers’. False 

8. Brahmani river is called the ‘Sorrow of Medinipur’. True 

9. Water that is released from the Damodar Canal causes floods in the Rarh region. False

10. Haldi river flows through the Paschim Medinipur district. True 

11. An irrigation canal of West Bengal is Kangsabati Dam. True 

12. The origin of the Jaldhaka river is Big Lake. True

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match the left column with the right column

1.

Left column  Right column
1. River of the north A. Malta
2. River of the plateau region B.Teesta
3. River of the plain C. Ajoy
4. River of sundarbans D. Ichamati

Answer: 1-B,2-C,3-D,4-A

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Name two snow-fed rivers of West Bengal.
Answer: Teesta, Mahananda.

Question 2 Which is the longest river in North Bengal?
Answer: Mahananda.

Question 3 What is the combined flow of the Dwarkeshwar and Shilai rivers called?
Answer: Rupnarayan.

Question 4 What is the combined flow of the Kangsabati and Keleghai called?
Answer: Haldi.

Question 5 The Sevoke bridge spans across which river?
Answer: River Teesta.

Question 6 Name a river that flows over the western plateau area.
Answer: Damodar.

Question 7 Name a tributary of the Teesta river.
Answer: Rangpo.

Question 8 Name two rivers of the Sundarbans.
Answer: Malta and Bidyadhari.

Question 9 Name two tributaries of the Damodar river.
Answer: Konar and Barakar.

Question 10 Name two tributaries of the Bhagirathi.
Answer: Mayurakshi and Ajoy.

Question 11 Name a distributary of Damodar.
Answer: Mundeswari.

Question 12 Which river bisects the mountainous area of north Bengal?
Answer: Teesta.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic D Climate Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write a note on the characteristics of the climate of West Bengal. In which region of West Bengal are winter clothes required even in summer?
Answer:

Characteristics of the climate of West Bengal: The main characteristics of the climate of West Bengal are—

1. Change of seasons: The main characteristic of the climate of West Bengal is the season change. Summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter are the four main seasons of West Bengal, that change in a cyclical way. Apart from that, before the arrival of winter, the dewy season is observed is known as late autumn, while spring marks the beginning of summer

2. Extensive impact of tropical monsoon wind: In summer the hot southwestern monsoon winds and in winter the dry north-eastern monsoon winds blow over the state. These two winds bring hot-humid summers and cold-dry winters in West Bengal, respectively.

3. Opposite direction of winds: In West Bengal, the direction of the wind in summer is opposite to the direction of the wind in winter.

4. Wet summer and dry winter: Generally rainfall occurs in summer, so the summer is basically wet and humid. On the other hand, winter is dry in West Bengal. But a little amount of rainfall occurs due to western disturbances.

5. Northern region is rainfall prone: As a result of the southwest monsoon winds, stations in West Bengal receive heavy rainfall in its Northern Himalayan region. The hilly regions of West Bengal receive an average rainfall of 400 cm annually

6. Entire West Bengal except the mountainous region has a moderate type of climate: As the northern part of West Bengal is a mountainous area, summers are pleasant here but winters are bitterly cold. In the rest of West Bengal, the annual range of temperature is not very high. A pleasant climate prevails in the plains and coastal regions. The western plateau area (especially Purulia) experiences high summer temperatures. In the Darjeeling district of the northern mountainous region, summer temperature (16°C) being low, winter clothes are required in the summer as well. The temperature rapidly decreases here at night. Darjeeling in the northern region of West Bengal requires winter clothes even in summer.

Question 2 Give an account of the climatic characteristics of different seasons in West Bengal.
Answer:

The climate of West Bengal in different seasons: Indian Meteorological Department has classified the climate of West Bengal into four types. They are summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter. The late autumn season just before the onset of winter and the spring season just before the onset of summer is also noticeable.

1. Summer:

1. Duration: This season lasts from March to May. As the Sun moves towards the Tropic of Cancer from the Equator, the temperature in West Bengal gradually increases.

2. Characteristics:

1. About 30°C is the standard normal temperature of West Bengal during summer. But in the western plateau region, the temperature reaches up to 45°C. Purulia district Xperience the maximum temperature and a dry hot wind called ‘loo’ is rampant during this season here,
2. Since the mountainous areas have high altitudes, temperatures are low here and the coastal regions experience moderate or maritime climates. The temperature in the mountainous area of Darjeeling is 12°C-18°C.
3. Thunderstorms accompanied by lightning called ‘Kalbaishakhi’ are a common feature that usually occurs during afternoons in the summer season. Rainfall is often accompanied by hailstorms.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal the climatic diversity of west bengal

 

2. Monsoon:

1. Duration: This season lasts from June to September. The rainy season usually convenes in early June. It establishes itself in West Bengal with heavy rainfall, starting from the second week of June with the entry of moisture-laden southwest monsoon wind.

1. Characteristics:

1. Under the influence of the moisture-laden monsoon winds, the highest amount of rainfall is experienced in the mountainous region of the north (an average of about 400 cm),

2. The rainfall amount gradually decreases towards the south. In the plains of North Bengal it is 200-250cm and in the delta region it is 150-200cm. But the coastal regions receive a comparatively higher amount of rainfall,

3. The average rainfall amount in the rainy season is 175 cm in West Bengal,

4. The Highest amount of rainfall is recorded in the Buxaduar region (535cm) and the least amount in the PuruSia district (75 cm). Compared to the summer season, the temperature is quite low during this time.

3. Autumn:

1. Duration: This season lasts from October to November. Autumn arrives when the Sun moves from the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e., at the end of September and the beginning of October.

1. Characteristics:

1. The south-west monsoon winds retreat from West Bengal which results in decreasing amount of rainfall,
2. The average temperature in this season is about 30°C.
3. During the retreating monsoon season, thunderstorms having their origin in the Bay of Bengal are common. These thunderstorms are known as ‘Ashwiner Jhar’.

4. Winter:

1. Duration: Winter in West Bengal lasts from December to February. The sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn during this time.

Characteristics:

1. Cold and dry north-east monsoon winds begin to blow during this period,
2. The temperature of West Bengal is much lower during this time (it is 4°C-7°C in the mountainous region, 16°C and 10°C in the southern and western parts of the state respectively),
3. Generally winter is dry in West Bengal and the weather is stable,
4. Occasionally a little rainfall occurs under the influence of low depressions in northwest India. These are known as ‘western disturbances’.

Question 3 Explain the influence of monsoon winds on the climate of West Bengal.
Answer:

Influence of monsoon Winds on the climate of West Bengal:

Two different types of winds blow over West Bengal—

1. Humid south-west monsoon wind that blows during summer, and
2. Dry northeast monsoon wind that blows during winter. These two winds are mainly responsible for regulating the climate of West Bengal.

1. Change of season:

The climate of West Bengal can be divided into 4 seasons according to the onset and retreat of these two wind systems.

These are—

1. Pre-monsoon or summer season,
2. Monsoon or rainy season when the south-west monsoon winds are active,
3. Retreat of the south-west monsoon winds or autumn season, and
4. Onset of northeast monsoon winds or winter season.

2. Determine climatic characteristics: Not only the demarcation of seasons but also the climatic characteristics of West Bengal are influenced by the nature of monsoon winds.

3. Low temperature during winter: The northeast monsoon winds blow from the north towards the south during winter (from December to February). Since these winds are cold, the temperature drops in West Bengal and it is known as the winter season. Rainfall does not occur in this season as these winds are dry.

4. High temperature during summer: The northeast monsoon winds start retreating from West Bengal at the end of February and the southwest monsoon winds arrive during the interim period (from March to May). As a result, the temperature rises, and this period is known as summer.

5. Excessive rainfall during the rainy season: The southwest monsoon wind blows over West Bengal from June to September. Since this wind is moisture-laden, the sky is overcast and rainfall occurs. This season is called the rainy season or monsoon season.

6. Clear sky during autumn: From October to November, the southwest monsoon winds retreat. As a result, the sky becomes clear and the temperature gradually decreases.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1 Discuss the impact of a season change on human life.
Answer:

The impact of season change is observed not only on the human body and mind but also on the. livelihood and economy of the region.

1. Impact on body and mind: The change of season affects the human body and mind heavily. For example, extremely hot weather brings tiredness and excessive cold temperature causes lethargy.

2. Change in cultivation: Different crops are cultivated in different seasons. For example, vegetables grow well in winter. Winter is also ideal for cultivating ‘Rabi’ crops and the rainy season is for ‘Kharif’ crops.

3. Change in diet: The diet of human beings changes according to the season because people consume seasonal fruits and vegetables available in the market.

4. Change in biological processes: The duration of days and nights vary according to different seasons. Thus, the biological clock of the human body changes accordingly.

5. Impact on festivals and tourism: Durga puja, the main festival of West Bengal, is celebrated in autumn. Picnics, circuses, fairs, etc. are held in winter. All these seasonal activities create employment, that affects human life.
Season change also impacts tourism. For example, hilly regions attract more tourists during winter.

6. Increase of diseases: Several diseases are caused due to season change. For example, colds and coughs during the rainy season chicken pox in spring, etc., are seasonal diseases.

Question 2 What is ‘EI Nino’? What influences does ‘EI Nino’ have on the arrival of monsoon winds in west Bengal?
Answer:

Concept of ‘EI Nino’:

EI Nino’ is a local term meaning ‘Jesus Christ’. The warm current moving towards the south on certain years, in the Pacific Ocean, along eastern Peru, the western part of Ecuador, etc., is called El Nino. Effect of El Nino on the monsoon winds in,

West Bengal: In the years which are affected by El Nino, the southwest monsoon winds become less active, although its direct influence is not fully established. However, a link always exists between the occurrence of the El Nino phenomena and the prevalence of drought, conditions in India. Since the southwest monsoon winds blow over West Bengal, along with the entire Indian subcontinent in general, El Nino influences the climate of West Bengal too. It is commonly seen that El Nino years coincide with drought conditions in West Bengal.

Question 3 Discuss the main climatic factors of West Bengal.
Answer:

The main climatic factors of West Bengal are—

1. Tropic of Cancer: Since the Tropic of Cancer (2334° N) passes through West Bengal, the state (except the mountainous region of Darjeeling) is warm in nature.

2. Monsoon winds: The moisture-laden southwest monsoon winds blow over West Bengal during the rainy season causing widespread rainfall. Again, the dry north-east monsoon winds blow over the state causing no rainfall. These winds are cold since they arrive from mountainous areas. Thus, West Bengal experiences cold weather devoid of rainfall during the winter months.

3. Altitude of the land: There is an inverse relationship between altitude and temperature. With every 1000 meters of ascent, the temperature drops at the rate of 6.4°C, and hence the temperature decreases with an increase in altitude. Since the Himalayan mountain regions are greater in altitude as compared to the plains, they have much lower temperatures.

4. Location of the Bay of Bengal: Since the Bay of Bengal lies to the south of West Bengal, it has a moderate climate with no extreme temperature.

5. Location of the Himalayan mountains: The Himalayas are aligned from west to east across the northern part of the state. On one hand, it is responsible for causing rainfall (relief or orographic rainfall), while on the other, it acts as a barrier and prevents the cold winds (north-east monsoon winds) from blowing over the state during the winter months of hilly region and the climate of the plateau.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal direction of monsoon winds in west bengal

Question 4 Write the differences between the climate of the hilly region and the climate of the coastal region.
Answer:

The differences between the climate of the hilly region and that of the plateau region are as follows –

Point of difference                   The climate of the hilly region The climate of Platean region
1. Temperature The average summer temperature is 16*C and the average winter temperature is 4 degrees C-5’C. The average summer temperature is 40’C and the average winter temperature is 100 ‘C-12’C
2. Rainfall The annual amount of rainfall in this region is more than 400 cm. The annual amount of rainfall in this region is between lOOcm-lSO cm.
3. Relative humidity The relative humidity of this region is high throughout the year. The relative humidity of this region is low throughout the year, except rainy season.
4. Nature of climate  Wet and cold temperate climate prevails in this region. A dry and extreme type of climate prevails in this region.

 

Question 5 Write the difference between the climate of the hilly region and the climate of the coastal region.
Answer:

The differences between the climate of the hilly region and the climate of the coastal region are as follows—

Point of difference  The climate of the hilly region The climate of the coastal region
 1. Temperature  The average summer temperature is 16 C    and the average winter temperature is 4’C-S’C. The climate in coastal region’s Average summer temperature is 30C and the average winter temperature is 25C.
2. Rainfall Annual rainfall is 400 cm in this region. Annual rainfall is 200 cm in this region
3. Cyclone In this climate, cyclones generally do not occur. In this climate, cyclones occur during autumn.
4. Snowfall. Occasionally snowfall and hailstorms occur in the winter and summer seasons respectively. Occasionally hailstorm summer season but snowfall never occurs.
5. Fog. Foggy weather prevails most of the time of the year. foggy weather prevails only in winter seasons

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 How many seasons are observed in West Bengal?
Answer:

Seasons Observed In West Bengal:-

There are 4 seasons in West Bengal. They are summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter.

Question 2 What do you mean by western disturbance?
Answer:

Western Disturbance:-

During winter, cyclonic storms originating in the Mediterranean region, cause low pressure and sudden winter rain in northwest India. Such a weather phenomenon is called a western disturbance.

Question 3 What is ‘Ashwiner Jhar’?
Answer:

Ashwiner Jhar:-

Generally, West Bengal does not experience rainfall during autumn. But sometimes the cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal during autumn cause thunderstorms. This is known as ‘Ashwiner Jhar’.

Question 4 What is’Kalbaisakhi’?
Answer:

Kalbaisakhi:-

During the early summer months, West Bengal and its adjoining areas are affected by thunderstorms and even hail storms, especially in the late afternoons. These storm winds blow from the northwest direction and thus are known as ‘Norwester’ or ‘Kalbaisakhi’.

Question 5 Where does snowfall occur in West Bengal?
Answer: The northern part of West Bengal, i.e., the Himalayan mountainous region experiences snowfall due to higher altitude, as the temperature decreases to below freezing point.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]z

 

Write the correct answer the given alternatives

1. The region receiving the heaviest rainfall in West Bengal is—
1. Coastal Area Of Digha
2. Northern Mountainous Region
3. Western Plateau Region
4. Sundarbans Region

Answer: 2. Northern Mountainous Region

2. The coldest district of West Bengal is—
1. Cooch Behar
2. Darjeeling
3. Purulia
4. Nadia

Answer: 2. Darjeeling

3. The factor which has an impact on the human body and mind is—
1. Ebb And Tide
2. Change Of Seasons
3. Daily Apparent Speed Of The Earth’s Rotation With Respect To The Sun
4. Change In Duration Of Day And Night

Answer: 2. Change Of Seasons

4. Rainfall in West Bengal is caused by the—
1. South-West monsoon winds
2. South-East monsoon winds
3. North-West monsoon winds
4. North-East monsoon winds

Answer: 1. South-West monsoon winds

5. Another name for Kalbaisakhi is—
1. Norwester
2. Tornado
3. Mango Shower
4. burst of monsoon

Answer: 1. Norwester

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. The ‘Ashwiner Jhar’ storm occurs in West Bengal during autumn

2. The driest district of West Bengal is Purulia.

3. The duration of summer winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal cause rainfall all over West Bengal.

4. Monsoon seasons are mainly observed in West Bengal.

6. The wettest district of West Bengal is four

7. Climate of West Bengal’s season can be seen from December in Tropical monsoon nature.

8. Winter seasons can be seen from December to February in West Bengal.

Chapter 8 West Bengal If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False Write False Against The Following

1. Rainfall in West Bengal occurs due’ to south-west monsoon winds. True 

2. Rainy season prevails in West Bengal from June to September. True 

3. The driest district of West Bengal is Bankura. False

4. West Bengal experiences a cold temperate type of climate. False

5. The storms that occur during autumn in West Bengal are called the ‘Aswiner Jhar’ storms. False

6. Being at a higher altitude Darjeeling has a moderate type of climate. True 

7. Trade wind controls the climate of West Bengal. False

8. Most of the rainfall in West Bengal occurs due to the effect of southwest monsoon winds. False

9. The number of rainfall increases from the Darjeeling mountain region to the river Ganges. True 

10. In the Month of July, the wind blows mainly from the south-eastern direction in West Bengal. False

11. Meaning of monsoon is stormy wind. True

12. Meaning of monsoon in a stormy wind. False

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match The Left Column With The Right Column

Left column  Right column 
1. Extremely hot A. Darjeeling
2. Extremely cold B.Purulia
3. Extremely dry C. Buxaduar
4. Extremely humid D. Asansol

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer in one Or Two words

Question 1 Which area in West Bengal receives the maximum rainfall?
Answer: Buxaduar in Alipurduar.

Question 2 Which is the hottest district in West Bengal?
Answer: Bankura.

Question 3 Which wind influences West Bengal’s climate the most?
Answer: Monsoon wind,

Question 4 Which is the most famous animal of falda para National Park?
Answer: One-horned rhinoceros.

Question 5 In West Bengal, when do western disturbances occur?
Answer: Winter.

Question 6 Which two districts in West Bengal have laterite soil?
Answer: Purulia and Jhargram.

Question 7 Name two trees of the Western Plateau region.
Answer: Arjun and should.

Question 8 Name two -trees belonging to the plain region.
Answer: Mango and Jamun.

Question 9 Which district of West Bengal experiences cyclones frequency?
Answer: Purba Medinipur.

Question 10 What are the seasons of West Bengal?
Answer: Summer, monsoon, autumn, and winter.

 

Chapter 8 Topic E Soil And Natural Vegetation Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write the classification of soil in West Bengal and describe them in brief.
Answer:

Classification of soil in West Bengal:

According to soil scientists soil is formed by the combined effect of climate, biosphere, relief, parental rock, and time. For the variation of these soil-forming elements, the soil of West Bengal can be classified into different types.

They are—

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west Bengal soil of west Bengal

1. Soil of hilly region:

1. Location: This type of soil is mostly found in the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, parts of Cooch Behar, etc.

2. Characteristics:

1. This is a type of podsol soil,
2. This soil is mostly brown in color,
3. The fertility of this soil is medium.
4. Crops produced: Tea, orange, cinchona, etc. are cultivated in this soil.

2. Soil of terai region:

1. Location: This type of soil is found at the foothills of the Himalayas.

2. Characteristics:

1. This type of soil is full of pebbles,
2. This soil is grey in color,
3. The soil fertility is medium.

3. Crops produced: Paddy, wheat, tea, and potato are cultivated in this soil.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal distribution of soils of west bengal

 

3. Soil of plateau region:

1. Location: This soil is mostly found in Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum, Paschim Bardhaman, Paschim Medinipur, Jhargram, and Dakshin Dinajpur.

3. Characteristics:

1. In this region, mostly two types of soil are found laterite soil at the west and red soil at the east,
2. Laterite soil is red in color and hard as a brick. This soil is infertile and the water holding capacity is very low.
3. Red soil is also red in color. The texture of this soil is fine and the iron content is very high. The water holding capacity of this soil is low and that is why for cultivation irrigation is very important.

3. Crops produced: Paddy (in a small amount), corn, potato, tobacco, etc. are the main crops produced.

4. Soil of the plain region:

1. Location: This type of soil is mostly found in Uttar Dinajpur, Murshidabad, Nadia, Purba Bardhaman, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, etc.

2. Characteristics:

1. This type of soil is mostly acidic in nature,
2. This soil is mainly formed by the deposition of rivers. So, the amount of silt, sand, and clay is high ‘in this soil,
3. This is fertile soil, mostly known as sedimentary soil or alluvial soil,
4. The old sedimentary soil is red in color and less fertile. On the other hand, new sedimentary soil is brown in color and more fertile.

3. Crops produced: Paddy, wheat, jute, sugarcane, etc. are the main crops.

5. Soil of coastal region:

1. Location: This type of soil is mainly found in the Sundarbans and Kanthi coastal regions in West Bengal.

2. Characteristics:

1. This soil is saline in nature,
2. The texture of this soil is very fine,
3. Water holding capacity of this soil is low.
4. This soil is black in color and infertile in nature.

3. Crops produced: In this soil, the amount of salt is very high. That is why, with the help of rainwater harvesting the salinity of the soil is controlled which helps to cultivate crops like paddy (in a small amount), vegetables, coconut, betel nut, watermelon, etc.

Question Describe the natural vegetation of west Bengal.

Answer:

Natural Vegetation of West Bengal:

West Bengal is a monsoon-dominated state. So, the natural vegetation is directly influenced by the monsoon climate.

1. Vegetation of northern hilly region:

Location: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, Kalimpong districts.

3. Evergreen trees: These trees are grown up to an altitude of 1000 m from the foothills. The main trees in this category are sal, Segun, Shishu, Marjan, bamboo, etc.

2. Temperate deciduous and coniferous trees: Temperate forest is found mainly between 1000m to 3000m altitude. Between this region, deciduous trees are grown in the lower altitudes, and coniferous trees are grown in the upper altitudes. The important trees of this region are oak, maple, pine, spruce, deodar, birch, etc.

3. Alpine trees: These trees are grown between 3000 m and 4000 m of altitude. The mostly found trees are silver pine, rhododendron, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west Bengal natural vegetation of west Bengal

2. Vegetation of northern terai and doors region:

3. Location: Terai and doors regions of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, and Alipurduar districts.

3. Characteristics:

1. Due to the high amount of rainfall, the trees are evergreen in nature,
2. The forest is concentrated at the foothills of the mountains.

3. Main trees: Sal, Segun, Khair, cane, bamboo, etc.

3. Vegetation of the western plateau region:

3. Location: Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Paschim Bardhaman, Jhargram, the western part of Birbhum district, etc.

3. Characteristics:

1. Trees of this region lose their leaves in the dry season,
2. This forest is called a deciduous forest,
3. This forest is not dense.

3. Main trees: Arjun, shimul, sal, Palash, mahua, etc.

4. Vegetation of plain region:

3. Location: Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, North and South 24 Parganas Purba and Paschim Medinipur, Purba Bardhaman, Howrah and Birbhum districts.

3. Characteristics:

1. The forest in this region is dispersed in nature,
2. Trees are mainly deciduous in nature,
3. Trees are medium in size and they are mainly hardwood trees
4. This forest has been mostly cleared because of population and agriculture.

3. Main trees: Banyan, mango, tamarind, bel, Jamun, asthma, jackfruit, etc.

5. Vegetation of the delta region:

1. Location: North and South 24 Parganas, the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal

2. Characteristics:

1. These trees are mainly grown in saline soil.
2. They have breathing roots and stilt roots.
3. Viviparous germination is found in these trees.
4. These trees are commonly known as mangrove trees.

3.Main trees: Sundari, garart, geoa, (netal, hogla, keora, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal distribution of natural vegetation of west bengal

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Type Questions

Question 1 Differentiate between the natural vegetation of the northern hilly region and the natural vegetation of the coastal region of West Bengal.
Answer:

Differences between the natural vegetation of the northern hilly region and the coastal region of West Bengal are as follows—

 

Point of difference The natural vegetation of the northern hilly region The natural vegetation of the coastal region
1. Location This type of vegetation can be seen in the Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Alipurduar districts in the northern part of West Bengal. This type of vegetation can be seen in the deltaic part of North and South 24 Parganas and coastal areas of Paschim Medimpur district in the southern pan of West Bengal.
2. Nature of Vegetation Evergreen trees like Shishu. Marjan, sal, teak, bamboo, etc grow in the Himalayan foothills upto 1000 m altitude, mu forest of evergreen and deciduous trees like oak, maple, laurel, etc, grow between 1000 m-2500 m altitude, and coniferous trees like pine, fir. deodar, etc cover the mountain slope between 2500 m-<1000 m altitude, and alpine meadows lie above 4000m altitude of this hilly region. Mangrove vegetation like Sundari, Garan, gewa, hental, etc grow in the active deltaic region of West Bengal This is the largest mangrove forest in India, popularly known as Sundarbans. Trees like eucalyptus and Casuarina (locally called Jha). etc are seen in the sandy region of Purba Mcdmipur.
3. Characteristics These trees are tall, use of the leaves decreases gradually with height. These trees are short, they have breathing roots to absorb oxygen from the atmosphere and stilted roots to support the main trunk Site of the leaves is small in most of the trees.

 

Question 2 What are the differences between the natural vegetation of the hilly region and the hilly vegetation plateau region of West Bengal?
Answer:

Differences between the natural vegetation of the hilly region and the natural plateau region are as follows—

 

Point of difference  The natural vegetation of the hilly region The natural vegetation of the plateau region
1. Nature In the hilly region, natural vegetation changes with the change of elevation. Alpine meadows lie above 4000 m altitude, coniferous forests lie between 2500m-4000m altitude, mixed forests of evergreen and deciduous trees grow between 1000m-2500m altitude and hardwood broadleaved evergreen trees lie at the foothills of Himalayas upto 1000 m altitude. Homogeneity of climate can be seen in the plateau region, which is favorable for the growth of deciduous trees such as mahua, sal, tendu, Irish, Palash, shim, etc. The trees grow in a scattered manner and have a mix of broad and small leaves.
2. Diversity of leaves The amount of temperature and rainfall decreases gradually from the foothills to higher altitudes. As a result, the trees of the foothills have broad leaves and their size decreases with height. In this region, trees have both broad and small leaves and they lose their leaves seasonally.
3. Amount and Density This type of natural vegetation covers 60% of the total vegetation of West Bengal. The density of this forest is high. In the plateau region, the amount and density of the forest are very low.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What type of soil is found in the plains of West Bengal?
Answer: In the plain region of West Bengal, river-borne fertile silt and silty loam soil are found.

Question 2 Where is saline soil found in West Bengal?
Answer: Saline soil is found in the active delta (Sundarban) region of the southern part of West Bengal.

Question 3 State the characteristics of mangrove forests.
Answer: some of the characteristics of mangrove forests are as follows—

1. The trees have stilt roots to hold them firmly on the soil even during tidal surges.
2. Since the trees are often immersed in tidal waters, they have aerial roots or pneumatophores, which help in the process of respiration.
3. The trees carry out viviparous germination.
4. These trees are evergreen in nature.

Question 4 What is gully or khoai erosion?
Answer: Red soil-rich region in and around Shantiniketan in the Birbhum district is prone to continuous rill, gully, sheet, and ravine erosions. Therefore, the elevation of the land is decreasing day by day, which further leads to the formation of various landforms.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. Dry deciduous forest is seen in the—
1. mountainous regions
2. plateau regions
3. plain regions
4. delta region

Answer: 2. plateau regions

2. Plants with round leaves are found in—
1. Purulia
2. Jalpaiguri
3. Malda
4. Sundarbans

Answer: 4. Sundarbans

3. Soil type of the mountainous region is suitable for growing—
1. Plum
2. Jackfruit
3. Custard Apple
4. Orange

Answer: 4. Orange

4. Khadar is the name for
1. New Alluvial Soil
2. Laterite Soil
3. Podsolsoil
4. Old Alluvial Soil

Answer: 1. New Alluvial Soil

5. Podsol is found in West Bengal in —
1. Mountainous Region
2. Plateau Region
3. Plain Region
4. Coastal Region

Answer: 1. Mountainous Region

6. Soil of the western plateau region is—
1. Terai Soil
2. Laterite Soil
3. Red Soil
4. Alluvial Soil

Answer: 2. Laterite Soil

7. Colour of the soil of the mountainous region in West Bengal is—
1. Red
2. Brown
3. Black
4. White

Answer: 2. Brown

8. A hard crust that forms at the topmost layer of laterite soil is called —
1. Later
2. Hotspot
3. Duricrust
4. Pancake

Answer: 3. Duricrust

9. The color of laterite soil is red due to—
1. Lack Of Rainfall
2. Gradual Deposition Of Organic Material
3. Deposition Of Iron Compound
4. Excessive Use Of Manure

Answer: 3. Deposition Of Iron Compound

10. Type of natural vegetation in Sundarbans is—
1. Coniferous
2. Deciduous
3. Cactus
4. Mangrove

Answer: 4. Mangrove

11. Gorumara is a—
1. Hill Station
2. Sea Beach
3. Educational Centre
4. Sanctuary

Answer: 4. Sanctuary

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill In The Blanks

1. Extensive occurrence of sudden trees has led to the etymology of ‘Sundari’.

2. Stilt roots and pneumatophores are found in mangrove forests.

3. Rhododendron is an alpine tree.

4. Saline soil is found in the coastal region of West Bengal.

5. Laterite soil is red in color.

6. Soil is very fertile in the plain region.

Chapter 8 West Bengal If The Statement Is True to Write True And If False Write False Against The Following

1. Laterite soil is found in the Rarh region. True 

2. Pneumatophores are found in Sundari trees. True 

3. Coastal soil is favorable for coconut cultivation. True 

4. The saline soil of Sundarbans is alkaline in nature. True 

5. Khoai erosion is seen in the Rarh region. False

6. Podsol soil is found in the Bankura and Purulia districts of West Bengal. True 

7. Goran tree is found in the western plateau region of West Bengal. False

8. Natural vegetation of Sundarbans is called mangrove forest. True

9. Laterite soil is ideal for cultivation. False

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match the left column with the right column

1.

 

Left Column Right Column
1.  Podsol soil A. Gangetlc plain
2.  Laterite soil B. Northern hilly region
3. Saline soil C.  Coastal plain
4. Alluvial soil D. Western plateau region

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-C,4-A

2.

Left Column Right Column
1.  Pine A. Dry deciduous forest
2.  Golpata B.  Evergreen forest
3.  Shishu C.  Mangrove forest
4.  Palash D.  Coniferous forest

Answer: 1-B,2-D,3-C,4-A

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer In Or Two Words

Question 1 Which region of West Bengal accounts for the maximum forest cover?
Answer: Northern hilly region.

Question 2 Which district accounts for the maximum forest cover in West Bengal?
Answer: Darjeeling.

Question 3 What is the color of mountainous soil?
Answer: Brown.

Question 4 Where did the name ‘Sundarbans’ originate from?
Answer: Sundari trees.

Question 5  What is the type of soil in the plain region?
Answer: Fertile alluvial soil.

Question 6 Where is the saline soil found in West Bengal?
Answer: Southern coastal area of the active delta.

Question 7 Which place in West Bengal has been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Answer: Sundarbans.

Question 8 Name one sanctuary of West Bengal.
Answer: Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary.

Question 9 Name two districts of West Bengal where laterite soil is found.
Answer: Purulia and Jhargram.

Question 10 Name a tree found in the plains of West Bengal.
Answer: Mango tree.

Question 11 Name one sanctuary of West Bengal.
Answer: Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary.

Question 12 Which animal is the forest in Jaldapara famous for?
Answer: One-horned rhino.

Chapter 8 west Bengal Topic F Agriculture

Question 1 What are the characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal?
Answer: Characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal: Climate of West Bengal is tropical monsoon type. The impact of monsoon is great on the agricultural practices of West Bengal.

Characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal are—

1. Monsoon-dependent agriculture: Agricultural practices of West Bengal are largely dependent on the southwest monsoon wind. The Kharif crops are cultivated based on the arrival of monsoon rain. Thus crop cultivation is hampered because of the uncertainty of the monsoon rain.

2. Intensive agriculture: The population density of West Bengal is very high. Therefore, the demand for food is also very high. That is why intensive agriculture is practiced in West Bengal.

3. Labour-intensive agriculture: The agricultural practices of West Bengal are labor-intensive since the use of machines is minimal. The farmers cultivate their fields with outdated implements like plows and bullocks.

4. Livelihood-based agriculture: The agricultural practices of West Bengal are for the livelihood of the people. The cultivated crops are consumed by the farmers themselves since the surplus is very less.

5. Crop rotation system: The crop rotation system is followed to retain the fertility of the soil. A single piece of land is thus cultivated more than once to produce various crops.

6. Importance of paddy cultivation: Since rice is the staple food of the people of West Bengal, paddy is cultivated in abundance. Moreover, the fertile silty soil of the delta regions as well as the warm and humid climate is conducive for paddy cultivation.

7. Development of irrigation and cultivation of rabi crops: In winter, rabi crops are cultivated with the help of irrigation. The productivity of rabi crops is increased with the help of irrigation by wells, tube-wells, and canals. The capacity of irrigation has been increased which facilitates productivity.

8. Production of fishing and poultry farming besides crop cultivation: Since the main food of West Bengal comprises fish, egg, meat, etc., poultry farming is gaining importance along with pisciculture besides the cultivation of crops.

9. Agricultural development programs: The development of agriculture has increased with the help of five-year plans and a 3-tier Panchayat Management System.

10. Forecast of Green Revolution: After Greem Revolution, many modern measures have been taken in the agricultural practice of West Bengal. It helps to increase the production of crops in West Bengal.

Question 2 Give an account of the main agricultural crops of West Bengal.
Answer: Main agricultural crops of West Bengal: The fertile silty soil is found almost everywhere in West Bengal except the hilly and plateau regions. This soil has a great influence on agricultural productivity in West Bengal. The main agricultural crops of West Bengal are

Paddy: West Bengal holds the first position in terms of the production of paddy in India. About 91% of food grains in West Bengal are comprised of paddy.

Areas of cultivation: Purba Bardhaman, Murshidabad, Birbhum, Bankura, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, South 24 Parganas, Purba Medinipur, Cooch Behar, Uttar Dinajpur, etc. are the main paddy producing districts of West Bengal.

Types of paddy: Based on the seasonal characteristics, three types of paddy are cultivated in West Bengal.

These are—
1. Aman,
2. Aus and
3. Boro.

1. Aman: This type of paddy is sown in July and harvested in November. Aman is cultivated in Birbhum and Bardhaman (previous) districts.

2. Aus: This variety of paddy is sown in April-May and harvested in August.

3. Boro: This type of paddy is sown in November-December and harvested in March-April.

2. Jute: West Bengal is one of the most ” important centers of jute production in India. Jute is the most important cash crop of West Bengal. So, jute cultivation influences the economy of West Bengal on a large scale.
Areas of cultivation: Howrah, Hooghly, Uttar, Dakshin Dinajpur, Murshidabad, and Malda are the major jute-producing areas of West Bengal.

3. Tea: West Bengal holds the second position in terms of the production of tea, and is quite consistent in its productivity. Tea cultivation is largely practiced in the hilly slopes of the northern regions.

Areas of cultivation: Best quality tea is produced in Darjeeling in West Bengal. Important tea-producing centers of Darjeeling are Happy Valley, Kurseong, Makaibari, Bijanbari, etc. Tea is also produced in the foothills of the Himalayas of the Dooars region. Important tea-producing centers of Dooars are Mai, Binaguri, Madarihat, Chelsea, Naxalbari, Kumargram, Nagarkata, etc.

Different types of crops that are cultivated in West Bengal can be classified as follows—

Type of Crops Examples
 1. Food grains  Paddy, wheat, corn, lentils, etc.
2. Plantation crops Tea, cinchona, indigo, etc.
3. Fibre crops Jute, shon, mesta, etc.
4. Fruits Mango, jackfruit, papaya, banana, litchi, pineapple, guava, etc.
5. Vegetables Potato, onions, stripped gourd, cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, ridge gourd, etc.
6. Other crops Coconut, pan/betel leaf, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tobacco, oil seeds, etc.

 

Question 3 Give an account of rice-producing of paddy-producing regions of West Bengal. What are the conducive factors for the cultivation of paddy or rice?
Answer: Rice-producing regions of West Bengal: The staple diet of most of the people of West Bengal is rice. Intensive cultivation is practiced in West Bengal. The same piece of land is utilized for growing different types of paddy like ‘Aus’, ‘Aman’, and ‘Boro’, based on seasonal characteristics. Moreover, high- a yielding variety of seeds like, ‘Jaya’, ‘Ratna’, ‘Padma’, etc. are cultivated to reap maximum productivity from the land.
Almost in every district of West Bengal paddy is cultivated. On the basis of the amount of production, the rice-producing regions can be divided into two types.

These are—

1. Primary rice-producing regions: Purba and Paschim Bardhaman, Nadia, Birbhum, Hooghly, Howrah, North 24 Parganas, Malda, Murshidabad, Purba, and Paschim Medinipur, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur, etc. are the main rice producing areas.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal rice producing regions of west bengal

2. Secondary rice-producing regions: Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Purulia, South 24 Parganas, Jhargram, etc. are the secondary rice-producing areas.

Conducive factors for the cultivation of paddy are—

1. Natural/Physical factors:

1. Rainfall: High amount of rainfall is needed during paddy cultivation. Annual rainfall of 150-200 cm is suitable.
However, if annual rainfall is below 100 cm, irrigation is necessary. Thus, paddy cultivation in West Bengal mainly depends on rainfall.

2. Temperature: About 10°C-20°C temperature is needed from the time of planting to the time of sapling. 35°C – 37°C temperature is needed at the time of harvesting.

3. Soil: Fertile silty or alluvial soil is needed for paddy cultivation. Besides, loamy, clayey and sandy soils, laterite soil of the ‘Terai’ and hilly soil are also suitable for paddy cultivation.

4. Land: Though all types of land are suitable, plains which are flat are ideal for paddy cultivation. This is the reason why riverine flood plains are ideal for paddy cultivation.

2. Man-made factors:

1. Labour: Being a labor-intensive cultivation, the densely populated regions produce more paddy.

2. Transport: Since rapid and developed modes of transport are needed, areas having such facilities are ideal for paddy cultivation.

3. Demand: Demand is high, particularly in the densely populated region and paddy cultivation has gained much importance here.

Question 4 What are Jute producing districts 3.a1. ;0f west Bengal? Write about the factors that influence jute production.
Answer: Jute-producing districts of West Bengal: Jute is one of the main cash crops of West Bengal. It is a fiber crop and West Bengal is the largest producer of this crop.

Jute-producing districts of West Bengal are—

1. Primary jute-producing districts: Nadia, Murshidabad, North and South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, etc. are the main jute-producing districts of West Bengal.

2. Secondary jute-producing districts: Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, Malda, Uttar, and Dakshin Dinajpur, Purba Medinipur, Purba Bardhaman, etc. are the secondary jute-producing districts of West Bengal.

Factors influencing jute production: Factors that influence jute production in West Bengal are—

1. Physical factors:
1. Temperature: About 22°C-35°C temperature is needed for jute cultivation.

2. Humidity: Humidity for jute cultivation must be within 57%-97%.

3. Rainfall: About 100 cm-200 cm of rainfall is needed for jute cultivation. Less than 100 cm of rainfall may disrupt production.

3. Land: Flat and fertile land with proper irrigation facilities is needed for jute cultivation. Because waterlogged land is harmful to jute plants.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal jute producing regions of west bengal

2. Man-made factors:

1. Labour: Sufficient number of labor is required for jute cultivation.

2. Fertilizers: Fertilizers that are made of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus are good for jute production. Proper use of fertilizer and pesticides are also required.

3. Transport: Jute is a cash crop and proper transport facilities are needed for commercial benefits.

4. Other: Market demand for jute products is also an important factor. Jute products are biodegradable and eco-friendly. Nowadays demand for jute is huge.

 

Question 5 Mention the tea-producing regions of West Bengal. Describe the conducive factors for tea cultivation.
Answer: Tea-producing regions of West Bengal: Tea is a mild beverage and is a commercial/cash crop. Tea plantations are mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions. West Bengal ranks second in the production of tea in India.

Tea-producing regions of West Bengal can be classified into— 1. primary and 2. secondary regions.

1. Primary tea-producing regions:
Best-quality flavored tea is produced in the Darjeeling district. Along the hilly slopes ranging between 900 m to 2000 m altitude, terraces have been made for tea plantations. The most important tea producers here are Happy Valley, Sukhiapokhri, Kurseong, Makaibari, Bijanbari, etc.

2. Secondary tea-producing regions: Some other tea plantations are seen in Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and the foothills of the Himalayas in the district of Alipurduar. Tea is also produced in the foothills of the Himalayas of the Dooars region. Important tea-producing centers of Dooars are Mai, Binaguri, Madarihat, Chelsea, Naxalbari, Kumargram, Nagarkata, etc.

Conducive factors for tea cultivation: Conducive factors for the cultivation of tea can be grouped into—

1. Physical environment: The important factors are—

1. Relief: Relief is an important factor in the cultivation of tea. Sloping land where water does not stand is required for tea cultivation and that is why hilly slopes are ideal locations. Since hilly soil areas are prone to erosion, terraces have been prepared along the contours for tea plantations.

2. Climate: Hot and wet climates having a high amount of rainfall are necessary since they influence the flavor, color, and taste of tea. Rainfall ranging between 150 cm and 200 cm, an average annual temperature of 20°C-30°C, and a summer temperature of 27°C, is ideal for southwest monsoon. This wind is uncertain thus causing flood or drought. Therefore, irrigation is important to reduce the uncertainty of agriculture in West Bengal. for tea cultivation. Snowfall is harmful to tea plantations.

3. Soil: Fertile, acidic, iron and manganese-bearing soils are ideal for tea cultivation. However, sufficient amounts of nitrogen, zinc, and potassium are also needed.

2. Man-made factors: Some of the important man-made factors are—

1. Capital: Capital is needed for the maintenance of tea gardens, labor wages, implements fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

2. Labour: Skilled workers are required to pick tea leaves. A large number of laborers are required for the tea
processing work.

3. Transport: Developed transport system is essential for exporting after processing it (since tea plantations are
located in hilly areas).

4. Others: Besides the above factors, advanced technology, demand for tea, administrative facilities, market, etc.,

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Classify the agricultural crops that are Produced in west Bengal.
Answer: Agricultural crops that are produced in West Bengal can be classified on a different basis.

They are—

1. On the basis of the season: On the basis of season, the crops of West Bengal can be classified into three types—

1. Kharif crops: Crops like a man (a type of Paddy), jute, sugarcane, etc. that are sown in the rainy season and harvested in winter are called Kharif crops.

2. Rabi crops: Crops like wheat, barley, jowar, gram, potato, etc. that are sown in winter and harvested at the beginning of summer are called rabi crops.

3. Zaid crops: Crops like maize, groundnut, vegetables, and fruits that are sown in spring i.e. month of February-March, and harvested at the beginning of monsoon i.e., the month of June are called Zaid crops.

2. On the basis of use: On the basis of use, the crops of West Bengal can be classified into two types—

1. Food crops: Amongst the agricultural crops rice, wheat, barley, maize, etc. are called food crops, because these crops are cultivated mainly to use as food.

3. Commercial crops: Agricultural crops like tea, jute, etc. are cultivated mainly to sell in the market for profit. These crops are called commercial crops.

They are three types—

1. Plantation crops: Crops that are cultivated in a large garden or estate with the help of modern technology, mainly for export are called plantation crops. Examples—are tea, coffee, rubber, etc.

2. Fibre crops: Crops that are cultivated for the production of fiber or thread are called fiber crops. Examples—are cotton, jute, mesta, etc.

3. Horticulture: Horticulture is the cultivation of fruits, flowers, and vegetables with the help of modern technology.

Question 2 What is the importance of irrigation in West Bengal?
Answer: Irrigation is one of the key components for agricultural development in West Bengal, because—

1. To reduce the uncertainty of monsoon: In West, Bengal rainfall is dependent mainly on the southwest monsoon. This wind is uncertain thus causing flood or drought. Therefore, irrigation is important to reduce the uncertainty of agriculture in West Bengal.

2. For cultivation of rabi crops: Winter is almost dry in West Bengal. At this time irrigation is needed for the cultivation of rabi crops.

3. For cultivation of a high-yielding variety of crops: To fulfill the need for food for the growing population of West Bengal, cultivation of a high-yielding variety of crops is necessary. For this adequate amount of water is required throughout the year. That is why irrigation is important in West Bengal to maintain the water supply.

4. To reduce spatial variation of water holding capacity of soil: Different types of soil are found in different districts of West Bengal. Each of the soil has a different texture, which affects its water-holding capacity. Coarse-textured soil has a poor water-retaining capacity, that needs proper irrigation for cultivation.

5. For water supply in dry region: The Western Plateau region of West Bengal receives less amount of rainfall. That is why irrigation is important in this region of West Bengal for cultivation throughout the year.

Question 3 ‘The plain region of West Bengal is ideal for paddy and jute cultivation/— Explain.
Answer: In the plain region of West Bengal comprising Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Purba, Bardhaman, Hooghly, North and South 24 Parganas districts, production of jute and paddy are quite high.

Because—

1. Extensive plain land: Plain and flat land is needed for the cultivation of paddy and jute. Thus, plain areas are better for cultivation than the hilly and plateau regions.

2. Fertile soil: The fertile silty soil is ideal for the cultivation of paddy and jute and this type of soil is found in the plain region (including the Gangetic plain) of West Bengal.

3. Availability of labor: The availability of cheap labor is important for the cultivation of paddy and jute. Since the plains are densely populated, labor is abundant and readily available.

Question 4 ‘Agriculture in the Terai region is not developed’—Explain why.
Answer: The Terai region comprises the subdivisions of Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, and Alipurduar. The area is made up of Unconsolidated sediments. The average altitude of the area ranges from 75 m to 150 m above sea level. Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh, Mahananda, etc., deposit cobbles, pebbles, and other finer sediments here. So, the region is not suitable for agriculture. On the other hand, the humid conditions are not favorable for cultivation here. However, tobacco and small quantities of paddy, and various types of fruits are cultivated here.

Question 5 ‘Agriculture is well-developed in the Gangetic delta/—Why?
Answer: The Gangetic delta region is famous for agriculture. Most of the people here depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The reasons for the development of agriculture here are-

1. Extensive plain area: The delta region is flat and plain and so it is favorable for agricultural practice as well as irrigation facilities.

2. Fertile silty soil: The area is made up of silty sedimentary soil which is fertile and therefore favorable for agriculture.

3. Appropriate temperature and rainfall: The temperature and rainfall of the tropical area are appropriate. Paddy, jute, and vegetables are cultivated here.

4. High density of population: High density of population provides abundant labor required for agricultural practice. The demand for food is also high in this region. That is the reason why agricultural productivity is high here.

Question 6 What is the importance of agriculture in the economy of West Bengal?’
Answer: The importance of agriculture in the economy of West Bengal is unlimited.
These are as follows—

1. Source of employment: About 70% population of West Bengal is engaged in agriculture. Around 53%-55% of the laborers are engaged in agriculture either directly or indirectly. Agriculture thus provides ample job opportunities to the people of the state.

2. Development of agriculture-oriented industry: Tea, jute, and food processing industries are agro-based industries. These industries are dependent on agriculture for development.

3. Foreign exchange: The two major agricultural crops of West Bengal are—tea and jute. The export of these two crops helps in earning foreign exchange.

4. Prosperity of the fertilizer industry: Various fertilizers are used for the production of crops and this has led to the prosperity of this industry.

Question 7 What are the problems that West Bengal is facing in agriculture?
Answer:
Although agriculture in West Bengal has great importance,
it is facing several problems—

1. Lack of irrigation: Much of the land could not be brought under irrigation yet and so agricultural productivity in certain areas of West Bengal is hampered.

2. Dependency on monsoon winds: Agriculture of West Bengal is mainly dependent on monsoon winds. Any fluctuation in the wind pattern causes the loss of crops.

3. Limited use of high-quality seeds, fertilizers & pesticides: High-quality seed fertilizers, and pesticides are not used everywhere and hence agricultural productivity is low in West Bengal.

4. Use of primitive methods: Old and primitive agricultural methods like plows, sickles, and animals are still used. Modern implements are not used.

5. Low capital: The capital investment for agriculture is very low.

6. Low market price: The market price of produced crops is very low. Many farmers commit suicide out of frustration.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 West Bengal is famous for the cultivation of which crops?
Answer: West Bengal is famous for the cultivation of crops such as paddy, jute, tea, etc.

Question 2 Which districts of West Bengal are well-known for paddy cultivation?
Answer: Purba Bardhaman, Paschim Bardhaman Nadia, Murshidabad, Hooghly, North and South 24 Parganas, Purba and Paschim
Medinipur districts of West Bengal are well-known for paddy cultivation.

Question 3 Which is the best place for tea cultivation in West Bengal?
Answer: In the northern parts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts and some places of North Dinajpur, tea is well-cultivated.

Question 4 How many types of paddy are cultivated in West Bengal on the basis of seasons?
Answer: Three types of paddy are cultivated in West Bengal based on the seasons in which they are cultivated —
1. Aman (July- November)
2. Aus (April-August)
3. Boro (November – March)

Question 5 What are the two main characteristic features of agriculture in West Bengal?
Answer:
The two main characteristics of agriculture in West Bengal are—

1. Agriculture is dependent on monsoon winds.
2. Agriculture is labor-intensive.

Question 6 On the basis of seasons, how many types can the crops of West Bengal be divided?
Answer:
On the basis of seasons, the crops of West Bengal can be classified into two types—
1. Kharif crops—paddy, jute, etc.
2. Rabi crops—wheat, potatoes, etc.
3. Zaid crops—maize, groundnut, vegetables, etc.

Question 7 Name the high-yielding variety of jute seeds.
Answer: The high-yielding variety of jute seeds are— Chaitali, Basudev, Sobujsona D-154, JRC- 1108, etc.

Question 8 Mention some tea-producing areas of Darjeeling.
Answer: Happy Valley, Sukhiapokhri, Kurseong, Makaibari, Bijanbari, etc., are some of the notable tea-producing areas of Darjeeling.

Question 9 Name some of the tea-producing areas of the Dooars and Terai region.
Answer: Mai, Jayanti, Chalsa, Nagarkata, Madarihat, Kumargram, etc., are some of the tea-producing areas of the Dooars and Terai region.

Question 10 Write about the uses of jute.
Answer: Jute is the main fiber crop of West Bengal. Its main uses are—
1. Ropes, hawser, etc are made of Jute.
2. Jute is used for the manufacturing of clothes and garments.
3. Jute is used for making a large variety of products such as Hessians, sacks, bags, gunny bags, etc.
4. Dolls, fancy things for house decoration, etc. are made of Jute.
5. Door mats, carpets, and papers are also made of jute.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. Among the following, the type of so suitable for agriculture is—
1. Laterite
2. Silt
3. Coastal
4. Mountainous

Answer: 2. Silt

2. Main agricultural product of Darjeeling is—
1. Jute
2. Tea
3. Coffee
4. Paddy

Answer: 2. Tea

3. Which one of the following is not a high-yielding variety of paddy seed?
1. Chaitali
2. Jaya
3. Ratna
4. Padma

Answer: 1. Chaitali1

4. Coffee is a —
1. Plantation crop
2. Fiber crop
3. Food crop
4. None of these

Answer: 1. plantation crop

5. In jute production, West Bengal ranks—
1. 1st
2. 2nd
3. 3rd
4. 4th

Answer: 1. 1st

6. Jute cultivated in West Bengal is a type of-
1. Tossa Jute
2. Golden Jute
3. White Jute
4 Yellow Jute

Answer: 1. Tossa Jute

7. Which one of the following is not a high-yielding jute seed?
1. Chaitali
2. Basudev
3. Jaya
4. Sabujsona

Answer: 3. Jaya

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. Purba district is known as the ‘Rice bowl’ of West Bengal.

2. Jute Bardhaman is called golden fiber.

3. Sabujsona is a high-yielding jute seed.

If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write False Against The Following

1. The main commercial crop of West Bengal is potatoes. False 

2. Tea is a cash crop. True

3. Crops that are cultivated for earning money, are called cash crops. True

4. lute is the main agricultural crop of the Rarh region. True

5. Oolong tea is very famous in China. True

6. Purba Bardhaman district is called the ‘Rice bowl of West Bengal’. True

7. Kharif crops are sown in the winter season. False

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal match.
Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-B,4-A

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer In One Or Two Words

Question Which position does West Bengal hold in India in terms of paddy cultivation?
Answer: First.

Question 2 Name two commercial crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer: Tea and jute.

Question 3 Name a jute research institute in West Bengal.
Answer: Nilgunj near Barrackpore.

Question 4 Which two types of plantation crops are grown in West Bengal?
Answer: Tea and cinchona.

Question 5 Name two food crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer: Paddy and wheat.

Question 6 Name two fiber crops grown in West Bengal.
Answer: Jute and shon.

Question 7 Name an aromatic variety of rice which grows in West Bengal.
Answer: Gobindobhog.

Question 8 What are the main crops of West Bengal?
Answer: Rice, Jute, Tea, etc.

Question 9 Name the associate port of Kolkata.
Answer: Haldia.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic G Industry Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the reasons for the development of industries in West Bengal?
Answer: Reasons for the development of industries in West Bengal: Among all human activities, industrial development is the most prominent one. Industries help to process different types of raw materials into various useful commodities that are beneficial for mankind.

The factors causing industrial development may be grouped onto two types—
1. Geographical factors and
2. Economic factors.

1. Geographical factors: The geographical factors behind the improvement of industries in West Bengal are as follows—

1. Importance of raw materials: Raw material is the most important factor for industrial development. Certain characteristics of raw materials are important—

1. Nature of utility of raw materials,
2. Erishability of raw materials,
3. Use of alternative raw materials.

2. Availability of power/energy: Energy is required to run the equipment for processing the raw materials. Thermal power and hydroelectricity are the two most widely used powers.

3. Congenial climate: Certain industries need specific climatic conditions. For example—a dry climate for the leather industry, a sunny climate for the film industry,

4. Supply of water: A large amount of water is required for any industry. Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Damodar, Mahananda, and Bhagirathi- Hooghly are the major rivers of West Bengal. Thus an adequate supply of water is also a favorable factor for the development of industries.

5. Presence of Kolkata and Haldia ports: The presence of parts like Kolkata and Haldia helps in international trade through waterways. Import of machinery and other necessary equipment and export of finished products of different industries via these ports create a favorable environment for the establishment of industries in West Bengal.

2. Economic factors: Most important economic factors for the development of industries in West Bengal are as follows—

1. Advanced transport system: Since the raw materials have to be brought to the industrial sites and the finished products are to be taken to the domestic markets as well as for export, the transport system plays a vital role. Developed transport networks and accessibility are therefore important factors for industrial development.

2. Availability of labor: Labour is essential for industrial development. The abundance of skilled labor is important for industrial development. Since West ‘ Bengal is densely populated, labor is readily available.

3. Huge capital: Capital is needed for acquiring land for industries, bringing equipment, wages for laborers, and procuring raw materials. Various governmental and non-governmental institutions have invested huge capital in industrial development in West Bengal.

4. Falta and Kulpi in south 24 parganas,
1. Leather complex at Bantala in Kolkata,
2. Monikanchan SEZ (Saltlake) in Kolkata,
4. Saltlake electronic city in Kolkata.

5. Demand and market: If there is no demand for a particular commodity, production of that commodity is not required. This is the reason why demand and accessible markets are important factors for the development of industries. Products that are produced on an industrial farm in West Bengal have a huge market in India.

3. Political stability: Industrialists can invest in establishing industries if there is political stability instead of frequent change of power in any country or state.

Question 2 Give an account of the main industries of West Bengal.
Answer: Main industries of West Bengal: Although West Bengal is mainly an agricultural state, industries have also flourished here. The main industries of West Bengal are- iron and steel, jute and tea, food processing, cotton textile, tourism, information technology (IT), etc.

1. Iron and steel industry: The first iron and steel industry was established in Kulti (Paschim Bardhaman) in 1870. Another one was established in Burnpur in 1918. The Durgapur industrial belt has developed due to the abundant availability of iron ore, coal, water, electricity, labor, etc., in this region.

2. Jute industry: West Bengal is the leading producer of jute in India. The first jute industry was established in 1855 in Rishra (Hooghly district). At present, there are about 59 jute mills located on either side of river Hooghly.

3. Cotton textile industry: The cultivation of cotton does not take place in West Bengal, but based on the imported cotton, the cotton textile industry has developed here. The first cotton-textile industry was established in Ghusuri (Howrah district). Other centers are in Serampore, Shyamnagar, Sodepur, etc.

4. Tea industry: This is an important industry in West Bengal. The first tea industry was established in 1834. Tea estates were established in Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, etc., There are about 343 tea estates in West Bengal.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal main industries of west bengal

5. Food processing industry: The food processing industry has developed in West Bengal due to its great demand. Kolkata, Shankarpur, Dumdum, Barasat, and Malda are the main food processing centers in West Bengal.

6. Tourism industry: The tourism industry has developed around various centers like religious places, hilly areas, sea beaches, educational centers, big cities, historical places, etc. Important tourist places of West Bengal are=Koikata (Victoria Memorial, Alipore Zoo, etc.), Sundarbans, Digha, Darjeeling, etc.

7. Information technology industry: This industry has developed in West Bengal and holds an important position in the state. The Electronics Complex (Software Park) of -Salt Lake near Kolkata is famous and further development of this industry is taking place here.

Question 4 Discuss the factors leading to the development of the iron and steel industry in West Bengal.
Answer: Factors leading to the development of the iron and steel industry in West Bengal: The main factors that have led to the development of the iron and steel Industry in West Bengal may be grouped into two types—1. Geographical factors, 2. Economical factors.

1. Geographical factors: Main geographical factors that help to develop iron and steel industries in West Bengal are as follows—

1. Accessibility of raw materials: Ramiganj, Andal, etc. of Paschim Bardhaman are important coal mines of West Bengal. Jharia, India’s largest coal mine is located near West Bengal. Thus coal is easily available in this region. In addition to this iron ore and limestone are also available in this region which helps to develop the iron and steel industry in West Bengal.

2. Favourable climate: The climate of West Bengal is ideal for growing jute. It helps to develop the jute industry in this state.

3. Availability of power sources: Easy availability of power in West Bengal has contributed much to the growth of the jute industry here.

2. Economic causes:
The main economic causes are as follows—

1. Developed communication system: West Bengal is well-connected to the rest of India through roads, railways, and waterways. This plays an important role in the development of the jute industry.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal jute

2. Availability of labor: The availability of cheap labor from West Bengal and its neighboring states like Bihar, Jharkhand
, and Odisha has helped in the development of the jute industry.

3. Port facility: The port at Kolkata in West Bengal facilitates the export of jute products and the import of necessary equipment, which further helps in the development of the jute industry.

Question 5 Discuss the problems and prospects of the iron and steel industry of West Bengal.
Answer: Problems of the iron and steel industry:
The main problems of the iron and steel industry of West Bengal are—

1. Unavailability of raw materials when required: Since only coal is available in West Bengal, other raw materials of the iron and steel industry have to be brought from Jharkhand and Odisha. Thus raw materials are not always available as needed. It results in low productivity.

2. Lack of modern technology: Lack of modern technology and equipment are the main problem for the development of iron and steel industries in West Bengal.

3. Unavailability of adequate skilled labor: Although there is an abundance of laborers in West Bengal the number of adequate skilled laborers is very less. It is one of the major constraints for the development of the iron and steel industry.

Question 6 Give an account of the cottage industry of West Bengal.
Answer: Cottage industries in West Bengal: The industry which is involved in the production of goods made by the members of the household with little capital investment and ordinary equipment is known as the cottage industry. Lakhs of people in West Bengal are engaged in cottage industries and the role of those industries has a major contribution, especially in the rural economy.

The various industries here include—

1. Cotton textile industry (‘Tant’): A majority of the people engaged in the cottage- industries are working in the ‘Tant’ industry. In West Bengal, about 6,66,514 people are engaged in this industry either on a full-time or a part-time basis. These textiles are usually woven by hand-driven machines or gadgets. Shantipur and Phulia of Nadia district and Dhanekhali of Hooghly district, Bankura, and Bishnupur are famous for this type of industry. engaged in this industry either on a full-time or a part-time basis. These textiles are usually woven by hand-driven machines or gadgets. Shantipur and Phulia of Nadia district and Dhanekhali of Hooghly district, Bankura, and Bishnupur are famous for this
type of industry.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal cottage industries

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal cottage industries 2

Clay industry: Kumartuli of Kolkata is famous for making clay idols, Krishnanagar for clay dolls, and Bankura and Bishnupur for terracotta products. Moreover, almost everywhere in the state of West Bengal, clay utensils, pots, etc., are made (especially in the villages) and many people are engaged in it.

3. ‘Bidi’ industry: ‘Bidi’ is made by, filling tobacco into dried ‘kendu’ leaves which are collected from the forests. A large number of people of West Bengal depend on ‘bidi’ making for their livelihood. Aurangabad, Raghunathganj of Murshidabad district, North and South 24 Parganas and Purulia district abound in such a ‘bidi’ making industry.

4. Mat industry: The sticks used for making mats are actually a type of aquatic plant. This industry is famous in Purba and Paschim Medinipur districts.

5. Jute products: Many articles like threads, ropes, carpets, mattresses, bags, and other decorative items for households are produced from jute in the villages of West Bengal. Kaliganj of Nadia district is well known for the weaving of jute fibers and dyeing them.

6. Wooden furniture: Many carpenters in West Bengal are engaged in making beds, wardrobes, chairs, tables, benches, doors, windows, etc.

7. Articles made from iron: Articles like sickles, hammers, axe, spades, plows and other household items are made from iron.

8. Others: Besides these, many industries like molasses-making, silk industry, bamboo products, making of musical instruments, toys as well as articles made of brass and bronze, machines used in rice mills, etc., are scattered all over West Bengal.

Question 7 Discuss the importance of small-scale industries in West Bengal.
Answer: Importance of small-scale industries: Small-scale industries are a grade higher than cottage industries. The total financial investment ranges from Rs.75 lakhs to 1.5 crores involving the construction of small factories, machines, etc. Small-scale industries are very significant in West Bengal.

The importance of small-scale industries is as follows—

1. Financial investment: Investments in small-scale industries are of medium range. However, the overall financial investment is quite large indicating the importance of such industries.

2. Employment: Many people are employed in small-scale industries which has led to the economic development of West Bengal. About 20 lakh people are engaged in the leather industry alone.

3. Huge exports: A large market has developed for the products of small-scale industries both in India and abroad. Thus, a huge amount of foreign exchange is earned from this industry. Items like leather goods, silk, cotton textile, gold jewelry, ceramic products, etc., are especially exported.

4. Development of domestic trade and commerce: As a result of the flourishing small-scale industries, domestic or internal trade and commerce have increased. It is helpful for the economic development of the country.

5. Increase in infrastructure: Roads, electricity, water supply, and other infrastructural facilities have developed around any area where small-scale industries are developing.

Question 8 Discuss the development of the food processing industry in West Bengal.
Answer: Development of the food processing industry in West Bengal: The food processing industry is one of the oldest industries in the history of mankind. At present, various food processing industries have developed in Kolkata, Barasat, Malda, Shankarpuir, Paschim Bardhaman, Dumdum, etc.

The causes of the development of the food processing industry in West Bengal are—

1. Supply of high-quality raw materials: Varieties of agricultural crops(grains, vegetables), animals, and seafood are the raw materials of the food processing industry. The adequate supply of these raw materials has helped in the development
of the industry.

2. Development of technology: Food products are perishable. To maintain the quality of the products, high technology is required, which is available in West Bengal.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal Food processing industries of west bengal

3. Development of transport system: The process of gathering fish, meat, and fruit which rot fast have to be produced in the processing house with the help of a good transport system which is available in West Bengal.

4. Food habits: The demand for processed food is high in West Bengal. This makes it a flourishing center for the food processing industry.

5. Government policy: Government policies are quite favorable towards food processing industries in West Bengal.

Question 9 What is the tourism industry? What are the causes of the development of the tourism industry in West Bengal?
Answer: Tourism industry: When people travel from one place to another for entertainment, leisure, business, and educational purposes and attain satisfaction, it is called tourism. When the development of infrastructural facilities like roads, hotels, resorts, etc., are made for such purposes, it is then considered an industry.

Causes of development of tourism industry in West Bengal: Main causes of the development of the tourism industry in West Bengal are—

1. Diversity in the physical environment: The lofty and majestic Himalayan mountains in the north, the beautiful Bay of Bengal to the south, the physical features of the western plateau, Terai, Dooars of the northern part, and Sundarbans of the southern part provide an exquisite variety of natural or scenic beauty in West Bengal which has led to the development of tourism industry here.

2. Historical and cultural centers: Historical, cultural, and religious centers like Haldia; Murshidabad, Kolkata, Santiniketan, Bandel, Imambara, etc. attract tourists from different parts of the world.

3. Transport facility: All the major tourist centers are connected with a good network of roads, railways, airways, waterways, air-conditioned buses, helicopters, steamers, etc. These have benefited tourists to travel from one place to another.

4. Development of hotels and resorts: New hotels and resorts have come up in historical places. Eco-resorts and tree houses are attracting tourists in the Terai and Oooars in the northern and Sundarbans in the southern part of the state.

5. Tourist guides: The tourist guides make people aware of the tourist places, such as the importance of these places and the conservation of heritage sites, etc. They aid in the development of the tourism industry.

6. Local festivals: Sharadiya Festival of Kolkata, Poushmela of Santiniketan, Jagadhatri Puja of Chandannagar, Kolkata’s New Year celebration, etc., have led to the development of the tourism industry.

Question 10 What is the Information Technology industry? What are the causes of the development of the IT industry in West Bengal?
Answer: The information Technology industry: Collection of data, their analysis, research, change, and modification by using computers and telecommunication is called the Information Technology (IT) industry.

The main parts of the IT industry are—

1. Production of software,
2. Telephone,
3. Data collection and its preservation or storage,
4. Exchange of data and information.

Causes of development of the IT industry:
The main causes of the development of the IT industry in West Bengal are—

1. Abundance of human resource: Human resource is the main resource of this industry. Knowledge of software, hardware, etc., imparted to students from the school level has contributed to the development of this industry.

2. Availability of vocational training: In West Bengal, vocational training related to Information Technology is imparted in quite a number of reputed institutions. Many skilled workers are the products of these institutions.

3. Outsourcing: Most of the IT work comes from foreign countries. Thus, work from foreign countries can be done sitting at home in West Bengal itself. The profit earned by foreign countries is very large since the work is done at a much cheaper rate.

4. Sufficient investment: Big companies like IBM, TCS, Infosys, Wipro, and Siemens invest much capital in this industry. Besides them, other organizations have also come forward to invest nowadays.

5. Infrastructural development: Infrastructure and other amenities of Rajarhat, Salt Lake, Siliguri, Kalyani, etc., have been developed to a great extent by the Government of West Bengal. They include the development of roads, electricity, drinking water, transport, communication, etc. Thus, this industry has great potential in the coming days.

Chapter 8 west Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why is Howrah called the ‘Glasgow of India’?
Answer: The headquarters of the Howrah district is Howrah. Howrah, the second largest city of West Bengal is located opposite Kolkata on the western bank of the Hooghly river. Howrah is an important town in the Hooghly industrial region. The jute industry, engineering industry, cotton, textile, and other industries are developed here. A large number of engineering industries are situated here like the Glasgow city of England, so the city is called the ‘Glasgow of India’

Question 2 Why is Durgapur called the ‘Steel city?
Answer:  Durgapur is one of the modern industrial cities in West Bengal. Here the engineering industries are highly developed. The Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP), Alloy Steel Plant (ASP), and Central Mechanical Research Institute are located here. In the steel factory of Durgapur, ‘stainless steel’ is made by mixing chromium and nickel. With the help of the joint venture of Canada and Japan, alloy steel is manufactured here. The variety of steel projects has made Durgapur a ‘Steel City’.

Question 3 Durgapur is called the ‘Ruhr of India’.
Answer: Ruhr is a small tributary river of the river Rhine of Germany. Industries have developed in this area based on coal found in abundance here.
The whole region is called the Ruhr Industrial Region. In West Bengal, coal is found in the Damodar river valley of Paschim Bardhaman district. The iron and steel industry, cement industry, engineering industry, etc. have developed here based on the available storage of coal. That is why Durgapr is called the Ruhr of India

Question 4 Write a short note on IISCO.
Answer: The first iron and steel industry in India was established in Kulti in 1870 and another one was established in Burnpur in 1918. The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) is the collaboration of these two plants. During the fifth five-year plan another iron and steel plant was established at Durgapur in Paschim Bardhaman district with the help of IISCO. Later it was amalgamated with a government organization named SAIL.

Causes of development: The main causes of the development of IISC are as follows—

1. Availability of coal from Raniganj and Jharia coal mines;

2. Accessibility of iron ore from Noamudi, Gua in Jharkhand and Gorumahisani, Badampahar in Odisha;

3. Available other raw materials such as limestone (Birmitrapur), manganese (Gangpur), and dolomite;

4. Abundance of water from Damodar and Barakar rivers;

5. Availability of power resources from Durgapur and Mejia thermal power plants developed here. A large number of engineering industries are situated here like the Glasgow city of England, so the city is called the ‘Glasgow of India’.

Question 5 Discuss the problems and prospects of the tourism industry in West Bengal.
Answer:
Problems of the tourism industry in West Bengal: The main problems of the tourism industry in West Bengal are—

1. Lack of modern technology: The modern technology that is used by developed countries for the food processing industry is not available in West Bengal.

2. Lack of crop preservation: In West Bengal, the lack of proper crop preservation techniques decreases industrial demand.

3. Prospects of the food processing industry: The food processing industry is gaining importance. Adequate help from the Government, food park, cold storage, plans by the center, awareness regarding preservation, and control of pollution will help the growth of the food processing industry.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is information technology?
Answer: Information technology refers to the storage, receiving, sending, coding, decoding, and editing of data with the help of computers and telecommunication.

Question 2 What are the different parts of the information technology industry?
Answer: Collection of data, analysis of collected data, research, transformation, and deletion of data through the computer and telecommunication systems are used for business purposes.
The main sections of IT industries are software production, telephone service, center for data collection and maintenance, data exchange centers, etc.

Question 3 State the major companies associated with the food processing industry of West Bengal.
Answer: The major food processing companies are— Mother Dairy, Haldiram’s, Anmol Biscuit Limited, Raja Biscuit, K C Das and Sons, etc.

Question 4 Where and when was the first jute mill established in West Bengal?
Answer: The first jute mill was established in Rishra of the Hooghly district of West Bengal in 1855.

Question 5 When and where was the first cotton mill established in Kolkata?
Answer: The first cotton mill was established in 1818 in Ghusuri of Howrah.

Question 6 What is outsourcing?
Answer: The process of carrying out work in a comparatively cheaper way and increasing the standard and skill of a company, by an overseas organization is called outsourcing. Since the service cost is less in India, much of the work from America and Europe are sent here (in the form of data) which is processed and sent back. Kolkata is a leading provider of outsourcing.

Question 7 What is the food processing industry?
Answer: The industry that deals with the packaging and processing of food is called the food processing industry. In this industry, food that is perishable and cannot be consumed directly is processed through different scientific processes, like preservation, refrigeration, canning, irradiation, drying, salting, smoking, and fermentation. Examples—are fruit juice, jam, jelly, pickle, and chips-producing industries.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. Most developed industry of Salt Lake is that of—
1. Iron And Steel
2. Information Technology
3. Jute
4. Cotton And Textile

Answer: 2. Information Technology

2. The dairy industry in West Bengal has developed in—
1. Raichak
2. Haldia
3. Kakdwip
4. Dankuni

Answer: 4. Dankuni

3. Iron and steel industry has developed in—
1. Kharagpur
2. Kakdwip
3. Durgapur
4. Islampur

Answer: 3. Durgapur

4. Food Processing Research Centre is located at=
1. Barasat
2. Naihati
3. Panagarh
4. Asansol

Answer: 1. Barasat

5. The process of collection of data, hardware, and software-related activities from the—
1. Tourism Industry
2. Tant Industry
3. Information Technology Industry
4. Food Processing Industry

Answer: 3. Information Technology Industry

6.’Steel city’ of West Bengal is—
1. Durgapur
2. Gangpur
3. Bolpur
4. Santipur

Answer: 1. Durgapur

7. What Coal of the Damodar valley region is at which age?
1. Gondawana
2. Tertiary
3. Paleozoic
4. Quaternary

Answer: 1. Gondawana

8. Geothermal power station of West Bengal is located at—
1. Palta
2. Sagar island
3. Frazerganj
4. Bakreshwar

Answer: 4. Bakreshwar

9. Famous small-scale industry of Cooch Behar is—
1. Wooden doll
2. Dokra
3. Terracotta
4. Shitalpati

Answer: 4. Shitalpati

10. The word ‘Outsourcing’ is related to—
1. Food Processing Industry
2. Cotton Textile Industry
3. Information Technology Industry
4. Tourism Industry

Answer: 4. Tourism Industry

11. Heart of the information technology industry of West Bengal is at—
1. Asansol
2. Durgapur
3. Salt Lake
4. Kalyani

Answer: 3. Salt Lake

12. The main raw material for the bidi industry is—
1. Kendu leaves
2. Sal leaves
3. Palash leaves
4. Khair leaves

Answer: 1. Kendu leaves

13. Cake or Biscuit producing industry is called—
1. Dairy
2. Flour
3. Bakery
4. None of them

Answer: 3. Bakery

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. Durapur is called the ‘Ruhr of India’.

2. The first iron and steel industry was established at Kulti in West Bengal in 1870.

3. The product quality of food processing industries in West Bengal at Barasat

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal If The Statement Is True, Write True, And If False Write False Against The Following

 

1. Rajarhat-Newtown is an information technology hub in Kolkata. True 

2. Haldia is an important industrial zone of West Bengal. True 

3. Siliguri is called the ‘Iron and Steel City. False 

4. Howrah is known as the ‘Sheffield of India’. True 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Match the Left column with the Right column

1.

Left Column  Right Column
 1. Iron and Steel  A. Budge Budge
2. Tea B. Durgapur
3. Jute C.  Rajarhat
4. Information and – Technology D. Alipurduar

Answer:1-B,2-D,3-A,4-C

2.

Left Column Right Column
1. Cotton-textile industrial center  A. Sea beach of Digha
2. Jute industrial centre B. Shankarpur
3. Tourism center C. Ghusuri in Howrah district
4.  Food-processing center D. Rishra in Hooghly district

Answer:1-C,2-D,3-A,4-B

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer in One Or Two Words

Question 1 Which city is called the ‘Ruhr of India’?
Answer: Durgapur.

Question 2 Name two areas of the fish processing industry.
Answer: Shankarpur and Jaunput.

Question 3 Name two areas of the milk processing industry.
Answer: Dankuni and Asansol.

Question 4 Name two centers of mineral water
Answer: processing in West Bengal Kalyani and Berhampore.

Question 5 Name two food parks of West Bengal.
Answer: Shankarpur and Kakdwip.

Question 6 Which city is called the ‘Glasgow of India’?
Answer: Howrah.

Question 7 What is the full form of SEZ?
Answer: Special Economic Zone.

Question 8 What is the main industry of Hooghly industrial belt?
Answer: Jute industry (in dissenting opinion engineering industry).

Question 9 What is the full name of SAIL?
Answer: Steel Authority of India limited.

Question 10 Which is the largest cottage industry in West Bengal?
Answer: Handloom industry.

Question 11 Which industry is called the ‘Sunset industry’ in India?
Answer: Jute industry (In dissenting opinion petrochemical industry).

Question 12 Where has the rope-making industry developed in Wet Bengal?
Answer: Uluberia in Howrah district.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Topic H City, Port And Tourist Place Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is the state?main cities and towns of West Bengal? Give an account of Kolkata as the
Answer: The main cities and towns of West Bengal:
The census of India has designated those places as cities that have the following criteria—a population of more than 5000, a population density of more than 400 persons per sq km, and at least 75% of the people engaged in non-agricultural activities.

The major cities of West Bengal include Kolkata, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Siliguri, Alipurduar, Cooch Behar, Durgapur, Krishnanagar, Bolpur, Raniganj, English Bazar, Medinipur, Bankura, Malda, Bardhaman, Asansol, Haldia, Berhampore, Purulia, Shantipur, Chakdah, Ranaghat, Nabadweep, Balurghat, Chandannagar, Barrackpore, Howrah, Alipore, Barasat, Kalyani, Bongaon, Basirhat, etc.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal main cities and ytowns of west bengal

Kolkata as the capital of West Bengal: Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal. Thus it is of much importance in this state.

1. Location: The capital of West Bengal, Kolkata is situated on the left bank of river Hooghly about 130 km inland from the mouth of river Ganga. This is one of the most significant cities in India.

2. Year of establishment: Job Charnock, the governor of the East India Company established the city of Calcutta on August 24, 1690. The three villages of Sutanuti, Govindapur, and Kalikata were united to form this city. Calcutta was the capital of India under British rule till 1911. In 2001, the government of West Bengal decided to change the name of Calcutta to Kolkata officially. Information technology center Science City Jariavpur University Marble Palace

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal places to visit at kolkata


3. Importance of the city of Kolkata:
Kolkata is a very important city. Some of the important features of Kolkata are as follows—

1. Commercial capital: Having an area of about 185 sq. km, Kolkata is India’s main commercial center and the capital of West Bengal.

2. City of Palaces: Kolkata boasts of having quite a number of beautiful palaces and heritage buildings (like the Marble Palace of Raja Rajendra Mullick in north Kolkata, Rabindranath Tagore’s house in Jorasanko, Palace of Sovabazar, etc.). This is why Kolkata is known as the ‘City of Palaces’.

3. Population: Kolkata is one of the most important cities in India the city’s, population is about 4496694 (2011) and the population density is about 24306 persons per sq. km (2011).

4. Centre of education, culture, trade, and commerce: Kolkata is the main center of education, culture, trade, and commerce of east and north-east India.

5. Industrial center: Many industries have developed with Kolkata as its center, like, the jute industry, engineering industry, textile industry, paper industry, etc.

6. Centre of communication: Kolkata is the headquarter of the eastern and south-eastern railways. Dumdum, the only international airport in east India, is in Kolkata. National Highways like NH 2, NH 34, NH 35, and NH 6 alt pass through Kolkata.

7. Others:
Other significant features of Kolkata are—
(i) The only underground metro railway in eastern India is located here,
(ii) Kolkata is the main port of West Bengal,
(iii) The popular tourist spots of Kolkata are—Museum, Alipore Zoo, Victoria Memorial Hall, Birla Planetarium, Science City, etc.
(iv) As per the book entitled ‘City of Joy’ by the famous author Dominique Lapierre, the people of Kolkata are ever-happy in spite of all the sufferings endured by them. That is why it is called the ‘City of Joy’.

Question 2 Mention the major ports of West Bengal. State the importance of Kolkata port.
Answer: Major ports of West Bengal: The term ‘port’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘parte’ meaning ‘entrance door. In other words, a port means a place where entry is made between land and sea and also from sea to land through which transport or flow of goods and passengers is made. The major ports of West Bengal are Kolkata (located on the left bank of river Hooghly) and Haldia. They are riverine ports.

Importance of Kolkata port: Kolkata is a riverine port. About 130 km inland from the Bay of Bengal, it is located on the left bank of the river Hooghly. The hinterland of Kolkata port covers an area of about 13 lakh sq km. Kolkata port plays a vital role in the economic development of West Bengal.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal vkolakata port

1. Control over trade: Kolkata port has a very significant role in the economy of West Bengal) and even north-east India as well as Nepal and Bhutan. The exports and imports of this vast region are all handled by this port.

2. Earning foreign exchange: Since international trade is carried out through this port, the city earns foreign exchange.

3. Aid to industries: Products of West Bengal) like jute products, coal, tea (from Assam, Darjeeling), iron-ore (from Bihar and Odisha), mica, etc., are all exported from this port.

4. Aid to agriculture: Fertilisers, pesticides, equipment, etc., required for agricultural practices are imported through this port.

5. Employment opportunities: Lakhs of people are either directly or indirectly influenced by this port for getting employment opportunities in the agricultural, industrial, trade, and commerce sectors, etc. Besides, a large number of people also get employment as laborers within the port area itself.

6. Development of transport: Taking advantage of the Kolkata port, a good network of roads, railways, and water transport has developed not only in West Bengal but also throughout northeast India.

7. Import of food crops: Since West Bengal is not totally self-dependent on food crops produced in the state, a lot has to be imported through the Kolkata port. These are the reasons why the port of Kolkata is such a significant port among all other ports of West Bengal.

Question 3 Discuss the reasons for the rise and fall of Kolkata port.
Answer: Reasons for the rise or development of Kolkata port: The conducive factors leading to the development of Kolkata port are—

1. British interest: The port of Kolkata was established in the nineteenth century during the British period. They established it on the banks of river Hooghly in order to facilitate the transport of industrial raw materials, defense equipment, etc to India.

2. Navigability of Bhagirathi-Hooghly river: Since the depth of the river is more and the navigability of this river is quite high, ships could ply smoothly through this river to the sea.

3. Resource-rich hinterland: The Kolkata port has a huge hinterland encompassing almost the whole of eastern India. This region has rich natural resources like tea, jute, rice, etc., (agricultural) as well as coal, iron ore, mica, etc., (minerals), along with forest-based resources. Besides, the established industries of tea, jute, engineering, cement, paper, etc., have made this region densely populated.

4. Availability of labor: Kolkata is a densely populated metropolis, and laborers, required for port activities are easily available.

5. Developed transport system: Kolkata is linked to all parts of eastern India through a well-developed transport network like the south-eastern railway, national highways (like NH 6 and NH 34), etc.

6. Conducive physical environment: The areas in and around Kolkata have the advantage of having flat places and delta, congenial moderate climate, etc., which are all conducive to the development of a port.

7. Location of the center of trade: Kolkata being the main industrial and trade center of eastern India, has naturally developed as a port.

Reasons for the downfall of Kolkata port: This port is gradually losing its significance due to the following factors—

1. Decrease in navigability of Kolkata port: Due to continuous siltation on the river bed over a long period of time, the river bed has risen and therefore navigability has decreased. As a result, ships cannot ply much inland from the sea through this river.

2. Meandering nature of river: Numerous meanders of the river from its mouth to the Kolkata port, hinder the smooth plying of big ships inland.

3. Presence of huge sandbars in the river: The river has about 14-15 big sandbars stretching from the mouth of the river to Kolkata port. This is why large ships cannot enter Kolkata port easily.

4. Lack of space and infrastructure in the port: Due to lack of space, many ships cannot be anchored at the same time. Lack of jetties also hampers the loading and unloading of larger quantities of materials from ships. This industry helps in the economic development of West Bengal. The tourist sites of West Bengal are

Question 4 Discuss the various tourism sites of West Bengal.
Answer: Tourism sites of West Bengal: Traveling from one place to another either for business, leisure or for entertainment purposes is called tourism. Tourist guides, agencies, etc., are part of the tourism industry.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal major tourist centre of west bengal

This industry helps in the economic development of West Bengal. The tourist sites of West Bengal are—

 

Nature of tourist center Centre District     Places of attraction
1. Town or city 1. Kolkata Kolkata Victoria Memorial, Alipore Zoo, Museum, etc.
2. Jhargram Paschim Medinipur Salbani, Jhargram Rajbari, etc.
3. Chandannagar Hooghly Laldighi, Aliadurg, French museum, house of Rashbehari Bose. etc.
4 Krishnanagar Nadia Rajbari. Roman Catholic church, etc.
2. Mountains and hills 1. Darjeeling Darjeeling Rock garden. Tea gardens, Kangchenjunga, Tiger hill, etc.
2. Ayodhya Hills Purulia Tribal house. Sitakunda. etc.
3. Susunia Hill Bankura Vishalakshi temple, Gandheswari river, etc.
3. Sea beaches 1. Digha Purba Medinipur Sea beach, Amarabati park. Snake Park. etc.
2. Shankarpur Purba Medinipur Sea beach, fishing port, etc.
3. Bakkhali South 24 Parganas Henry island, the temple of Banadevi. etc.
4. Forests 1. Sundarbans North and South 24 Parganas Sagar Island. Sajnekhali, Lothian island. Mangrove forests (famous for Royal Bengal Tigers, mangrove trees, and other animal and plant species), etc.
2. Jaldapara Alipurduar Jaldapara National Park (famous for one-horned rhinoceros, bison, elephant, etc.)
5. Historical places 1. Bishnupur Bankura Rashmancha,    Madanmohan temple, Chinnamasta temple. Lalbandh, Jamunabandh, etc.
2. Plassey Murshidabad Mango orchard, Vijay Minar, House of Nawab, Hazarduarl, etc.
6. Religious places 1. Belur Math Howrah Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Museum, etc.
2. Ghutiari Sharif South 24 Parganas Gazi Baba’s bazar, Mecca pukur, etc.
3. Tarapith Birbhum Tarapith temple, crematorium on banks of Dwarka river, etc.
7. Cultural places  1. Santiniketan Birbhum Visva-Bharati University. Tagore’s Ashram,    Ballavpur    Wildlife Sanctuary, Khoai, etc.
2. Jorasanko Thakurbari Kolkata Thakurbari Museum (famous for antiques used by the Tagore family and Basanta Utsab.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 8 west bengal .spots

Chapter 8 west Bengal Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Discuss the causes of the development of the Haldia port.
Answer: The causes of the development of the Haldia Port are as follows—
1. As support to help the Kolkata port: The importance of Kolkata port has decreased since the navigability of the river
Hooghly has decreased due to siltation. As a result, big ships are not able to enter the port. This is the reason why the port of Haldia has been established at the junction of the Hooghly and Haldi rivers.

2. Easy availability of land: Easy availability of land has facilitated the infrastructural development of the Haldia port.

3. Fulfilling the demand for trade and commerce: The import and export of raw materials and products through Haldia port fulfill the demand for trade and commerce and this helps in the development of this port.

Question 2 Why is Siliguri called ‘North-east India’? Gateway of Northeast India?
Answer: Siliguri is the headquarters of the Darjeeling district. NH 31 and NH 34 pass through this town. These national highways are connected with Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and
Tripura. The eastern railway, north-eastern railway, and Bagdogra airport are located here, which connect Kolkata, Patna, and Guwahati. This is why Siliguri is known Gateway of Northeast India.

Question 3 What are the bases of origin of cities in West Bengal?
Answer: West Bengal has the second highest population density (1028 persons per sq. km) in India, after Bihar. The bases of the origin of cities in
West Bengal is as follows—

1. Educational and cultural center: Proper educational and recreational facilities enhance the growth of a city. People are also attracted to the cultural center of a region, which helps to develop a city. Example—Shantiniketan.

2. Tourist center: A famous tourist spot always attracts people from different places. It helps to grow restaurants, lodges and other business opportunities that lead to the origin of a city. Example— Darjeeling.

3. Commercial center: A commercial center always tends to grow business and supports employment, which helps to develop a city. Example—Haldia.

4. Industrial center: An industrial center always tends to increase productivity which increases employment facilities and leads to population growth. As a result, a city develops. Example—Asansol.

5. Mining center: Cities may also develop around mines, because of employment opportunities and other socio-economic facilities. Example—Raniganj city around a coal mine.

Question 4 Write about a tourist spot in West Bengal.
Answer: A brief description of a tourist spot in West Bengal is given below—

1. Location: An important tourist spot in West Bengal is Darjeeling. It is a famous hill station located in the eastern Himalayas.

2. Communication: Darjeeling hill station can be reached from Siliguri through the roadways or by the toy train.

3. Climate: Due to the high altitude, the weather of this place is very pleasant in summer, and snowfall may occur in winter. Spring and summer are the ideal time to visit Darjeeling.

4. Places of attraction:
1. Tiger hill is famous for the stunning view of sunrise and Kanchanjunga peak.
2. Mall is the heart of Darjeeling.
3. Himalayan Mountaineering Institute is an important place for mountaineers.
4 Adjacent areas of Darjeeling like, Mirik, Kurseong, etc. are also famous places to visit. On the way up the hill from the plain, the beauty of the forest is mesmerizing.

Question 5 The importance of the Kolkata port is declining gradually. why?
Answer: Kolkata was considered one of the best ports in India. However, its importance is declining due to the following reasons—

1. Decrease in navigability of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river: The regular deposition of sediment (silt and sand) has
decreased the navigability of the BhagirathiHooghly river. Thus, the entry of big ships is becoming difficult in Kolkata port.

2. Meandering nature of Hooghly river: Numerous big and small meanders exist on the Hooghly river (from its mouth to Kolkata port). This causes difficulties for the ships to enter.

3. Other causes: Since other ports like Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Haldia, etc., have been established, the hinterland of Kolkata port has decreased. Moreover, excessive taxes, labor dissatisfaction, etc., are also diminishing the importance of the Kolkata port.

Question 6 ‘The underdeveloped Sundarbans region/called aExplain.backward or underdeveloped region.’Explain.
Answer: The Sundarbans are called a backward or underdeveloped region because of the following reasons—

1. Agricultural problem: The area is comprised of saline soil. Besides, outdated and traditional methods of cultivation are
prevalent here which are not favorable for agricultural development.

2. Lack of mineral resources: Mineral resources have not been found in this region. Thus industries based on these minerals have not developed here.

3. Underdeveloped transport: The area is riverine in nature and so roadway and railway facilities are not developed here properly. Boats and steamers are the main modes of transport in this region.

4. Lack of electricity: Many small islands here are devoid of electricity. Thus, even small industries have not developed here.

5. Natural hazards: Oceanic cyclones, tsunamis, floods, breaking of dams, etc., are the main problems of this region. They cause much loss of life and property in this region.

Question 7 ‘The Sundarban area has a low population/ Why?
Answer:
The Sundarban area has a low population because—

1. The agricultural land available is very small.

2. The soil is saline and so agricultural production is low.

3. Irrigation facility is poor in this region.

4. Transport and communication are outdated and underdeveloped.

5. There is no industry in this area.

6. Frequent occurrence of natural hazards like cyclones, and floods.

7. Presence of insects, snakes, and wild animals tigers are the main causes wild of the low population in this system is

Question 8 Kolkata and Howarah are called ‘Twin Cities’ Explain.
Answer: The two main and significant cities of West Bengal are Kolkata and Howrah. These cities are located on either bank of the river Hooghly. Kolkata is located on the eastern bank and is the capital of West Bengal, while Howrah which is the main industrial city of West Bengal lies on the western bank of the Hooghly river. These two cities are connected by two bridges that have been built over the river Hooghly— the Hpwrah Bridge or Rabindra Setu and Second Hooghly Bridge or Vidyasagar Setu. Kolkata is the center of trade and commerce, politics, and culture. On the other hand, Howrah is known as the ‘Glasgow of India’ and stands out as an important industrial center. These two cities are dependent on each other and this is the reason why they are called ‘Twin Cities’.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is a city?
Answer:

City:-

A city is a place where the minimum population is at least 5000 and the population density is more than 400 per sq km and at least 75% of the total population is engaged in non-agricultural activities. For example, Asansol.

Question 2 What is megalopolis?
Answer:

Megalopolis:-

The Greek word ‘Megas’ means big. Megalopolis means a big city. It has a population of more than 10 lakhs. For example, Koikata.

Question 3 Mention some of the tourist places in Kolkata.
Answer:

Tourist Places In Kolkata:-

The tourist places of Koikata are—Indian Museum, Victoria Memorial Hall, Birla Planetarium, Science City, etc.

Question 4 Who established the city of Kolkata and when?
Answer:

City Of Kolkata:-

Kolkata was founded by Job Charnock in 1690. The city was founded by combining the 3 villages of Kolkata, Sutanuti, and Gobindapur.

Chapter 8 West Bengal Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write The Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. The most urbanized district of West Bengal is—
1. Howrah
2. Bankura
3. Kolkata
4. Paschim Bardhaman]

Answer: 3. Kolkata

2.’Adra’ in Purulia district is a—
1. Fishing Centre
2. District Headquarters
3. Healthy Place
4. Railway Junction

Answer: 4. Railway Junction

3. District town of Purba Medinipur is—
1. Digha
2. Kanthi
3. Tamluk
4. Ghatal

Answer: 3. Tamluk

4. Fishing port has developed in —
1. Sankarpur
2. Krishnanagar
3. Durgapur
4. Islampur

Answer: 1. Sankarpur

5. Santiniketan is situated in—
1. Purba Bardhaman
2. Nadia
3. Howrah
4. Birbhum

Answer: 4. Birbhum

6. An example of a Land port is—
1. Haldia
2. Kolkata
3. Berhampur
4. Petrapole

Answer: 4. Petrapole

7. Plassey is situated in—
1. Murshidabad
2. Bankura
3. Howrah
4. Hooghly

Answer: 1. Murshidabad

8. Dolls and statues made of burnt clay is world famous from the region of—
1. Ghatal
2. Chandipur
3. Shantipur
4. Bishnupur

Answer: 4. Bishnupur

9. Tarapith is a—
1. Historical Place
2. Seaside Resort
3. Religions Place
4. Commercial Centre

Answer: 3. Religions Place

10. An example of a metropolitan city is—
1. Berhampore
2. Balurghat
3. Darjeeling
4. Kolkata

Answer: 4. Kolkata

11. Chhau dance is famous in—
1. Purulia
2. Bankura
3. Howrah
4. Birbhum

Answer: 1. Purulia

12. The Royal Bengal Tiger is seen in —
1. Bishnupur
2. Sundarbans
3. Bakkhali
4. Jaldapara

Answer: 2. Sundarbans

13. Shantiniketan is a tourist spot.
1. Natural
2. Religious
3. Cultural
4. Historical

Answer: 3. Cultural

14. The famous tourist spot to visit in summer is—
1. Bakresbwar
2. Bishnupur
3. Kalimpong
4. Ayoddha hills

Answer: 3. Kalimpong

15. One of the seven wonders of India is—
1. Victoria Memorial
2. Biswabharati
3. Tagore house at Jorasanko
4. Sagar island

Answer: 1. Victoria Memorial

Chapter 8 West Bengal Fill The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. Apart from Kolkata, Haldia is an important part of West Bengal.

2. Kolkata is called the ‘City of Palaces’.

3. As per the census report, 2011, the population of West Bengal is 91,276,115

4. As per the census report, 2011, the population density of West Bengal is 1028 person/sq km

5. Hazarduari is situated in the Murshidabad district

6. The biggest city of the Ganga delta region is Kolkata

7. A tourist spot in West Bengal is a tiger

8. According to population density West Bengal ranks second position in India.

9. Imambara is located in the Hooghly district.

10. English Bazar is the headquarters of Malda district.

11. Siliguri is the Gateway of north-east

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal If The Statement Is True, Write True, And If False Write False Against The Following

1. The highest railway station in India is Ghoom. True 

2. Pedong is a small town near Kalimpong. True 

3. A historical tourist spot in West Bengal is Hazarduari. True 

4. Darjeeling is a hill station. True 

5. The headquarters of Murshidabad district is Chin sura. False

6. Kolkata and Howrah are called Twin Cities. True 

7. Sajnekhali is a spectacular spot in the Sundarbans. True 

8. Berhampore is called the ‘City of Palaces’. False

9. Hoogly port is a contemporary or supportive port of Kolkata port. False

10. Bird sanctuary is located in the Jalpaiguri district. False

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Matches The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left Column Right Column
1. Glasgow of India A. Durgapur
2. Ruhr of India B. Siliguri
3. Capital of west bengal C. Howrah
4. Gateway to northeast India D. Kolkata

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

2.

Left Column Right Column
1. Jaldapara A. Botanical garden
2. Shibpur B. Hazarduri
3. Murshidabad C. Victoria memorial
4. Kolkata D. One-horned rhinoceros

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

Chapter 8 West Bengal Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Balurghat is the headquarters of which district?
Answer: Dakshin Dinajpur.

Question 2 Which city is called the ‘City of Joy’?
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 3 What is the capital of West Bengal?
Answer: Kolkata.

Question 4 In which district is Bolpur located?
Answer: Birbhum.

Question 5 Which is the ‘commercial hub’ of north Bengal?
Answer: Siliguri.

Question 6 Name the associate port of Kolkata.
Answer: Haldia.

Question 7 How many ‘million cities’ are there in West Bengal?
Answer: Two.

Question 8 In which district is the Iscon temple located?
Answer: Nadia.

Question 9 What is the main attraction of Jaldapara National Park?
Answer: One-horned rhinoceros.

Question 10 Which city is called ‘the black diamond city’ of West Bengal?
Answer: Asansol.

 

Chapter 8 West Bengal Map Pointing

Question 1 Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on an outline map of West Bengal.
Answer:

1. Northern hilly region of West Bengal
2. Haldia port
3. River Damodar
4. A main rice-producing region
5. An iron and steel industrial region
6. A jute industrial region
7. Krishnanagar
8. Coastal soil region
9. A newly formed district
10. A food processing industrial center

WBBSE Solutions chapter 8 west bengal map 1

Question 2 Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on an outline map of west bengal
Answer:

1. River Bhagirathi
2. Kolkata
. A place receiving high rainfall
4. Mangrove forest
5. The main tea-producing region
6. A thermal power plant
7. Santiniketan
8. Balurghat
9. Rarh plains
10. River Ajoy

WBBSE Solutions chapter 8 west bengal map 2

Question 3 Locate the following with appropriate symbols and Bengal.
Answer:

1. Ajodhya hills
2. RiverTeesta
3. Digha
4. Bakreswars. The soil of the plateau region
6. Siliguri
7. Kolkata port
8. An iron and steel industrial center
9. Sandakphu
10. A jute-producing region

WBBSE Solutions chapter 8 west bengal map 3

 

Question 4 Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on an outline map of West Bengal
Answer:

1. The coldest district of west bengal
2. Bakkhail
3. River Ganga
4. plateau region of west bengal
5. Soil of the terai region
6. A historical region place
7. jaldapara national park
8. Tropic of cancer
9. Haldia indusrtrial region
10. An active delta region

WBBSE Solutions chapter 8 west bengal map 4

Question 5 Locate the following with appropriate symbols and names on an outline map of West Bengal
Answer:

1. A hill station
2. Plains of North Bengal
3. River Mahananda
4. An information technology industrial center
5. City of Palaces
6. Alipurduar
7. Berhampore
8. A food processing research center
9. Susunia Hills
10. A land port

 

WBBSE Solutions chapter 8 west bengal map 5

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resources Of India

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Salient Points – At A Glance

1. According to Zimmerman (1957), a famous resource specialist, “Resource does not mean any object or matter, it is actually its function and process which makes that object or matter beneficial to man by fulfilling his demand.” In other words, the utility or function of any object or matter which is capable of meeting any demand is a resource. Thus ‘Resource is a medium through which a demand is fulfilled, be it an individual or a social demand.
2. Resources which are available in nature in limited quantities and diminish in a continual process of utilisation and cannot be replaced after being utilised are called non-renewable or fund or exhaustible resources.
3. Resources which are easily available in nature and can be used without being depleted, are called renewable or inexhaustible resources. For example- sunlight, wind, sea waves etc.
4. The resources that are rare and are available only in one place on the Earth are called uniquities or unique resources.
5. There are three resource-creating factors—nature, man and culture.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

6. Materials which are available in nature and are of no use are called neutral stuff.
7. The phenomena which cause harm to man by hampering the growth of resources are called resistance barriers. Examples—are illiteracy; bigotry; natural hazards like floods, storms, etc.
8. The process by which waste materials are converted into new resources is called recycling. For example, broken or damaged iron, and aluminium objects are transformed into new materials by melting in factories.
9, Iron ore is a non-renewable or exhaustible resource.
10. Superior quality iron ore is magnetite (72% iron) and the inferior quality iron ore is siderite (48% iron).

11. The main basis of all industries are iron and steel industry.
12. Most of the deposited iron in India is of hematite type.
13. According to recent statistical data from the Indian Bureau of Mines, Odisha is the largest iron ore-producing state in India.
14. Coal is also known as black diamond as it has multiple uses and importance.
15. Anthracite is the best quality coal that contains 85%-95% of carbon.

16. Raniganj in West Bengal- is the oldest coalfield in India and Neyveli in Tamil Nadu is the largest lignite coalfield in India.
17. Coal and petroleum are found in the sedimentary rock strata.
32. Although coal is a fossil fuel, it is a sedimentary rock.
33. At present (2019) India is the second largest coal-producing country in the world after China.
34. ONGC is the largest oil-producing organisation in India.
35. Crude oil is a naturally occurring unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.

36. Petroleum is also known as liquid gold for its importance.
37. Except the hydroelectric power, all types of conventional energy pollute the environment.
38. Hydroelectricity is also known as white coal.
39. Largest thermal power plant in India is located at Mundra in Gujarat.
40. World’s largest thermal power station is located at Taichung in Taiwan state of China.

41. Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, China is the world’s largest hydroelectric power plant.
42. The Koyna Hydroelectric Project on the Koyna river, Maharastra is the largest completed hydroelectric power plant in India.
43. World’s first nuclear power station is located at Obninsk in Russia.
44. India’s first or oldest nuclear power station is located at Tarapur in Maharastra.
45. Non-conventional energies are eco-friendly. Since non-conventional energy does not cause pollution, it is also called Green Energy.
46. Solar energy is produced with the help of Solar Photovoltaic cells.
47. Gujarat holds the first position in India for maximum solar energy generation.
48. Tamil Nadu ranks first in India for maximum wind energy generation.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Topic A Location And Administrative Division Of West Bengal Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question 1 What do resources?
Answer:

Concept of resource:

The resource is a word that is frequently used to express something.

Previous concept: In the early period, only natural products like iron ore, coal, and petroleum were considered as resources.

Zimmerman’s concept: According to Zimmerman (1957), a famous resource specialist, “Resource does not mean any object or matter, it is actually its function and process which makes that object or matter beneficial to man by fulfilling his demand.” In other words, the utility or function of any object or matter which is capable of meeting any demand is a resource. Thus ‘Resource is a medium through which a demand is fulfilled, be it an individual or a social demand.

Present concept: Nowadays, the resource is defined as something from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. A tangible or intangible thing or substance that fulfils the personal and social needs of human beings by its function is called a resource.

Example-
1. Presence of coal is not considered a resource, but the utility and functionality of coal in relation to human demand are considered a resource.

2. Unused land is not a resource. The land will be considered a resource when different types of crops (rice, wheat, etc.) are cultivated.

3. Coal, iron ore, and land are tangible substances because these have a physical existence but, substances like knowledge, education, intellect, social harmony, etc. are intangible because these do not have any physical existence. Therefore, these are non-material resources which have function and utility.

Earth Summit concept: Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 defined resource as anything which may have some functions that not only satisfy human needs at a given end but also ensure the conservation of the biosphere.

Example: Coal is used for its heat and light after being taken out of the mines and then it is called a resource. At the same time, it has to be seen that the fume emanating from using coal does not pollute the environment.

Question 2 Classify resources with examples.
Answer:

Classification of resources:

Resources can be classified on the basis of the following-

 

Basis of classification Categories of resources Examples
1. On the basis of resources -creating factors  1. natural
2. human resources
3. cultural resources 
1. sunlight mineral resources water etc.
2. On the basis of biological factors 1. Organic resources CD Inorganic resource 1. fish, milk, wool etc.
2. Oxygen, iron ore, water etc,
3. On the basis of the difference between the stability and depletion of resources 1 Exhaustible or non-renewable resources 2. Inexhaustible or renewable resources 3. Renewable or replenishable resources 4. Temporarily reduced renewable resources 5. Usable or recyclable resources 1. Mineral oil. coal, copper etc
2. Solar power, hydroelectric power, thermal energy etc
3. forest, grasslands etc. indiscriminate Feng of trees (deforestation), damaging biodiversity etc.
4. Discarded aeon. AXiminium or scrap etc.
4. On the basis of availability 1. Existing resources
2. Potential resources
1. Hydroelectric power of the USA.
2. Hydroelectric power of Kenya and Congo
5. On the basis of distribution and 1. Resources available universally
2. Resources eas available
3. Rare resources
4. Equities or unique resources
1. Oxygen in the atmosphere
2. Water, sod etc.
3. Tin. petroleum etc.
4. Cryolite
6. On the basis of resource perception 1. Tangible resources
2. intangible resources
1. Coal, Iron ore etc
2. Education, law. innovative ideas etc.
7. On the basis of ownership of resources 1. individual resources
2. Social resources
3. National Resources
4. International resources
1. House, land, health etc.
2. School, library, hospital, etc.
3. Rivers, mines etc.
4. Ozane layer In the atmosphere, oceans, Antarctica landmass etc

 

Question 2 Give an account of different types of resources in India. Or, India is a resource-rich country Explain.
Answer:

Different types of resources in India:

There are a variety of resources in India. They are as follows—

1. Land resources:
1. The total area of India is about 32 lakhs 87 thousand sq. km.
2. India has the largest agricultural land among Asian countries and the. largest irrigated area in the world.

2. Water resources:
1. India is a land of rivers. Rivers like the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc. with their large water content flow through India.
2. These rivers play an important role in areas of hydroelectric power production, water transport, supply of drinking water and irrigation water, deposition of fertile silt etc.
3. In spite of the fact that groundwater reserves are limited in amount, they are being utilised for drinking as well as irrigation purposes.

3. Forest resources:
1. Forests cover about 21.05 per cent of the total geographical area of India (India State Forest Report, 2011),
2. Valuable timber and other by-products are obtained from these forests.

4. Animal resources:
1. India is rich in biodiversity, especially in fauna (animal life). In terms of domestic animals and cattle, like goats, sheep, cows, buffaloes, yaks, etc. India ranks first in the world.
2. Huge quantities of milk and milk products, meat, hides and skins, eggs etc. are produced from these goats, sheep, pigs, poultry (ducks and hens) etc.

5. Fish resources:
In India fish is caught both from inland fresh-water rivers, lakes and ponds as well as from saline waters of the oceans (from the continental shelves of the oceans). India ranks sixth in fish production in the world and second in the production of inland fisheries.

6. Agricultural resources:
1. Since India is an agricultural country, large quantities of paddy, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute, oilseeds etc. are cultivated in the fertile plains and river valleys.
2. Besides, large quantities of tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, different types of spices, fruits and vegetables are also produced here.

7. Mineral resource:
1. India is rich in resources such as coal, iron ore, bauxite, mica, manganese, limestone etc.
2. However, petroleum is scarce in India.

8. Industrial resources:
India is quite developed in industries like cotton-textile, iron and steel, sugar, engineering, tea, jute, information technology, jewellery etc.

9. Human resources:
1. India has the second largest population in the world after China. Hence, India has a strong labour force.
2. The world’s largest productive population (young population) is in India. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that India is a resource-rich country.

Question 4 What is the need for conserving resources? Give an account of the measures taken to conserve resources.
Answer:

Need for conserving resources:

1. The ecological balance is maintained by conserving resources.
2. Natural growth is preserved in the case of biological or biotic resources.
3. Resources are retained to be used for the next generation (as a result of sustainable development of resources).
4. Economic growth is accelerated.
5. In some cases, resource conservation may also come to our aid during disaster management.

Measures are taken to conserve resources:

1. To increase the longevity of conventional resources like coal, and mineral oil by using renewable and non-conventional resources like solar power, wind energy etc.,
2. To curb the wastage of resources by application of proper technology,
3. To increase awareness and change man’s perception, for example, the use of steel instead of wood in furniture-making (forests can be preserved in this way),
4. To enhance the functional capacity of resources, for example, the development of a multi-purpose river valley project can be encouraged by building more dams across rivers,
5. Re-using and recycling resources. For example, damaged aluminium utensils can be melted to manufacture new utensils,
6. To collect resources by using scientific methods,
7. To conserve resources by implementing government policies,
8. To protect resources from being damaged by natural disasters,
9. To control population growth worldwide, so that demand for resources is reduced.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions Marks

Question 1 Define resources.
Answer:

Concept of resource: Resource is a word that is frequently used to express something.

Previous concept: In the early period, only natural products like iron ore, coal, and petroleum were considered resources.

Zimmerman’s concept: According to Zimmerman (1957), a famous resource specialist, “Resource does not mean any object or matter, it is actually its function and process which makes that object or matter beneficial to man by fulfilling his demand.” In other words, the utility or function of any object or matter which is capable of meeting any demand is a resource. Thus ‘Resource is a medium through which a demand is fulfilled, be it an individual or a social demand.

Present concept: Nowadays, the resource is defined as something from which a benefit is produced and that has some utility. A tangible or intangible thing or substance that fulfils the personal and social needs of human beings by its function is called a resource.

Example-

1. Presence of coal is not considered a resource, but the utility and functionality of coal in relation to human demand are considered a resource.

2. Unused land is not a resource. The land will be considered a resource when different types of crops (rice, wheat, etc.) are cultivated.

3. Coal, iron ore, and land are tangible substances because these have a physical existence but, substances like knowledge, education, intellect, social harmony, etc. are intangible because these do not have any physical existence. Therefore, these are non-material resources which have function and utility.

Earth Summit concept: Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 defined resource as anything which may have some functions that not only satisfy human needs at a given end but also ensure the conservation of the biosphere.

For example, Coal is used for its heat and light after being taken out of the mines and then it is called a resource. At the same time, it has to be seen that the fume emanating from using coal does not pollute the environment.

Question 2 Describe the functional theory of resources.
Answer:

Functional Theory Of Resources:-

Resources are very important to mankind. The resource does not refer to a thing or substance, resource is the utility and functionality of a thing or a substance that satisfies human needs. The ability to satisfy the personal and social needs of human beings is known as utility and i.e. resource. For example, the existence of coal beneath the Earth’s surface is not considered a resource, the ability of energy generation is the functionality of coal through which man satisfies their own needs. Therefore, the functionality of coal is a resource.

Similarly, the land is not considered a resource, but the fertility and function of the land are a resource. Intangible things or substances are also considered resources. For this, knowledge, intellect, education, social harmony, etc. are also considered resources, because these have functionality which fulfils human needs. Thus, functionality is the main criterion or characteristic of a resource.

Question 3 What are the controlling factors of the resources?
Answer:

The controlling factors of resources are—

1. Culture: Cultural development brings changes to the functionality of the resources. In this way, neutral stuff is turned into resources.

2. Place and time: The utility of an object changes with the changing place and course of time. For example, in the early period, radioactive material was considered a barrier in the course of development but at present, this is used to generate power in developed countries.

3. Technology: Technology or mechanical efficiency has increased the functionality of a resource. Demand, population etc. are also important to control the functionality of a resource.

Question 4 Describe the functional theory of resources used and creating resources?
Answer:

There are 3 main factors responsible for creating resources—

1. Nature,
2. Man,
3. Culture.

1. Nature: Nature acts as a resource-creating factor in two ways—

1 By providing all the materials and
2. By providing the environment to create resources.

2. Man: Resource is created for man and by man. Man plays a dual role in course of resource creation and consumption. Man is the most important resource-creating factor.

3. Culture: Culture plays an important role as a resource-creating factor. Culture is the combined product of man and nature. They play important roles in creating resources either individually or in a combined manner. For example—in early times, coal was found lying idle in nature as natural stuff. Later, a man with his ingenuity and cultural advance learnt to excavate coal from beneath the earth’s surface and started to put it to use for his own benefit. Thus, in this care, nature, man and culture have all played their roles in a combined way.

Question 5 What is meant by natural or physical, human and cultural barriers or obstacles? Or, What are the natural, human and cultural resistance?
Answer:

Natural Or Physical, Human And Cultural Barriers Or Obstacles:-

The phenomena which cause harm to man by hampering the growth of resources, are called barriers or resistance.

They are—

1. Natural barrier/Natural resistance: When a natural or physical phenomenon acts as a barrier in the creation of a resource, it is called a natural barrier or natural resistance. For example, severe storms, thunderstorms, cyclones, floods etc.

2. Human barrier/Human resistance: When human activities interfere with the creation of resources it is called a human barrier or human resistance. Example War, Scarce Population, Over Population.

3. Cultural barrier/Cultural resistance: When any cultural factor acts as a barrier to creating resources, it is called a cultural barrier or cultural resistance. Examples of religious fanaticism, superstition, etc.

Question 6 How does man hinder the creation and development of resources?
Answer:

Man Hinder The Creation And Development Of Resources:-

Demand is the sole factor for the creation of resources for man. Man himself creates resources to be used for his own benefit. Again, the man himself acts as a hindering factor in creating and developing resources to satisfy his needs.

Some human activities that impede the creation of resources are as follows—

1. Over-exploitation of resources: Over-exploitation and over-usage of resources have led to the permanent depletion of resources.

2. Deforestation: There is a constant and indiscriminate destruction of forests (deforestation) which results from man’s greed and self-centeredness.

3. Unscientific way of farming: Soil is polluted and fertility is also decreased as a result of unscientific farming.

4. Social problems: Huge quantities of resources are being destroyed in many parts of the world as a result of warfare, revolts, riots etc. Thus, a man not only creates resources out is also responsible for destroying them.

Question 7 Make a comparison between fund resources and flow resources.
Answer:

A comparison between fund resources and flow resources is as follows—

 

Point of comparison Fund resources Flow resources
1. Amount The amount of fund resources are specific and limited.  The amount of flow resources is indefinite and unlimited.
2. Exhaustibility Fund resources are exhausted due to gradual or regular usage. Flow resources do not exhaust due to gradual or regular usage. But anything or material is exhausted in terms of time.
3. Distribution These resources are available in some specific places of the world. Their resources are available universally.
4. Transportability Fund resources cause is transportable. Flow resources are non-transportable.
5. Usage Fund resources are used as raw materials in the industry. Flow resources are used to generate power.
6. Environmental pollution Usage of fund resources causes pollution. Flow resources are generally eco-friendly.

 

Question 8 Write the difference between materialistic and non-materialistic resources.
Answer:

The difference between materialistic and non-materialistic resources are as follows—

 

Point of difference  Materialistic resources  Non-materialistic resources
1. Tangibility Materialistic resources are tangible in nature. Non-materialistic resources Non-materialistic resources are intangible in nature.
2. Visibility These resources have physical existence and can be seen with our eyes. These resources cannot be seen with our eyes as they do not have any physical existence.
3. Source Sources of these resources are directly or indirectly connected with nature. Mainly man creates these types of resources.

 

Question 9 Write the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources.
Answer:

The differences between renewable and non-renewable resources are as follows—

 

Point of difference  Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
1. Exhaustibility  Renewable resources do not exhaust due to gradual or regular usage.  Non-Renewable resources exhaust due to gradual or regular usage.
2. Replenishment These resources replenish on their own. These resources can not be renewed or replenished.
3. Cost effective Renewable resources are more cost-effective. Non-renewable resources are less cost-effective.

 

Question 10 Write the differences between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources.
Answer:

The differences between exhaustible and inexhaustible resources are as follows—

 

Point Of Difference Exhaustible Resources  Inexhaustible Resources
1. Recycled/ Renewed The exhaustible resource cannot be renewed or recycled. Inexhaustible resources are renewed or recycled.
2. Cost-effective Procurement of this resource is costly. Procurement of this resource is not so costly. It is more cost-effective.
3. Environment pollution The usage of these resources may cause environmental pollution. There is no risk of environmental pollution due to the usage of these resources.

 

Question 11 What are the differences between neutral stuff and resources?
Answer:

The differences between neutral stuff and resources are as follows—

 

point of difference Neutral stuff  Resources
 1. Utility Neutral stuff does not have any utility. For example, barren land. Resources have utility, for example, coal.
2. Nature The concept of neutral stuff is static in nature. The concept of resources is dynamic in nature.
3. Importance/ Significance The significance of its usage is very low The significance of its usage is higher, very low.

 

Question 12 Write the differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
Answer:

The differences between conventional sources of energy and non-conventional sources are as follows—

 

point of difference  Conventional sources of energy Non Conventional sources of energy
1. Usage This type of energy has been in use for a long period of time. E.g.—coal. The use of this type of energy has gained popularity recently. E.g.-tidal energy.
 2. Environment pollution Except for hydroelectricity, the use of all other conventional sources of energy causes environmental pollution.  The use of non-conventional sources of energy does not cause any pollution.
3. Storage Sources of this type of energy are exhaustible (except hydroelectricity). Sources of this type of energy are inexhaustible.

 

Question 13 Write the differences between tangible and intangible resources.
Answer:

The main differences between tangible and intangible resources and social resources are as follows—

 

Point of difference Tangible resources Intangible resources 
1. Tangibility These resources are tangible in nature. For example, minerals, crops, forests, etc. These resources are intangible in nature. For example, skill, education, health, etc.
2. Visibility These resources have physical existence and can be seen with our eyes. These resources can not be seen with our eyes as they do not have any physical existence.

 

Question 14 What are the differences between personal/individual and social resources?
Answer:

The main differences between personal/individual resources and social resources are as follows—

 

Point of difference Personal / Individual resources  Social resources
1. Concept Personal resources are owned/ controlled by an individual. For example, house, car, and education. Social resources are owned/controlled by the whole society. For example, schools, hospitals, etc.
2. Durability The social durability of this type of resource is low. Its use is restricted to one or a few persons. This resource is more for the use of general people. It is used for the benefit of many people in society.
3. Creation This resource is created by an individual or he gets it as hereditary ownership/legacy. This type of resource is created by the collective effort of many people from within the society.

 

Question 15 What are the differences between biotic and abiotic resources?
Answer:

The differences between biotic or organic and abiotic or inorganic resources are as follows—

 

Point of difference Biotic or organic resources  Abiotic or inorganic resources
1. Concept Resources that are obtained from living organisms are biotic resources. For example, fish, forest, and cattle. Resources that are obtained from nonliving objects are known as abiotic resources. For example, water, minerals, etc.
2. Durability It is a renewable resource. If used properly this resource can last for a long time. Though mostly this type of resource is non-renewable, it is not destroyed quickly

 

Question 16 ‘Man is sometimes responsible for destroying resources.’ Explain.
Answer:

Man not only creates resources but also destroys them. For example—

1. Forests are lost due to the indiscriminate felling of trees, thereby causing irreversible damage to the ecosystem.
2. Fertility of the land is diminished as a result of unscientific agricultural practices.
3. Quantities of fish are reduced as a result of excessive and unscientific methods of fishing.
4. Resources are destroyed as a result of warfare, and riots.
5. Pollution of water, land and wind is caused as a result of excessive use of fossil fuels.

Question 17 Why is the use of conventional sources of energy reducing day by day in modern times?
Answer:

The reasons for the decreasing use of conventional sources of energy are—

1. Depletion: Various sources of conventional energy like coal, mineral oil etc, have already diminished due to over-exploitation.

2. Pollution: Except for hydroelectric power, all other conventional sources of energy lead to pollution.

3. Expensive: Conventional sources of energy are more expensive.

Question 18 Man is both the creator and destroyer of resources.’ Explain.
Answer:

Man Is Both The Creator And Destroyer Of Resources:-

Man creates resources. All the resources by him. He uses and benefits from these resources which he creates using his intellect, knowledge, technical skill etc.

On the other hand, man is a destroyer of resources. Some resources are depleted after over-exploitation and excessive use by man. Resources are lost as a result of man’s ignorance and never-ending greed. Riots and warfare also damage resources. Prof Zimmerman has called it a ‘dual role of man’.

Question 19 Why population is called a resource?
Answer:

Population Is Called A Resource:-

Population is considered to be a resource if it possesses relevant philosophy, wisdom and super functionality. According to Prof. Zimmerman, ‘Man’s own wisdom is his, main resource,’ this acts as an opener of the world’s resources.

The supply of labour is supported by the size of the population. It is man’s demand that creates resources. Higher-quality resources are created by people with more advanced knowledge and technical skill. A well-educated and technically skilled population is a valuable resource for any country. In India, most of people cannot be considered a resource as they do not have the necessary skill. Smaller countries like Canada, Australia and others also can not develop the full potential of the resources due to scarce population.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Answer Type Questions Marks

Question 1 What is neutral stuff?
Answer:

Neutral Stuff:-

Materials which are available in nature and are of no use are called neutral stuff. For example, a piece of rocky barren land.

Question 2 What are the two main features of a resource?
Answer:

The two main features of resources are—

1. Utility: To fill in the gap of demand for resources.
2. Functionality: It meets the paucity of the supply of resources of mankind by providing its utility.

For example, thermal power is derived from burning fossil fuel and this is its utility. When this thermal power becomes beneficial to mankind by way of many facilitating activities, this is its functionality.

Question 3 What are natural resources?
Answer:

Natural Resources:-

The resources which are easily available from nature are called natural resources. For example, sunlight, wind, fertile soil along river banks, etc.

Question 4 What are non-renewable or exhaustible resources?
Answer:

Non-Renewable or Exhaustible Resources:-

Resources which are available in nature in limited quantities and diminish in a continual process of utilisation and cannot be replaced or replenished after being utilised are called non-renewable or exhaustible resources. For example, coal, mineral oil, etc.

Question 5 What are renewable or inexhaustible resources?
Answer:

Renewable Or Inexhaustible Resources:-

Resources which are easily available in nature and can be used over and over again without getting depleted, are called renewable or inexhaustible resources. For example, sunlight, wind, sea waves, etc.

Question 6 What is a regional resource?
Answer:

Regional Resource:-

The resource which is available in and restricted to any particular region is called a regional resource. For example, coal, iron ore, gold, etc.

Question 7 What is a biotic resource?
Answer:

Biotic Resource:-

The resource which is obtained from the biological (flora and fauna) world is called an abiotic resource. For example, wood, milk, meat, etc.

Question 8 What is an intangible resource?
Answer:

Intangible Resource:-

The resource which cannot be touched is called an intangible resource. This type of resource can be obtained from the cultural environment of mankind. For example, education, skill, etc.

Question 9 What is a potential resource?
Answer:

Potential Resource:-

The resource which is available in nature and also has utility and functionality, but cannot be exploited and used due to inaccessibility of the places where it is found is, called a potential resource. For example, the vast iron-covered land in Antarctica.

Question 10 What is a unique resource?
Answer:

Unique Resource:-

The resource i.e. rare and available only in one place on the Earth is known as a uniquity or unique resource. For example, the natural cryolite of Greenland.

Question 11 What is the conservation of resources?
Answer:

Conservation Of Resources:-

The term conservation means to preserve a certain thing for a specific purpose. When a resource is utilised in a limited way scientifically, reducing its over-exploitation and wastage and thereby preserving that particular resource, is called conservation of the resource. The concept of reducing (the exploitation and use), re-using and re-cycling is applied here.

Question 12 What are mineral resources?
Answer:

Mineral Resources

The resources which are derived from digging or drilling of the Earth’s surface are called mineral resources. For example, coal, mineral oil or petroleum etc. These resources have specific physical and chemical compositions.

Question 13 What are the aims of conserving resources?
Answer:

The aims of conserving resources are—

1. To preserve the quality of environmental resources,
2. To conserve the resource for the next generation (sustainable development),
3. To increase the utility and function of resources,
4. To prevent wastage of resources.

Question 14 Discuss the salient features of resources.
Answer:

Resource is a matter which is capable of fulfilling the lack of supply or demand.

The salient features of a resource are its-

1. Utility,
2. Function,
3. Acceptability,
4. applicability,
5. Universal Demand,
6. Availability,
7. Restricted Or Limitedness,
8. Reducibility,
9. Environment-Friend¬Liness,
10. Capability- Of Conserving Biodiversity.

Question 15 What are cultural resources?
Answer:

Cultural Resources

Cultural resources are those resources which are developed by the brain power of man such as knowledge, skill, literacy, etc. Man is the creator of cultural resources.

Question 16 What are the obstacles to resources?
Answer:

Obstacles To Resources:-

Factors which act as barriers to creating resources or destroying resources are considered to be obstacles to resources. For example, storms, war, etc.

Question 17 What are national resources?
Answer:

National Resources:-

Those resources which are under the control of any state or country are called national resources.

Question 18 What are social resources?
Answer:

Social Resources:-

Resources which are under the control of society and fulfil the demands of society, are called social resources. For example, school, college, hospital, etc.

Question 19 What are international resources?
Answer:

International Resources:-

Resources which do not belong to any individual or any country, but are meant for mankind as a whole are called international resources. For example, oceans, Antarctica, the ozone layer, etc.

Question 20 What are resource-creating factors?
Answer:

Resource-Creating Factors:-

The resource-creating factors are of three types—nature, human and culture. They play important roles in creating resources either individually or in a combined manner.

Question 21 What is recycling of resources?
Answer:

Recycling Of Resources:-

The process by which waste materials are converted into new resources is called recycling. For example, broken or damaged iron, and aluminium objects are transformed into new materials by melting in factories.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write The Correct Answer From The Given, Alternatives

1. A renewable resource is—
1. Wind
2. Petroleum
3. Iron
4. Coal

Answer: 1. Wind

2. A non-renewable resource is—
1. Sunlight
2. Gold
3. Wind
4. Geothermal Power

Answer: 2. Gold

3. A valuable cultural resource is—
1. Education
2. Population
3. Water
4. Land

Answer: 1. Education

4. An example of an international resource is—
1. School
2. Water
3. Land
4. Ozone Layer

Answer: 4. Ozone Layer

5. Forest is a—
1. Cultural Resource
2. Natural Resource
3. Human Resource
4. Abiotic Resource

Answer: 2. Natural Resource

6. Education is a(n)—
1. Intangible Resource
2. Tangible Resource
3. Human Resource
4. Biotic/Biological Resource

Answer: 1. Intangible Resource

7. Seafish is a—
1. Permanent Resource
2. Renewable Resource
3. Cultural Resource
4. Human Resource

Answer: 2. Renewable Resource

8. A social resource is—
1. Wind
2. Knowledge
3. Health
4. Educational Institution

Answer: 4. Educational Institution

9. A resource which is found universally is—
1. Wind
2. Mineral Resource
3. Culture
4. School

Answer: 1. Wind

10. A tangible resource is—
1. Tree
2. Education
3. Sunlight
4. Wind

Answer: 1. Tree

11. According to resource-creating factors, an example of human resource is—
1. Forest
2. Knowledge
3. Labourforce
4. Soil

Answer: 3. Labourforce

12. Which resource have an important effect on the Indian economy?
1. Water resource
2. Solar energy
3. Wind energy
4. Iron ore

Answer: 4. Iron ore

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. A substance or matter which has functionality and is utility called a resource.

2. After discovering a new resource the utility of an older resource is reduced

3. A resource may be both tangible and intangible.

4. Innovative thinking of a man is a type of human resource.

5. Three main resources creating components are nature, man and culture

6. 21.05 per cent of the land is covered by forest in India.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left column  Right column
1. Biotic resources A. Railway
2. Abiotic resources B. school
3. Social resources C.Fish
4. National Resources D. Iron ore

Answer: 1-C,2-D,3-B,4-A

2.

Left column  Right column 
1. Exhaustible resources A. sunshine
2. Flow resources B. Coal
3. Uniquities resources C. forest
4. Renewable resources D. Commercial cryolite

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

 

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Answer One Or Two Words

 

Question 1 Which type of resource is found in only one place in the world?
Answer: Uniquity or unique resource.

Question 2 What are those matters which do not have any utility or function known as?
Answer: Neutral stuff.

Question 3 What is the capability of fulfilling the gap of resources called?
Answer: Utility.

Question 4 What are the resources which are derived from nature called?
Answer: Natural resources.

Question 5 What are the resources derived from the biological world called?
Answer: Biotic or biological resources.

Question 6 What are the resources which cannot be touched known as?
Answer: Intangible resources.

Question 7 What type of resource involves man’s knowledge, intellect and technical skill?
Answer: Cultural resource.

Question 8 What type of resources are under the control of a country?
Answer: National resources.

Question 9 How many types of barriers are there to creating resources?
Answer: Three.

Question 10 Under what type of resources can the resources of Antarctica be categorised?
Answer: International resource.

Question 11 What is India’s rank in the world in terms of the total population?
Answer: Second.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Topic B Mineral Resources Of India—Iron Ore Long Answer Questions

Question 1 Classify iron ore. What are the uses of iron ore?
Answer:

Classification of iron ore: On the basis of the amount of pure iron ore which is obtained after hauling up the mineral from the mine, it can be divided into four categories.

These are—

Type of iron ore Amount of iron ore (in %) Colour Salient features
1. Magnetite (Fe304) >72% Black Iron ore of superior quality.
2. Haematite (Fe203) 60%-70% Red, Dark brown Salient features Abundantly found good quality iron ore.
3. Limonite (2Fe203, 3H20) 40%-60% Yellowish brown Iron ore of medium quality.
4. Siderite (FeC03) 40%-50% Greyish brown, greyish yellow Iron ore of most inferior quality.

 

Uses of iron ore: Iron ore can be melted down to obtain pure iron from which cast iron and pig iron are produced. Steel is produced by mixing proportionate amounts of manganese, ‘ nickel, tungsten, etc. with pure iron.

These iron and steel are used for various purposes, such as—

1. For manufacturing tools and instruments like boilers, radiators, etc.,
2. For manufacturing ships, railway engines, wheels of trains, cycles, etc.,
3. For manufacturing different types of weapons used in warfare, e.g.—tanks, rifles, etc.
4. for making agricultural implements like an axe, ploughs, tractors, etc.,
5. Objects used for domestic purposes like scissors, knives, needles, etc.,
6. Construction of houses like rods, frills, etc.,
7. For making vehicles used in transport, like buses, trucks, automobiles, etc. Besides these, iron and steel are also used in the manufacture of factories, bridges, etc. This age is known as the ‘Iron Age’ because of the excessive use of iron and steel, in modern civilisation.

Question 2 Give an account of iron ore mining areas in India. Mention the reserves and the trade capacity of India in iron ore.
Answer:

Distribution of iron ore in India:

The areas of iron-ore mining in India are—

 

State Area of mining Important information
1. Odisha Gorumahisani,    Sulaipat,    Badampahar (Mayurbhanj district), Banshpani, Thakurani, Bagiaburu, Kiriburu (Keonjhar District), Bonai, Barsura (Sundergarh district), Daitari (Cuttack), Amarkot (Koraput district), Sambalpur. 1. Odisha ranks first in Iron ore mining in India, 2. Haematite Iron Ore (iron content is more than 60%) is found here.
2. Chattisgarh Dalli Rajhara (Durg district), Bailadila, Raoghat (Bastar district). 1. Chattishgarh holds the second position in the mining of iron ore. 2. Best quality Haematite iron ore is found here.
3. Karnataka Baba Budangiri (Chikmagalur district), Sandur-Hospet, Donimalai, Devagiri, Kumaraswnmi and Ramandurg (Bellary), Huliyar/Kudramukh (Chitradurga district), Arasul (SKlmoga district). Karnataka holds the third position in the mining of iron ore.
4. Jharkhand Area of mining Meghahatburu, Gua, Jamda,    Kiriburu, Noamundi, Chiriya, Notuburu, Pansiraburu, Dublabera (West Singbhum district), Daltonganj (Paiamou district). 1. Jharkhand ranks fourth in the mining of iron ore. 2. Best quality Haematite iron ore is found here.
5. Goa Bicholim, Sirigao, Pirna, Mapusa, Onda. Satari, Sanguem, Ponda.’ Goa holds the fifth position in the mining of iron ore.
6. Other states Khammam, Krishna, Ananthpur, Telengana, Andhra, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Chandrapur (Maharashtra), Jaipur, Alwar, Bundi, Bhilwara, Udaipur (Rajasthan), Mahendragar (Haryana), Kangra (Himachal Pradesh), Salem (Tamil Nadu).

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india india iron ore

State-wise production of iron ore (2016-2017)

State Production (‘000 ton)
Odisha 99614
Chattisgarh 31068
Karnataka. 26363
Jharkhand 21335

 

State Production (‘000 ton)
Goa 8933
Madhya Pradesh 1730
Maharastra 1321
Rajasthan 1228

 

Reserves and trade of iron ore in India:

Reserves and trade of iron ore in India are as follows—

Reserves: India has a reserve of about 3328 crore tonnes of iron ore. In the year 2015-16, India exported 50 lakh tons and imported 48 lakh tons of iron ore.

Trade: Japan, South Korea, Germany, Italy, and China, are some of the countries which import iron ore from India. South Africa, Oman, Brazil, and Australia are some of the countries that export iron ore to India.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions Marks

Question 1 Why is iron considered to be an aid in modern civilisation and industrialisation?
Answer:

Iron Considered To Be An Aid In Modern Civilisation And Industrialisation:-

Iron is the carrier of modern civilisation. It is because of its multifarious use and importance, that the modern age is known as the iron age.

Iron aids in modern civilisation and industrialisation in the following ways—

1. Iron is used to manufacture pig iron or iron lumps.
2. A host of industries is dependent on iron such as industries related to the manufacturing of tools and machinery, the light and heavy engineering industry, the automobile industry, etc. Manufacturing of alloys, building construction materials, agricultural implements and a number of household products are also made from iron.

Question 2 Why iron is called a fund resource?
Answer:

Iron Is Called A Fund Resource:-

Fund resources are exhaustible in nature and the amount of fund resources is specific and limited. Iron is called a fund resource because the reserve of iron is limited and even iron is not available in every place in the world. The reserve of iron is gradually decreasing due to excessive use. Though a small amount of iron can be restored through the process of recycling but in future, these will be exhausted

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Classify iron ore
Answer:

Classification Of Iron Ore:-

Iron ore can be classified into four groups on the basis of the amount of iron content and quality of iron,

These are—
1. Magnetite (Fe304),
2. Haematite (Fe203),
3. Limeonite(2Fe203, 3H20) and
4. Siderite (FeC03).

Question 2 Why iron is called a fund resource?
Answer:

Iron Is Called A Fund Resource:-

Fund resources are exhaustible in nature and the amount of fund resources is specific and limited. Iron is called a fund resource because the reserve of iron is limited and even iron is not available in every place in the world. The reserve of iron is gradually decreasing due to excessive use. Though a small amount of iron can be restored through the process of recycling but in future, these will be exhausted. Gorumahisani of Mayurbhanj in Odisha and one coal-producing centre is Jharia in Jharkhand.

Question 4 What is more? Give an example.
Answer:

More:-

Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals. Those minerals contain large amounts of metallic elements from which metal can be extracted easily. ‘Ore’ means a metal¬bearing mineral or rock.,

For example— Magnetite in ore of iron.

Question 5 What is pig iron?
Answer:

Pig Iron:-

Pig iron is an intermediate product of the iron industry. It is also known as crude iron which is obtained by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace at high temperatures (900°C-130CTC). Pig iron is pure in nature. The amount of carbon is very high in pig iron.

Question 6 What is scrap iron?
Answer:

Scrap Iron

Waste iron, used article made of iron is known as scrap iron. Scrap iron does not contain any impurities or slags. Sponge iron is manufactured by smelting scrap iron.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write The Correct Answer From The Given, Alternatives

1. Which of the following centre is famous for the extraction of iron ore?
1. Bonsai
2. Jharia
3. Jamshedpur
4. Kolaghat

Answer: 1. Bonsai

2. The biggest coal mining centre is—
1. Raniganj
2. Jharia
3. Singareni
4. Badampahar

Answer: 2. Jharia

3. The best quality iron ore is
1. Magnetite
2. Haematite
3. Limonite
4. Siderite

Answer: 1. magnetite

4. Iron ore is found in Badampahar which is located in the state of—
1. Goa
2. Karnataka
3. Odisha
4. Jharkhand

Answer: 3. Odisha

5. Iron ore is found in Karnataka which is located at—
1. Sirigaon
2. Badampahar
3. Budaburu
4. Bababudan

Answer: 2. Badampahar

6. Rank of Odisha in India in the mining of iron ore
1. First
2. Second
3. Third
4. Fourth

Answer: 1. First

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. Most of the iron ore of India is of the Haematite variety.

2. Steel is an example of an alloy.

3. Mineral reserve of India is the Chotanagpur plateau

4. Superior quality of iron ore is magnetite

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True, Write True And If Flase, Write False Against The Following

1. Magnetite is an example of superior-quality coal. False

2. Superior quality of iron is haematite. False

3. Steel is an alloy. True

4. India exports iron ore to China. True


Chapter 7 Resource Of India Match The Left Column With The Right Column

 

Left column  Right column 
1. superior quality of iron ore A. Wrought iron
2. Lowest quality of iron ore B. siderite
3. superior quality of iron C. Bog iron
4. Low-grade iron D. Magnetite

Answer: 1-D,2-B,3-A,4- C

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Answer in one or two words

Question 1 What is India’s rank in the world in terms of iron ore export?
Answer: Fifth.

Question 2 How many types of iron are found on the basis of the purity of ore?
Answer: Four types.

Question 3 Name a place in Odisha where iron is found.
Answer: Gorumahisani.

Question 4 Mineral Resources of India
Answer: Coal

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Topic C Mineral Resources Of India: Coal long answer type question

Question 1 Give an account of coal giving its classification.
Answer:

Classification of coal:

The main component of coal is carbon. Other matters like volatile matter, moisture and other impurities are also present in coal. On the basis of the percentage of carbon present in coal.

It is classified into four groups—

 

Type of coal Amount of carbon                               Other components Quality Production with respect to the world’s total coal production
Volatile matter (in %) Moisture (in %)
1. Anthracite 85%*95% 3%-5% Residual Superior quality (best) 0.05
2. Bituminous 50%-85% 10%-30% Residual Residua! Moderately good quality Low quality About 80% About 15%
3. Lignite 35%-50%  20%-35% Residual Worst quality Not used much

 


Anthracite:
It is the best quality of coal. It has 85%-95% of carbon content but is scarcely found in India. It is hard and shiny black in colour. It does not emanate smoke burnt. It is usually used in houses for temperature. when control room

2. Bituminous: This type of coal is moderately good and the carbon content is 50%-85%. Most of the world’s coal reserves are of this type. It is black in colour but is not so shiny. It is not much hard and gives off smoke when burnt, Coke is produced from this type of coal and it is used extensively in the iron and steel industry. Besides, it is also used to produce water vapour and most of the by-products are obtained, from this type of coal.

3. Lignite: This is inferior in quality and the carbon content ranges from’ 35%-50%. It is black or brown in colour and gives off smoke when burnt. It is used to keep houses warm and also to produce water vapour.

4. Peat: This contains less than 35% of carbon and that is why peat is not considered to be coal by many geologists. When brunt, wood is found in it and the odour of the smoke is also that of wood. Its fuel efficiency is less, generates very little heat and emanates much smoke. When the carbon content of coal is very high (about 99%) it is called graphite and the lead of pencil is made from it.

Question 2 Mention the different uses of by-products of coal.
Answer:

By-products of coal and their use: By-products of coal are used for different purposes, like—

1. Tar:
After processing tar, a number of matters are obtained, like—

1. Bitumen: It is used for constructing roads.
2. Creosote: A variety of pesticides are developed from it.
3. Naphthalene: It is used as a pesticide.
4. Phenol: It is used primarily as a pesticide.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india india by products of coal

2. Toluene or T.N.T.: It is used to produce explosives.
3. Saccharine: It is sweeter than sugar and is mainly used as a medicine.
4. Ammonium Sulphate: It is used as a freezing agent and fertiliser.
5. Benzol: It is used to make paints.
6. Pyridine: It is used to obtain paint and also used to vulcanize rubber.

Actually, there are numerous by-products (about 1,500 according to some and even more than 15,000 according to others) of coal, most of these are used as raw materials in the chemical industries and therefore boost this industry.

Question 3 Give a brief account of the coal mining areas in India. Mention the coal reserves and trade of coal.
Answer: Coal mining areas in India: The coal extracting regions in India are discussed under two subheads.
These are—

1. Coal of the Gondwana Age: This type of coal originated about 28-30 million years ago About 99% of India’s coal reserves belong to this age.

This coal is mainly of bituminous type The regions from where Gondwana coal is extracted are as follows—

 

Region  Location  Important information 
1. Damodar Valley Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura, Giridih, Ramgarh, Daltonganj (Jharkhand), Raniganj, Asansol, Mejia, Jamuria, Andal (West Bengal). 1. Jharkhand holds the first position in coal mining in India. 2. 40% of the coking coal reserves of India are concentrated in Jharia.
3. West Bengal ranks fourth among coal-producing states.
2. Mahanadi Valley Talcher, Sambalpur (Odisha), Korba (Chattisgarh). Odisha ranks second among the coal-producing states of India.
3. Son Valley Jhilimili, Bishrampur, Chirimiri (Chattisgarh),    Umaria, Sohagpur,    Singrauli, Patharkhera (Madhya Pradesh). 1. Chattisgarh holds the third position in the production of coal in India.
2. Madhya Pradesh ranks fifth among the coal-producing states.
4. Godavari Valley Singareni, Antargaon, Tandur, Yellandu,    Kothagudem, Karlapalli, Kamaram (Andhra Pradesh including Telangana). Andhra Pradesh including Telangana holds the sixth position in coal production in India.
5. Wradha and Wainganga Valley Warora, Chandrapur, Ballarpur, Rajura, Umrer, Wani, Kampti. Maharashtra holds the seventh position in coal production in India.
6. Other areas Rangit (Sikkim), Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh), Panandhro, Bharuch (Gujarat), Udhampur (Jammu and Kashmir), Makum (Assam), Neyveli (Tamil Nadu).

 

2. Coal of the Tertiary Age: During the formation of the Himalayas, about 6-7 million years ago, this type of coal was deposited. This coal is mostly of lignite type.
The regions from where Gondwana coal is extracted are as follows—

1. Makum, Najira, Jeypore, Janji, and Disai in Assam;
2. Namphuk, Namchuk and others in Arunachal Pradesh;
3. Cherrapunji, Mauling and Tura in Meghalaya;
4. Bagrakot near Darjeeling and Teenjharia in West Bengal;
5. Kalakot, Methka, Chakar and Ladda in Jammu and Kashmir;
6. Umarsar in Gujarat;
7. Palana in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan;
8. Bharkala in Kerala;
9. Neyveli in the South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu; Neyveli is the largest storehouse of lignite coal in India.
Production of coal in India (2016-2017)— State Coal reserves (in crore tons)

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india coal mining areas of india

Reserves and trade of coal in India are as follows—

1. Reserves: Coal reserves in India is about 31515 crore tonnes. India ranks fifth in the world in terms of coal reserves.

2. Trade: Small quantities of coal are exported to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Japan, Nepal, Hong Kong and other countries. Coal is imported from South Africa, Australia, China, Ukraine and Russia.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is coke?
Answer:

Coke:-

When the grade of bituminous coal is improved through various processes in a coke furnace, it is called coke. The impurities present in coal such as inorganic matter, soil, rocky matter, water, etc. are removed through processing in a coke oven or furnace and the quality of coal is thus improved.

Coke is used in the following ways—

1. Used for the purpose of producing thermal power.
2. It is widely used for the extraction of metal from the original ore.

Question 2 Why is coal known as a stratified organic rock?

Answer:

Coal Known As A Stratified Organic Rock:-

When plant remains are buried underground over millions of years, intense heat and pressure exerted on them bring about a change. The carbon accumulated in the trunks of these trees and plants undergoes chemical reactions which turn them into coal. The coal is accumulated in between the layers or strata of sedimentary rocks and this is actually a hydrocarbon compound. Since coal is formed as a result of the accumulation of plant remains and as a stratified sedimentary formation, it is called a stratified organic rock.

Question What are the differences between coal from Gondwana Age and coal from Tertiary Age?
Answer:

The differences between coal from Gondwana Age and coal from Tertiary Age are as follows—

 

State Coal reserves (in crore tons)
1. Jharkhand 8244
2. Odisha 7728.5
3. Chattisgarh 5666.1
4. West Bengal 3166.7
5. Madhya Pradesh 2767.3
6. Telangana 2146.4
7. Maharashtra 1225.9
8. Andhra Pradesh 158.1

 

Question 4 Why coal is known as a ‘black diamond’?
Answer:

Coal is known as ‘black diamond’ because of the following reasons—

1. Composition: Coal and diamond are both made up of carbon.

2. Value: A diamond is a valuable gem. At the same time because of its multiple use and importance, coal is also highly valuable in modern times.

3. Utility: A diamond is a valuable gem, thus it is used in the jewellery-making industry. Coal is also used in various industries (like iron and steel, cement etc.) as a raw material. Thus, coal is known as a ‘black diamond’ due to its multiple uses.

Question 5 Give a brief account of the uses of coal.
Answer:

The uses of coal in India are as follows—

1. For the production of thermal power: About 74 per cent of coal is used as a raw material for the production of thermal power in India.

2. In the iron and steel industry: 5 per cent of coal is used to smelt iron ore in the iron and steel industry.

3. In the cement plant: About 4 per cent of India’s coal is used as fuel in the cement industry. Ash produced by burning coal is also used to manufacture cement.

4. For domestic purposes: About 14 per cent of India’s coal is used as fuel for domestic purposes (cooking etc.)

5. In other areas/spheres:

1. Small amount of coal is used in steam engines.
2. By-products like ammonia, creosote etc. are used for making fertilisers.
3. Bitumen is used for constructing roads and tar is used for constructing houses.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Where is coal found in Jharkhand?
Answer:

Coal is found in Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpur, Giridih, Ramgarh, and Daltonganj areas of the Damodar valley in Jharkhand. Jharkhand ranks first in the production of coal in India.

Question 2 Give the names of three coal mines in India.
Answer:

The three coal mines of India are—

1. The coal belt of Damodar Valley: This is the richest coal belt in India. Raniganj, Jharia etc. are important coal mines here.

2. The coal belt or Mahanadi Valley: Talcher, Rampur in Odisha and Korbain Chattisgarh.

3. The coal belt of Son Valley: Umarie in Madhya Pradesh and JhilimiQi in Chattisgarh.

Question 3 Name the oldest coal mine in India.
Answer:

The oldest coal mine in India is Raniganj. For the first time, coal was hauled in 1774.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write ‘False Against The Following

Write The Given Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. A low-grade coal is—
1. Siderite
2. Limonite
3. Lignite
4. Bituminous

Answer: 3. Lignite

2. A coalfield located in the Mahanadi valley is—
1. Talcher
2. Bokaro
3. Raniganj
4. Thane

Answer: 1. Talcher

3. A by-product of coal is—
1. Paraffin
2. Coaltar
3. Diesel
4. Plastic

Answer: 2. Coaltar

4. Best quality coal in India is found in—
1. Mahanadi Valley
2. Godavari Valley
3. Damodar Valley
4. Son Valley

Answer: 3. Damodar Valley

5. The most important mineral resource of India is—
1. Iron Ore
2. Mica
3. Coal
4. Petroleum

Answer: 3. Coal

6. Coal is mostly used in—
1. Running Of Trains
2. Iron And Steel Industry
3. Production Of Thermal Power
4. Melting Of Metals

Answer: 3. Production Of Thermal Power

7. The first coal mine discovered in India is—
1. Kerala
2. Barakar
3. Talcher
4. Raniganj

Answer: 4. Raniganj

8. The state which was the pioneer in extracting/producing coal is—
1. Bihar
2. Jharkhand
3. Chattisgarh
4. Odisha

Answer: 2. Jharkhand

9. Coal found in India is mostly of—
1. Tertiary Age
2. Carboniferous Age
3. Gondwana Age
4. Jurassic Age

Answer: 3. Gondwana Age

10. Coke is produced from—
1. Bituminous Coal
2. Lignite Coal
3. Anthracite Coal
4. Peat Coal

Answer: 1. Bituminous Coal

11. The best coal mine centre in West Bengal is—
1. Jamuria
2. Raniganj
3. Andal
4. Jayanti

Answer: 2. Raniganj

12. Korba coalfield is located in—
1. Madhya Pradesh
2. Chhattisgarh
3. Jharkhand
4. Odisha

Answer: 2. Chhattisgarh

13. Best quality of coal is—
1. Bituminous
2. Lignite
3. Peat
4. Anthracite

Answer: 4. Anthracite

14. Headquarters of Coal India Limited is situated in—
1. Mumbai
2. Delhi
3. Kolkata
4. Chennai

Answer: 3. Kolkata

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. Coal is called black diamond

2. The main lignite mine in South India is Neyveli

3. The primary stage of coal is peat

4. Lignite coal is also known as brown coal.

5. Saccharine is a by-product of coal.

6. Graphite is the metamorphic form of coal.

7. About 99 per cent of the coal in India belongs to the Gondwana Age.

8. The oldest coal mine in India is Raniganj.

9. India’s 1 per cent of coal belongs to the Tertiary Age.

10. Jharia is the largest coal mine in India.

11. Carbon is the main component of coal.

12. Coal is divided into four types based on carbon content.

13. There is 50-85 per cent of the carbon in bituminous coal.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If the statement is true, write True and if false, write ‘False against the following

1. Anthracite is the best quality of coal. True

2. Baba Budan Hills of Karnataka is noted for coal mines. false

3. Coal is an example of a fossil fuel. True

4. Coal reserves of India are mainly of lignite type. false

5. Anthracite is a superior quality of coal. True

6. Huge quantities of coal are found in Gorumahisani in Odisha. false

7. India not only exports coal but also imports. True

8. Huge not only exports coal but also Damodar valley. True

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Match the Left Column with the Right Column

1.

Left column  Right column 
1. Superior quality of coal A. peat
2. lowest quality of coal B. Lignite
3. coke is related to C. Anthracite
4. brown coal D. Bituminous

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-D,4-B

2.

Left column  Right column 
1. Oldest coalfield in India A. Nevyveli
2. Largest India coalfield in India B. Raniganj
3. Largest  coalfield in India C. Makum
4. coalfield of tertiary age in India D. Jharia

Answer: 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Answer in one or two word

Question 1 Give an example of fossil fuel.
Answer: Coal

Question 2 Which type of coal can be regarded as the best quality?
Answer: Anthracite.

Question 3 What type of coal is usually used for industrial purposes?
Answer: Bituminous.

Question 4 What are the two by-products of coal?
Answer: Bitumen, coal tar.

Question 5 What is the lead of a pencil made of?
Answer: Graphite.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Topic D Mineral Resources Of India—Petroleum Long Answer Type Questions

Question How is mineral oil formed? Classify mineral oil.
Answer:

Formation of mineral oil:

The term ‘petroleum’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘petra’ meaning rock and ‘oleum’ meaning oil. Thus, the oil that is found in rocks is called petroleum or rock oil or mineral oil. According to scientists, mineral oil is formed in two ways— organic way and inorganic way.

1. Organic way: Scientists say that the dead remains of plants and animals which were embedded within the layers of sedimentary rocks over long periods (5-6 million years) in the Tertiary age, have been exposed to pressure and heat and as a result of a change in its chemical composition, mineral oil is formed.

2. Inorganic way: According to a Russian scientist, Shakhnin, mineral oil is formed as a result of the chemical reaction of water with the carbide present in sedimentary rocks.

Usually, the mineral oil deposits are found accumulated in the anticlinal parts of fold mountains and they are known as ‘pools. The bottom-most part of such an anticline contains heavy water overlaid by light mineral oil and natural gas is found on the topmost part. Deep wells are dug and unrefined mineral oil is brought out to the surface to be refined thereafter.

Classification of mineral oil:

On the basis of differences in chemical composition, mineral, oil can be classified into three types—

1. Paraffin-based crude oil: This oil contains high amounts of light hydrocarbon (E.g.— methane). Petrol, wax (paraffin) and high-grade lubricating oil are derived from this, which is used extensively.

2. Asphalt-based crude oil: It is sticky in nature and black in colour. It contains heavy hydrocarbon. Its use is comparatively less. Large quantities of asphalt or bitumen are obtained from it besides some oil derived for running cars.

3. Mixed-based crude oil: This type is of medium quality. Both heavy and light types of oil are mixed and this type of oil is used both as fuel and as a lubricant. The chemical composition of this type of oil varies both in terms of quantities and locations.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india presence of mineral oil in the interiror of the earth

Question 2 Give a brief account of the oil and petroleum-producing regions in India. Mention the petroleum trade that is carried out in India.
Answer:

Oil and petroleum-producing regions in India: Oil and petroleum-producing regions of India are—

 

Region  Place/ Centre Important information
1. Dariya region of the Arabian Sea Continental Shelf of the Arabian Sea (162 km West of Mumbai), now known as Mumbai High. 1. Oilfield was explored by ONGC and production began in 1974.
2. Maharashtra ranks first among petroleum-producing states in India.
3. Floating platforms named Sagar Vikash and Sagar Samrat drill oil from the sea bed.
4. Oilfields have recently been discovered in areas near Mumbai Dariya, for example, Basin, Daman Dariya, Gaskar and others (all on the sea bed).
2. Rajasthan Mangala, Saraswati, Bhagyam, Rageswari blocks in the district of Barmer. Rajasthan ranks second among oil-producing states in India. Mangala is the largest oilfield in Rajasthan.
3. Gujarat Olpad    (Surat),    Ankleshwar, Kosamba, Dahej (Bharuch), Kheda (Kheda district), Dholka, Sanand, Nawagam and Kari (Ahmedabad), Mehsana, Kalol (Mehsana), Lunej in Khambat, and other areas. Gujarat ranks third in India in the production of mineral oil.
 4. Assam Place/ Cenhe Digboi, Naharakatiya, Rudrasagar, Moran (Upper Brahmaputra Valley), Hugrijan (Dehang Valley), Badarpur, Masimpur (Surma Valley), Lakoa, Tiok, Geliki, Tinali, Kamrup, and others. 1. Assam ranks fourth among petroleum-producing states. 2. Naharkatiya produces maximum oil presently.
3. First oilfield was drilled at Digboi (1889), Digboi is also the deepest oilfield in India.
5. Other Bhuvangiri, Salem, Kovilappal, Nariman (Tamil Nadu), Kharsang, Ningoru (Arunachal Pradesh), Godavari and Krishna delta (Andhra Pradesh including Telangana). Reliance industries have recently started mining oil from the sea bed in Andhra Pradesh which is about 50 km from Kankinara.

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What do you know about ONGC?
Answer:

ONGC:-

The full form of ONGC is Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited. It was established in the year 1956 and is a government organisation. Its headquarter is located in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi (earlier in Dehradun, Uttarakhand).

The importance of ONGC is as follows-

1. This organisation carries out surveys to locate mineral oil and natural gas in different parts of India.
2. Most of the mineral oil of India is hauled up by this organisation.
3. It also operates in various countries outside India.

Question 2 What do you understand by fossil fuel?
Answer:

Fossil Fuel:-

When sediments are laid down layer by layer on the sea-bed or bottom of a lake or a wetland, remains of plants and animals get trapped in between them. Gradually, as a result of pressure exerted by the overlying horizontal layers of sediments, as well as the heat generated from beneath the earth’s interior, these remains turn into fossils. Over long periods of time, these fossils lead to the formation of coal. Mineral oil and natural gas are produced from their oceanic micro-organisms, bacteria, plant cells etc. All these are the main sources of fuel and since they are derived from fossils they are called fossil fuels.

Question 3 Write the names of the oil refineries in India.
Answer:

Oil Refineries In India:-

There are 23 oil refineries in India which are undertaken in the government and private sectors.

These are-

1. Assam: Digboi, Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Numaligarh, Noonmati;
2. Gujarat: Koyali, Jamnagar, Vadinar, Essar;
3. Tamil Nadu: Manali, Nagapattinam;
4. Maharashtra: Trombay 1 and 2;
5. West Bengal: Haldia;
6. Andhra Pradesh: Tatipaka, Visakhapatnam;
7. Bihar: Barauni;
8. Uttar Pradesh: Mathura;
9. Haryana: Panipat;
10. Kerala: Kochi;
11. Karnataka: Mangalore;
12. Punjab: Bathinda.
13. Madhya Pradesh: Bina.

Question 4 ‘Mineral oil is found only in sedimentary rocks.’ Explain.
Answer:

Mineral Oil Is Found Only In Sedimentary Rocks:-

According to geologists, the remains of oceanic organisms are prone to much heat and pressure by the laying down of sediments (horizontally) on the ocean bed. They are ultimately converted to a liquid form. Water, oil and gas are trapped in between the layers of sedimentary rocks. The articles of the folded sedimentary rocks contain oil and gas. Sandstone and limestone, (being a more porous rock) are usually the storing places of oil. This is the reason why mineral oil is found only in sedimentary rocks.

Question 5 Why petroleum is called ‘liquid gold’?
Answer:

Petroleum Is Called Liquid Gold:-

Gold is an expensive and widely used metal. In the same way, petroleum is also an important fossil fuel used for running cars, buses, trucks, railway engines, ships, steamers etc. In modern times our transport system is dependent on petroleum. It is because of these values petroleum has been compared to gold and is called ‘liquid gold’.

Question 6 Give a brief account of the uses of mineral oil in India.
Answer:

Mineral oil is used for many purposes in India, like—

1. In the transport industry: The by-products of mineral oil like petrol. And diesel is used to run buses, trucks, railway engines, automobiles, cars, ships, aeroplanes, motorcycles, etc.

2. For producing mineral power: By-products like furnace oil, high-speed diesel oil etc. are used for producing thermal power.

3. For defence: Enormous amounts of diesel and petrol are used for running different types of military vehicles. Thus, it is of utmost importance in this field.

4. In agriculture: Various by-products of mineral oil are used for irrigation, making fertilisers, pesticides, and medicines and also for running tractors, harvesters etc.

5. As raw materials for industries: Numerous industries in India have developed based on the by-products of mineral oil. For example, plastic, detergent, paint, synthetic fibre, synthetic rubber, aromatic articles and other chemical industries.

6. Other utilities: Gas produced from mineral oil is used for cooking, as lubricants for machines, for constructing roads, using asphalt, for lighting kerosene lamps, etc.

Question 7 Make a comparative study between metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

The comparative study between metallic and non-metallic minerals is given below

 

Point of comparison Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals
1. Concept Metallic minerals are minerals in which metals are present. Non-metallic minerals do not contain any metal in them.
2. Nature Metallic minerals are weight-losing raw materials. These are non-weight-losing materials.
3. Physical properties They are good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable in nature. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and not as hard as metallic minerals.
4. Origin They are mostly found in igneous and metamorphic rock. They are mostly found in sedimentary rocks.

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is ‘Sagar Samrat’ and ‘Sagar Vikash’?
Answer:

Sagar Samrat And Sagar Vikash:-

The two floating vessels or ships on platforms, which are used for drilling oil. from the sea-bed in the Mumbai-Dariya region are called ‘Sagar Samrat’ and ‘Sagar Vikash’. These two vessels are responsible aammmtgas for drilling and exploiting the largest quantity of mineral oil in India.

Question 2 What are the by-products of petroleum?
Answer:

By-products of petroleum are—

1. Asphalt Or Peat,
2. Naphtha,
3. Carbon Black,
4. Vaseline.
All these are used as raw materials in a host of industries.

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write ‘False Against The Following

Write The Given Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. An important oil-producing centre in Assam is—
1. Noonamati
2. Naharkatiya
3. Trombay
4. Lunej

Answer: 2. Naharkatiya

2. The largest oil refinery in India is¬
1. Koyali
2. Digboi
3. Haldia
4. Thane

Answer: 1. Koyali

3. An example of fossil fuel is—
1. Coal
2. Iron
3. Copper
4. Thorium

Answer: 1. Coal

4. ONGC was established in —
1. 1953
2. 1956
3. 1965
4. 1976

Answer: 2. 1956

5. The oldest oil-producing centre in India is located in—
1. Digboi
2. Bombay High
3. Ankleshwar
4. Trombay

Answer: 1. Digboi

6. The largest petroleum-producing region in India is—
1. Coastal Region Of Gujarat
2. Deep Sea Off The Western Coast
3. Deep Sea Off The Eastern Coast
4. Brahmaputra valley region

Answer: 2. Deep Sea Off The Western Coast

7. Largest petrochemical industry in India is—
1. Jamnagar
2. Bhavnagar
3. Sural
4. Mural

Answer: 1. Jamnagar

8. Headquarters of ONGC is situated in—
1. Kolkata
2. Chennai
3. Vasant Kunj
4. Chandigarh

Answer: 3. Vasant Kunj

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. The word ‘Petroleum’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘petra’ meaning rock

2. Petroleum is called liquid gold.

3. A notable oil refinery in eastern India is Haldia

4. The oil extracted from the oilfield is called Crude oil.

5. Petroleum is found in sedimentary

6. Mukta oilfield is situated in the Arabian sea which is 100 km away from the northwest of Mumbai.

7. Headquarters of ONGC is situated in Vasanth Kunj, Delhi

8. Headquarters of OIL is located in Noida

9. Sagar Samrat is an oil extraction rig in Mumbai High.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write ‘False Against The Following

Write The Given Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. Noonmati is famous for its oil refinery. True 

2. Petroleum is known as liquid gold.  True 

3. Mumbai High is the newest oil refinery in India. false

4. Sagar Samrat is an oil drilling ship. True 

5. Mumbai High produces the largest amount of mineral oil or petroleum. True 

6. Petroleum is found particularly in the sedimentary rock strata. True 

7. Mumbai High and its adjacent continental shelf is the largest oil extraction region of India. True

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Match the left column with the right column

1.

Left column  Right column 
1. oldest and deepest oilfield in India A. Ankleshwar
2. Largest India coalfield in India B. Nahaerkatiya
3. Largest coalfield in India C. Digboi
4. coalfield of tertiary age in India D. Mumbai high

Answer: 1-C,2-D,3-A,4-B

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Arvswer in one or two words

Question 1 Which element is most abundant in mineral oil?
Answer: Hydrocarbon.

Question 2 What is the other name for petroleum?
Answer: Liquid gold

Question 3 Which region in India produces the maximum amount of mineral oil?
Answer: Western India.

Question 4 Where is the potential mineral oil reserve in West Bengal found?
Answer: Sundarban area.

Question 5 What is ‘Sagar Samrat’?
Answer: Floating ship used for drawing up mineral oil.

Question 6 Which is the deepest oil field in India?
Answer: Digboi.

Question 7 Into how many types can mineral oil be classified on the basis of variation in chemical composition?
Answer: Three types.

Question 8 What is the name of the oil-accumulated sedimentary rock?
Answer: Rock oil or Petroleum.

Question 9 Write the name of the oldest oilfield in India.
Answer: Digboi in Assam {first petroleum was extracted in 1889).

Question 10 Write the full name of OIL.
Answer: Oil India Limited.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Topic E Energy Resource Of India-Conventional Energy

Question 1 What are the sources of conventional energy? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy.
Answer:

Sources of conventional energy:

The sources of power which have been in use over long periods of time and are still used abundantly are called conventional sources of energy. For example, coal, mineral oil etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of using conventional sources of power:

1. Advantages:
The advantages of using conventional sources of energy are as follows—

1. Easy to access: Since they have been in use for ages the technology used for their development and use is known and easily accessible.

2. Easy to transport: Even if any country does not possess a particular source of energy, it can import that energy from another country where it is available.

2. Disadvantages:

The disadvantages of using conventional sources of energy are as follows—

1. Harmful to the environment: Environmental pollution is caused by the use of most conventional sources of power.
2. Exhaustible in nature: Since most of these conventional sources are limited or exhaustible or non-renewable in nature, they are depleted after being used over long periods of time.
3. Capital intensive: Huge capital and the latest technology are needed to procure, use and develop such sources.
4. Create differences: The use of conventional sources of power creates differences between developed and developing countries.

Question 2 What are the favourable locational factors for the development of hydroelectric power? Mention the major hydroelectric power plants of India.
Answer:

Favourable locational factors for the development of hydroelectric power:

Favourable locational factors for the development of hydroelectric power can be classified into—

1. Natural or physical factors and 2. Non-physical factors.

1. Natural or physical factors: Natural and physical factors to generate hydroelectric- power is—

1. Rugged or mountainous terrain: Swift-flowing rivers flowing over rugged terrain can be tapped for generating hydroelectricity. South Indian rivers flow over such terrains and hence are conducive to generating hydroelectric power.

2. Regular and abundant water: Continuous supply of water in the rivers either through rainfall or the melting of snow is needed for producing hydroelectric power.

3. Ice-free winters and moderate summers: Such conditions prevail in South India where the rivers do not freeze in winter or the river water is not exposed to evaporation due to excessive temperature in summer.

4. Presence of forests: If the source region of a river is forested, soil erosion is prevented, which in turn, prevents siltation of the river bed. Besides, rainfall is also influenced by the vegetative cover of forests.

5. Geological structure: Hydroelectric power stations are usually built in geologically stable areas. This is why although North India has more potential for generating hydroelectricity, it is not exploited. Being geologically stable, more hydroelectricity is generated in South India.

2. Non-physical factors: Non-physical factors to generate hydroelectricity are—

1. Highly Developed Technology,
2. Sufficient Capital,
3. Huge Demand For Electricity In The Area And Its Vicinity,
4. Lack Of Other Sources Of Power Like Coal, Petroleum, Etc.,
5. Developed Transport System,
6. Easy Availability Of Skilled Labour, Etc.

Hydroelectric power plants in India:

Names of the major hydroelectric power plants in India are given in the following table—

 

Region State Hydroelectric power plants
1. North India Jammu and Kashmir Salal, lower Jhelum
Himachal Pradesh Pong, Dehar
Punjab Bhakra Nangal
Uttarakhand Terai, Ramaganga, Yamuna (Stage 1-IV)
2. East India Jharkhand Panchet, Tilaiya
West Bengal Jaldhaka
Odisha Hirakud
3. West India  Gujarat Ukai
Maharashtra Koyna (Largest), Bhivpuri
Rajasthan Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar
4. South India Karnataka Sharavathi, Bhadra, Jog, Kalinadi, Tungabhadra
Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana) Nagarjuna Sagar, Srisailam
Tamil Nadu Kodayar
Kerala Idukki, Sabarigiri
5. North-east India Sikkim Rangit
Banipur Loktak
Meghalaya kyrdemkulai

 

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india india important hydroelectric plants of india

Question 3 Give an account of the thermal power plants in India. Why are the thermal power plants S* concentrated in eastern India?
Answer:

Thermal power plants in India: Important thermal power plants in India are—

 

Region Location
1. East India Durgapur, Farakka, Bandel, Budge Budge, Santaldih, Mejia (Largest in West Bengal), Bakreshwar and Kolaghat (West Bengal); Bokaro Patratu Chandrapura and Tenughat (Jharkhand); Talcher, lb valley, Angul and Rourkela (Odisha); Kahalgaon, Muzaffarpur and Barauni (Bihar)
2. North-east India Bongaigaon, Kathalguri and Namrup (Assam)
Singrauli, Anpara, Obra and Harduaganj (Uttar Pradesh); Panipat, Guru Hargobind and Guru Nanak Dev (Punjab); Badarpur and Indraprastha (Delhi); Tau Devi Lai and Faridabad (Haryana).
3. North India Singrauli, Anpara, Obra and Harduaganj (Uttar Pradesh); Panipat, Guru Hargobind and Guru Nanak Dev (Punjab); Badarpur and Indraprastha (Delhi); Tau Devi Lai and Faridabad (Haryana).
4. Middle-western India Korba (Chhattisgarh); Satpura, Vindhyachal (Largest) and Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh); Chandrapur, Trombay, Koradi and Nasik, Bhusawal and Parli (Maharashtra); Wanakbori, Gandhinagar, Ukai, Dhuvaran and Sabarmati (Gujarat); Suratgarh, Kota and Anta (Rajasthan).
5. South India Never, Mettur, Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu); Raichur (Karnataka); Ramagundam, Vijayawada and Kottagudem (Andhra Pradesh including Telangana).

 

Reasons for the concentration of thermal power plants in eastern India:

The reasons for the concentration of thermal power plants in eastern India are as follows—

1. Easy availability of coal: The eastern part of India has the richest reserves of coal. Asansol-Raniganj in West Bengal; Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura, Giridih in Jharkhand; Talcher, Rampur in Odisha etc. are well-known for coal reserves.

2. Huge demand for electricity: The four states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha are all densely populated. Besides a host of industries in this region, like, the Hooghly industrial area of West Bengal, Jamshedpur-Ghatshila industrial area, Sindri-Bakaro-Dhanbad industrial area, Raurkela industrial area in Odisha are located here. As a result of this, there is a huge demand for electricity in these areas.

3. Scarcity of other sources of power:
1. Eastern India does not produce mineral oil and natural gas.
2. There is a dearth of hydroelectricity production since swift-flowing perennial rivers are not present here abundantly. That is why coal-based thermal power has found importance.

4. Historical reason: Since the British period, the source of power used by the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation is 100% thermal power based. The thermal power plants under CESC are Mulajore Kashipur, Metiaburuj, Titagarh, Budge Budge etc. The power consumed by the industries in Kolkata and its surrounding areas is met by these plants.

5. Other facilities:
1. Developed transport infrastructure is available in this region, like, National Highways—NH-2, 6, 23, 31, 33 etc. and eastern and southeastern railway lines.
2. Cheap and abundant labour and skilled technologists are available for thermal power plants.
3. Government policy for the development of industries in this region has also paved the way for the overall development and concentration of thermal power plants in this region.

Question 4 What are the advantages of generating hydroelectricity in South India compared to North India? What is the economic importance of hydroelectricity?
Answer:

Advantages of generating hydroelectricity in South India as compared to North India: There are differences in the geographical factors of South and North India in terms of the generation of it hydroelectricity.

They are—

1. Abundant flow of water: Rivers of South India receive an abundant supply of rainwater which allow a smooth flow of river water as compared to snow-fed Himalayan rivers of North India.

2. Natural swift-flowing rivers: The terrain being rugged in nature, the rivers of South India are swift-flowing in comparison to North Indian rivers which mostly flow over plain areas.

3. Swift long courses: North Indian rivers flow over mountainous regions and plain regions. The length of North Indian rivers is long but these rivers flow over a short distance in the mountainous regions. Since only the upper course of a river is favourable for generating hydroelectricity, North Indian rivers are not so favourable for generating hydroelectricity. But all the rivers of South India flow over a long distance in the plateau region. Thus, these swift-flowing rivers are more favourable for generating hydroelectricity. Hence many hydel power stations have been set up in South India in comparison to North India.

4. Nature of rocks: The underground physical structure of peninsular India comprises of impermeable rocks. Large reservoirs can be constructed to store water, to be used throughout the year for generating hydroelectricity.

5. Lack of other resources: The lack of resources like coal and mineral oil in South India has compelled South India to use hydroelectric power more, as compared to North India where coal and mineral oil are concentrated, especially in the east and north-eastern parts. It is due to the above facts that South India generates more hydroelectricity than North India.

Economic importance of hydroelectricity:

The economic importance of hydroelectricity is as follows—

1. Hydroelectricity is a flow resource, and hence it is renewable and inexhaustible. Hence, non-renewable and exhaustible resources like mineral oil can be conserved by using hydroelectricity.
2. Environmental pollution is not caused by hydroelectricity.
3. Hydroelectric power is comparatively cheaper,
4. A number of economic purposes like those of irrigation, flood control, fisheries or pisciculture, and others are served through the generation of hydroelectric power.

Question 5 Mention the advantages of hydroelectric power as compared to other sources of power. What are the disadvantages of producing hydroelectricity?
Answer:

Advantages of hydroelectric power as compared to other sources of power:

The advantages of hydroelectric power as compared to other sources of power are as follows—

1. Unlimited resource: Hydroelectric power is inexhaustible or renewable in nature and is known as flow energy. On the other hand, coal, mineral oil, natural gas, Uranium Thorium, etc. are exhaustible or fund energy resources and are prone to depletion due to continuous exploitation.

2. Cost of production is less: Although at the initial stage, the cost incurred for setting up a hydel power plant is more, the recurring expenditure is less and isthuseconomical in the long run, unlike other sources of power.

3. Environment-friendly: Since no smoke or dust generates during the generation, hydroelectric power. Hence, it is clean energy and environment friendly.

4. Heat generated is more: Hydroelectricity generates more heat as compared to coal and mineral oil resources and as such hydel plants are constructed near those industries which require more energy and heat. For example, the aluminium smelting industry.

5. Easily transportable: Hydroelectricity can be easily transported through transmission lines from one place to another. Whereas, in the case of coal and mineral oils vehicles are used or pipelines are constructed which are expensive as well.

6. Requires less labour: As compared to coal and mineral oil where a large number of labours are required at every stage of production, hydroelectricity requires a minimum labour force.

7. Various economic benefits: Multiple benefits are derived from hydel projects, for example, irrigation, flood control, fisheries or pisciculture, transport etc.

Disadvantages of producing hydroelectric power:

The disadvantages of producing hydroelectricity are as follows-

1. Establishment of the hydel project near the source: Hydel Project has to be established at or very near the source of swift-flowing rivers, whereas, raw materials for other sources of power can be transported.

2. Cannot be stored: There is no scope to store hydroelectricity.

3. Huge capital investment and lack of developed technology: Developing and underdeveloped countries cannot meet the huge capital and technological demands.

4. Loss of biodiversity: Since dams have to be constructed across rivers and reservoirs for storing water have to be constructed, large tracts of land are lost, thereby resulting in the destruction of forest vegetative cover and biodiversity (flora and fauna).

5. Problem of rehabilitation: Since many people lose their land and property it becomes very difficult to provide their shelter/homes as well as means of livelihood.

Question 6 Give a comparative study of coal, petroleum and hydroelectric power
Answer:

Comparative study between coal, petroleum and hydroelectric power:

A comparative study of coal, petroleum and hydroelectric power is—

 

Point of comparison Coal  Petroleum  Hydroelectric power
1. Nature U is a non-renewable 1 resource which is gradually getting exhausted. It is a non-renewable resource which is gradually getting it is a renewable resource which will not jet exhausted and can be used over and over.
2. Use It is used as a raw material and also fuel. It is used as a raw material and also fuel. It is used as a source of power, but not as raw material.
3. By-products Many by-products are | obtained from coal. Many by-products are obtained from petroleum. No by-products are obtained.
4. Storage It can be stored after being mined from the interior of the Earth. It can be stored after being out from the interior of the Earth. It cannot be stored and has to be immediately utilised after production.
5. Transportation cost It is a hard and heavy substance,    with high transportation costs. It is liquid in form and coal.  It can easily have transportation distributed at a cost less than that of a transmission line, coal
6. Recurring cost The cost of production Though the initial cost of coal is high, and its cost of production is lower, recurring is lower than the recurring cost of petroleum. Though the initial cost of production is lower the recurring cost is high Though the initial cost is quite high, the recurring cost is low.
7. Electricity-producing capacity ‘Capacity of electricity production is lower than that of petroleum and hydroelectricity. The capacity of electricity production is higher than that of coal. The capacity of electricity production is higher than that of coal or petroleum.

 

Question 7 Write the Differences between thermal power and hydropower
Answer: Differences between thermal power and hydropower:
A comparison between thermal power and hydropower is given below—

 

Point of difference Thermal power Hydel Power
1. Sources Resources like Coal, Petroleum are used for production. A torrential flow of water is used for production.
2. Nature It is non-renewable and exhaustible in nature. It is renewable and inexhaustible in nature.
3. Production cost Though its primary cost is low, the recurring cost is quite high. Its primary cost is very high, though the recurring cost is low.
4. Location Thermal power plants are not required to be built near the coal extracting or oi$ extracting areas. Hydel power plants have to be built near the banks of a swift-flowing river.
5. Maintenance cost Maintenance cost is high. Maintenance cost is low.
6. Cost of construction The cost of construction and the time taken for construction is quite low. The cost of construction is quite high. Skilled labour is required for construction.
7. Effect on the environment It causes environmental pollution and loss of biodiversity. No environmental pollution or Joss of biodiversity is seen due to hydel power projects.

 

Question 8 What is nuclear power? What are the uses of nuclear power in India?
Answer:

Nuclear power:

The energy which is generated by fusion or fission of the nucleus of a radioactive atom such as Uranium-238 is called nuclear energy or power. Nuclear energy is produced from Uranium Thorium, Plutonium, Lithium etc. 15 per cent of the total energy generated in the world, comes from nuclear power.

Uses of Nuclear power:

1. Nuclear power is used to generate electricity,
2. It is used to supply energy to artificial satellites.
3. Nuclear power is used for the desalination of seawater.
4. Nuclear power is also used for running submarines, ships etc.
5. It is used for producing geothermal energy and for medical purposes.
6. It is used for the extraction of copper and manganese. It is also used as fuel in various industries.

About 12,000 MW (Megawatts) of electricity is generated from only a pound of uranium or plutonium, whereas, about 6,000 tonnes of coal is needed to produce the same amount of electricity. This is the reason why nuclear energy has many possibilities.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india nuclear power plants of india

Question 9 What are the merits and demerits of using nuclear power?
Answer:

Merits of using nuclear power:

Nuclear energy is produced by fusion or fission of the nucleus of an atom. The merits of using nuclear power are as follows—

1. More production of energy: A large amount of energy can be produced by using uranium, thorium etc. For example, about 12,000 MW of electricity can be obtained from a pound of Uranium only.

2. Establishing nuclear power plant: A nuclear power plant can be established at any place requiring a small quantity of raw material such as uranium, and electricity capital.

3. Low cost of production: Nuclear energy can be produced by using less capital. Thus, electricity can be produced at a low cost.

4. Does not cause environmental pollution directly: Although nuclear wastes are toxic, the environment is not directly polluted.

Demerits of using nuclear power:

The demerits of using nuclear power are as follows—

1. Problem of radiation: The effect of radiation as a result of using nuclear power is harmful as it causes cancer and other diseases and affects life adversely.

2. Problem in production: The raw materials of nuclear power have not been utilised on an economical basis. The cost of production is high since Deuterium oxide has to be bought from Uranium-rich countries.

3. Lack of advanced technology: Production of nuclear power requires advanced technologies which are not readily available in many countries.

4. Harmful mankind: In many cases, nuclear power is used to harm human lives.

5. Too expensive: A nuclear power plant’s longevity is about 30-40 years. After that, a new power plant has to be constructed which involves huge costs at any point in time.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Short Exolantory Answer Type Question

Question 1 What do you know about NTPC?
Answer:

NTPC:-

NTPC or National Thermal Power Corporation was established in 1975. The main objective of this organisation is to investigate and create more thermal power belts in accordance with the ever-increasing demand for electricity in India. At present, there are altogether 16 thermal power based and 7 giant gas-based power centres in India established by NTPC. Farakka in West Bengal is such an example.

Question 2 What is the importance of purpose river valley projects?
Answer:

Purpose River Valley Projects:-

when the dam is continued across is flowing the river for many producing hydroelectricity. No fossil fuel is used purposes and for the inhabitants of the region, it is called a multi-purpose river valley projects

Importance:

The importance of multipurpose river valley projects is—
1. To ensure irrigation during dry seasons,
2. To control floods by controlling the flow of water in rivers,
3. To generate hydroelectric power,
4. To supply drinking water,
5. To construct bridges, roads and railways,
6. For pisciculture or raising fish in the reservoir constructed behind the dam,
7. For the promotion of tourism in and around the dam,
8. To use the river as a waterway (water transport) etc.

Question 3 ‘Hydroelectricity is an environment-friendly energy/ Explain.
Answer:

Hydroelectricity Is An Environment-Friendly Energy:-

The water of swift-flowing rivers is used for the river the water thus stored is used for many producing hydroelectricity. No fossil fuel is used for the economic benefit of the production of hydroelectricity hence it is pollution free. During the production of hydroelectricity, no poisonous gas or smoke emanated. Hence, hydroelectricity is considered to be environment-free energy.

Question 4 ‘India lags behind in the production of nuclear power in comparison to other countries of the world/ Explain.
Answer:

India Lags Behind In The Production Of Nuclear Power In Comparison To Other Countries Of The World:-

About 15 per cent of all electricity produced in the world is derived from nuclear power. According to scientists, one pound of uranium or plutonium can produce about 12,000 M.W. of electricity. Thorium, hydrogen, lithium etc. are also capable of producing nuclear energy. In India, of all the electricity produced, only 3 per cent comprises nuclear power. The total potential of producing nuclear energy from the existing nuclear power stations in India amounts to 4780 MW/hours.

The reasons for the low production of nuclear power in India are—

1. Lack of raw materials: Reserves of uranium and thorium are meagre in India. Lack of raw materials is thus a hindrance to producing nuclear energy.

2. Too expensive: Huge amount of money is needed to build up the infrastructure of a nuclear power plant which is a problem for India.

3. Social problems: A lot of social stigmas exist for the setting up of nuclear power plants.

Question 5 Why hydroelectric power is called ‘white coal’?
Answer:

Hydroelectric Power Is called ‘White Coal’:-

Coal is the major resource for producing electricity. However, it is an exhaustible resource and also causes pollution. That is why hydroelectric power is produced by rotating a turbine on a swift-flowing river. It is an inexhaustible resource and can be used over and over. Hydroelectric power is eco-friendly and thus it is more important nowadays. Taking into consideration the importance of hydroelectric power and comparing it with coal, hydroelectric power is called ‘White coal’. power derived from radio-active minerals like Uranium, Thorium, etc.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Short Exolantory Answer Type Question

Question What are the sources of conventional energy?
Answer:

Sources Of Conventional Energy:-

The sources of conventional energy are coal, mineral oil or petroleum, swift-flowing rivers, and radioactive minerals like Uranium, Thorium, etc. These sources of energy are being utilised over long periods of time.

Question 2 What are the main conventional energy resources of India?
Answer:

Conventional Resources Of India Are-

1. Power or energy derived from coal and mineral oil.
2. Hydroelectricity is produced from swift¬ flowing mountainous rivers.
3. Nuclear All important energy power derived from radio-active minerals like Uranium, Thorium, etc.

Question 3 Mention the names of two thermal-power centres in West Bengal.
Answer:

Two thermal power centres in West Bengal are—

1. Kolaghat and
2. Bandel. Kolaghat is the most important thermal power project in West Bengal.

Question 4 What are the raw materials used for producing nuclear energy?
Answer:

Raw Materials Used For Producing Nuclear Energy:-

Uranium, thorium, plutonium, heavy water, hydrogen etc. are the raw materials used for producing nuclear energy.

Chapter 7 Resources Of India Multiple Choice Type Questions [MCQ type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. An important thermal power station in east India is—
1. Maithon
2. Hirakud
3. Farakka
4. Nellore

Answer: 3. Farakka

2. An important thermal power station in south India is—
1. Mettur
2. Periyar
3. Neyveli
4. Santaldih

Answer: 3. Neyveli

3. A nuclear power station in Rajasthan is—
1. Trombay
2. Tarapur
3. Kota
4. Rudrasagar

Answer: 3. Kota

4. The first nuclear power station in India is—
1. Trombay
2. Kalpakkam
3. Tarapur
4. Sholapur

Answer: 3. Tarapur

5. The richest zone of monazite in India is—
1. Malabar Coast
2. Konkan Coast
3. Coromandel Coast
4. Northern Circars Coast

Answer: 1. Malabar Coast

6. The Shivasamudram Hydroelectric power station has developed on—
1 Mahanadi
2. Godavari
3. Narmada
4. Cauvery

Answer: 4. Cauvery

7. A nuclear power-producing centre in Maharashtra is—
1. Tarapur
2. Kaiga
3. Kokrajhar
4. Narora

Answer: 1. Tarapur

8. The largest nuclear power station in India is—
1. Narora
2. Kalpakkam
3. Tarapur
4. Rawatbhata

Answer: 3. Tarapur

9. The largest coal-based thermal power centre of West Bengal is situated in—
1. Santaldih
2. Farakka
3. Bakreshwar
4. Kolaghat

Answer: 2. Farakka

10. Thermal power station of Jharkhand is in—
1. Farakka
2. Panipat
3. Chandrapura
4. Kolaghat

Answer: 3. Chandrapu

Chapter 7 Resources Of India fill in the blanks with suitable words

1. Bandel in West Bengal is a thermal power-producing centre.

2. Uranium is a raw material of nuclear

3. Hydroelectric power is also known as white coal.

4. Jaldhaka is a hydroelectric power centre in West Bengal.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True, Write True And If False, Write ‘False Against The Following

Write The Given Correct Answer From The Given Alternatives

1. South India produces more hydroelectricity than North India. True 

2. the Lesser amount of raw material is needed to produce nuclear power. True 

3. Jaldhaka is a thermal power plant in West Bengal. false

4. Atomic Energy Commission India was established under the supervision of Indian nuclear physicist Homi Jehangir Bhabha in Mumbai in 1948. True


Chapter 7 Resource Of India Match the left column with the right column

1.

Left column   Right column 
1. largest thermal power station in India A. Sidrapong
2. oldest and largest nuclear power station B. Tarapur
3. first hydroelectric power generation C. Koyna
4. largest hydroelectric station in India D. Mundra



Answer: 1-D,2-B,3-A,4-C

2.

Left column   Right column 
1. Diesel-based thermal power plant A. Dadri
2. Natural gas-based thermal power plants B.Nathp chakra (Himachal Pradesh)
3. Coal-based thermal power plant C. Dabhol
4. hydroelectricity generation centre D. Kozhikode

Answer: 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Answer in one or two words

Question 1 Which conventional energy is known as white coal?
Answer: Hydroelectric power.

Question 2 Which process is more commonly used to produce nuclear power?
Answer: Nuclear fission.

Question 3 Name a nuclear power station in south India.
Answer: Kalpakkam.

Question 4 Name a nuclear power station which is under construction in Maharashtra
Answer: Jaitapur.

Question 5 What is the percentage of nuclear power in terms of total world production of electricity?
Answer: 15 per cent.

Question 6 How much electricity is produced from one pound of uranium?
Answer: About 12,000 MW.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Topic F Mineral Resources Of India- Non-Conventional Energy


Question 1 What are the ‘sources of non-conventional energy? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of non-conventional energy sources.
Answer:

Sources of non-conventional energy:

Those sources of power which are used sparsely at present but have huge potential to be used in the future are called non-conventional sources of power. For example, solar power, and wind power.

Advantages and disadvantages of using non-conventional sources of power:

1. Advantages:

1. Eco-friendly: Its use does not lead to environmental pollution.
2. Less expensive: Too much capital is not required since they are used in small amounts.
3. Inexhaustible in nature: Since they are not limited, inexhaustible or renewable in nature, there is no fear of them being depleted.
4. Huge availability: Such sources of energy are easily available in most parts of any country.

2. Disadvantages:

1. Since they are nonconventional and sparsely used, technology is not easily available.
2. They are not available in the same, amount at all places in all the countries of the world. For example, tidal power cannot be tapped except in coastal areas, again, solar power is not available in frigid and cold zones. Wind power is also not suitable to be tapped in all places.
3. Such sources of non-conventional power can not be transported from one country to another.

Question 2 State the distribution of non-conventional energy in India and also its usage.
Answer:

Distribution of non-conventional energy in India and its usage:

The distribution and usage of non-conventional forms of energy in India are shown below—

 

Non-  conventional energy

Distribution

Use

1. Solar energy Uttar Pradesh (Barabanki), West Bengal    (Jamuria),    Rajasthan (Phalodi, Jodhpur), Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat (Patan, Mithapur, Rajkot)    Madhya    Pradesh (Bhagwanpur, Ujaas), Andhra Pradesh (kadiri), Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, etc. 1. Used for lighting.
2. Used for heating water.
3 Used for cooking.
2. Wind energy West Bengal (Frazerganj, Sagar Island), Chennai, Hyderabad, Gujarat (Lamba), Tamil Nadu (southern coastal areas). 1. Used for pumping water for irrigation.
2. Used for electricity production.
3. Water pumps are run by wind power.
3. Geothermal energy Himachal Pradesh (Mamkaran), West Bengal (Bakreshwar), Gujarat (Cambay), Maharashtra (Jalgaon). 1. Used for keeping rooms warm.
2. Used for melting ice or snow.
3. Used for the production of electricity.

 

Question 3 Discuss the uses of solar power. What are the merits and demerits of solar power?
Answer:

Solar Power:

Light and heat that are generated from the sun continuously are called Solar power. Nowadays, this solar energy is tapped to produce electricity by using silicon solar cells or photovoltaic cells. From the resource point of view, solar energy is a flow resource, renewable and universally available (ubiquitous in nature).

Merits and demerits of using solar power:

Merits:

1. Renewable: Solar power is an unlimited resource and it is renewable.
2. Sufficient Supply: Sufficient solar power can be tapped even on cloudy days.
3. Eco-friendly: It is environment-friendly energy.
4. Easy to access plants: A number of small, medium and large solar power plants can be established.

Demerits:

1. Variation based on location: Since sunlight is not evenly distributed throughout the world, solar power cannot be produced everywhere.
1. High production cost: Since the cost of production is relatively high, developing nations cannot use solar power on a large scale.
2. Lack of technology: The technology used is not available easily everywhere.

Question 4 What are the major uses of solar energy? What is the utility of solar heating systems?

Answer:

Major uses of solar energy: Major uses of solar energy are as follows—

1. Roads, several houses, health centres, industries, and educational institutions are all lit up by using solar power.
2. Solar power is used for heating purposes in households of confined countries and for heating water as well.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india csolar power production

3. It is also used as fuel for cooking purposes.
4. Salt is obtained by processing seawater with the help of solar power which has been in practice for a long time.
5. It is used to ripen crops.
6. Electricity is produced directly from sunlight by using photovoltaic cells. The use of solar power is ever-increasing since it is used for producing electricity, lighting the roads, signals for railway lines, running
small water pumps and a host of other domestic purposes.

Utility of solar heating system: Through the solar heating system, sunlight is used for a variety of processes, like –

1. Solar dryer: The air is dehumidified by blowing hot air and thereby conserving the crops.

2. Solar lumber kiln: Wood is dried by this method.

3. Solar desalination: Fresh drinking water is obtained from the saline seawater through the process of alternate evaporation and condensation process.

4. Solar distillation: Water is purified by solar heating by using alternate evaporation and condensation techniques.

5. Solar cooker: This is the easiest, simplest and most useful gadget used by us by harnessing solar energy. This gadget uses the reflection method for heating.

Question 5 What are the merits and demerits of wind power?
Answer:

Wind energy:

The energy which is produced by harnessing wind speed by windmills is called wind energy. This is a non-conventional and renewable (Flow) resource. Wind speed is at maximum within 100 meters from the earth’s surface.

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 7 Resouces of india wind turbine

Merits of using wind power:

1. Environment-friendly: Environmental not cause pollution is not caused by producing or using wind energy.

2. Unlimited: Being a flow resource its availability is unlimited in nature and is renewable.

3. Simple technology required: Wind energy can be generated by using simple technology.

4. Low cost: A wind power plant (windmills) can be constructed at a low cost and repairing the machinery are also relatively cheap.

5. Used for various purposes: Wind power can be used for hauling water, grinding wheat etc.

Demerits of using wind power:

1. Sound pollution: High waves of sound are generated when windmills operate causing sound pollution.

2. Dependant on the wind: The problem is caused as are’sultof varying wind speeds and changes in direction of the wind.

3. Less amount of energy produced: Electricity produced by wind power is relatively less in amount.

4. Region-based: Wind power can only be harnessed in coastal areas, open deserts and mountainous areas.

5. Awareness: It is not yet universally used due to a lack of awareness.

Question 6 Whatmeritsis geothermal and demritsenergy? of geothermal What are energy?
Answer:

Geothermal energy:

The energy which is derived from the interior of the earth is called geothermal energy. Heat has been accumulating in the earth’s interior over a long period of time. It has been observed through investigation that
with every 1 km of depth below the earth’s surface, temperature rises at the rate of 25 C. Geothermal energy does not cause environmental pollution. India generates only a small amount of such energy.

Merits of using geothermal energy:

1. Unlimited resource: Since its availability is unlimited in nature, its continuous use does not cause depletion of these resources.

2. Environment-friendly: Toxic gases do not emanate as a result of using wind power and so it does not cause environmental pollution.

3. Continuous use: This type of energy can be used throughout the year continuously during the day and night time.

4. Easy production: Geothermal energy can be produced easily.

Demerits of using geothermal energy:

1. Expensive: The initial cost of establishing a wind power plant is quite high.

2. Low production: It can meet local demand only as its production is low.

3. Lack of technology: The technology is available only in developed countries of the world.

4. Region based: This type of energy is not well-distributed and occurs in pockets in certain regions and hence cannot be used universally.

Question 7 Why are nonconventional forms of energy given importance in India?
Answer:

Reasons for giving importance to the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India:

The sources of energy which are less used presently but have the potential of being extensively in the future are called non-conventional sources of power.

For example—

1. Solar power,
2. Wind power,
3. Tidal energy,
4. Power from sea waves
5. Geothermal energy

Reasons for giving importance to using such sources of power in India are as follows—

1. Ever-increasing demand for energy: In a fast, developing country like India demand for energy is increasing rapidly. However, India possesses limited reserves of mineral oil and natural gas. Huge costs are incurred to import power from foreign countries. This is the reason why utmost importance is now being given to tapping non-conventional sources of power.

2. Limited reserves of coal: Besides being limited in nature, coal is available only in certain pockets of India.

3. Limited production of hydroelectric power: Although India has huge potential for developing hydroelectricity (being a country with many swept-flowing, perennial and snow-fed rivers, they have not been exploited properly. That is why stress is laid on developing non-conventional sources of power.

4. Abundance of non-conventional sources of power: Since they are renewable in nature and unlimited in supply, sources like solar power, wind- power, tidal energy and others have huge potential to be developed and used.

5. Other sources of power are expensive: Production and use of coal and petroleum are expensive and so a shift towards using non-conventional sources of power is endorsed.

6. Production using small amounts of capital: Since non-conventional sources of power can be used in small amounts, much less capital is required to tap and use them.

7. Environment-friendly: The use of non-conventional sources of power does not lead to environmental pollution, unlike conventional sources. Due to this, importance is being given to the development of non-conventional sources of power in India despite its present weak economic condition.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Make a comparative study between conventional and non-conventional energy.
Answer:

The comparative study between conventional and non-conventional energy is given below—

Point of comparison Conventional energy Non-conventional energy
1. Concept This energy is produced by using traditional age-old processes. This energy is produced by using eco-friendly sources.
2. Sources Coal, petroleum, natural gas, radioactive substances, and swift-flowing rivers are the sources of this kind of energy. Sunlight, wind, tides, and geothermal energy are the sources of this type of energy.
3. Power  intensity A huge amount of energy can be produced by using conventional methods. So large-scale industries have a high demand for this type of energy. It is used in small amounts for household purposes, or for small-scale industries. A large amount of energy has not been produced through this source yet.
4. Capital Huge capital is needed. Capital requirement is less.
5. Impact on the environment It is not eco-friendly in nature and has an adverse effect on the environment. It is eco-friendly in nature and has no adverse effect on the environment.
6. Importance As a large amount of energy can be produced through this source, the conventional source of energy is very important. But it is quite uncertain whether this source would be important! in the future. As less amount of energy is produced through this source, less importance is given to it. But there is a high chance that this form of energy would gain importance in near future.

 

Question 2 Discuss the distribution of solar energy in India.
Answer:

Distribution of solar energy: The centres of solar energy production and their production capacity in various states are—

State Centre Production capacity (%)
1. Gujarat Patan, Mithapur, Rajkot, SuCendranagar 49.9
2. Rajasthan Pokhran, Jodhpur, Phalodi 38.89
3. Madhya Pradesh Bhagwanpur, Ojas 9.15
4. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Kadiri 3.18
5. Maharashtra Katol, Osmanabad, Mulsi 1.38
6. Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 1.14
7. Odisha Paper 0.99
8. Uttar Pradesh Barabanki 0.91
9. Karnatak Belgaum, Kolar 0.69
10. West Bengal Jamuria 0.15

 

Question 3 Discuss the distribution of geothermal energy in India.
Answer:

Distribution of geothermal energy: The production centres of geothermal energy in various states and union territories are

State Production (‘000 ton)
Odisha 99614
Chattisgarh 31068
Karnataka 26363
Jharkhand 21335

 

State Production (‘000 ton)
Goa 8933
Madhya Pradesh 1730
Maharastra 1321
Rajasthan 1228

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the sources of non-conventional energy?
Answer:

Sources Of Non-Conventional Energy:-

The sources of non-conventional energy are sunlight, wind, tides, sea waves, biomass geothermal energy etc. These are unlimited resources.

Question 2 What is green fuel?
Answer:

Green Fuel:-

Any fuel which is environment-friendly is called green fuel. Nowadays, sulphur-free diesel and lead-free petrol are made in order to prevent pollution. These are Green fuels.

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Multiple Choice Type Questions [MCQ type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. A source of non-conventional energy is—
1. Swift-Flowing River
2. Solar Power
3. Coal
4. Petroleum

Answer: 2. Solar Power

2. A geothermal centre in India has come up in —
1. Vizhinjam
2. Manikaran
3. Jalkheri
4. Chikmagalur

Answer: 2. Manikaran

3. One of the following states of India that has a centre for wind-power production is—
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Bihar
3. Uttar Pradesh
4. Andhra Pradesh

Answer: 1. Tamil Nadu

4. The topmost state in producing solar energy is—
1. West Bengal
2. Kerala
3. Rajasthan
4. Gujarat

Answer: 4. Gujarat

Chapter 7 Resource Of India If The Statement Is True to Write True And If False Write False Against The Following

1. Solar power is an example of an inexhaustible resource. True 

2. The biggest solar power plant has come up in Lambda of Gujarat. False

3. By using alternate energy pollution can be checked. True 

4. The famous wind-energy-producing centre is Mandvi in Gujarat. True 

5. Manikaran of Himachal Pradesh is a geothermal power station. True 

6. Non-conventional energy is too expensive. False

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Match the left column with the right column

1.

Left column   Right column 
1. Bokaro A. hydroelectric
2. Hirakud B.Wind energy centre
3. Lambda C. Geothermal power
4. Manikaran D. Thermal power centre

Answer: 1-D,2-A,3-B,4-C

2.

Left column   Right column 
1. Largest wind energy centre in India A. Charanka (Gujarat)
2. Largest solar park in India B.Kalpasar
3. Tidal power centre C. muppandal
4. Geothermal energy centre D. Puga valley

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D

 

Chapter 7 Resource Of India Answer in one or two words

Question 1 Which type of energy can prevent pollution?
Answer: Alternative energy.

Question 2 What type of energy can be generated from the Durgaduani region of Sundarbans?
Answer: Tidal energy.

Question 3 Where does India stand in the production of wind energy?
Answer: Fifth in the world.

Question 4 Give an example of a renewable resource
Answer: Sunlight / Solar power.

Question 5 What type of fuel does not pollute nature?
Answer: Green fuel

Question 6 Which type of energy production is being stressed nowadays in India?
Answer: Alternative energy.

Question 7 Which type of energy can be generated by using wind speed?
Answer: Wind energy.

Question 8 Which cell helps to convert solar energy to thermal energy?
Answer: Silicon solar cell or Photovoltaic cell.

WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 9 Maps And Scale

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale  Salient Points At a Glance

1. Scale is the ratio between the length of two points on the map and the distance between that two points on the ground. A scale of a map can be represented in various forms.
2. A map is a graphic representation of the features of the Earth’s surface as drawn on flat paper, according to a specific scale and on a specific map projection, using internationally accepted signs and symbols.
3. Any map cannot be 100% correct due to the representation of three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional plane. Still, efforts are made to draw a map closest to its actuality on a two-dimensional plane.
4. A small-scale map depicts a large area on paper. Wall maps, atlas, etc. are examples of small-scale maps.
5. On a large-scale map a small area is depicted on paper in a larger form. A cadastral map or matza map is an example of a large-scale map.

6. Mauza is the lowest administrative unit in India. Its other name is census village. The scale of a cadastral map or matza map is usually 16 inches to 1 mile.
7. Thematic Map depicts a specific theme or subject on a map. But sometimes a thematic map depicts more than one subject also. If it does so, then certainly the other subjects complement the main one.
8. The conventional signs, symbols and use of colours in a map are explained through an index. That is why the index is called the key of a map. An index may also be labelled as a legend.
9. There are three types of scales that are used in a map. They are—statement scale, fractional scale and graphical scale.
10. Statement scale is a type of map scale expression in which, the relation between the distance of two points on a map and the actual ground distance between those two points is expressed in the form of a written statement.

11. Representative fraction is a type of map scale expression in which, the relation between the distance of two points on a map and the actual ground distance of those two points is expressed in a ratio.
12. A type of map scale expression in which, the relation between the distance of two points on a map and the actual ground distance of those two points is expressed with the help of graphical representation, is known as graphical scale.
denote the sea and curved lines denote the waves approaching the island.

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Topic A Map Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Give a brief account of the history of the development of maps.
Answer:

History Of The Development Of Maps:-

A brief account of the history of the development of maps: When the world or a part of it is represented on a flat piece of paper drawn to a specific scale and map projection, using universally accepted conventional signs and some basic principles, it is called a map.

1280px-The_Babylonian_map_of_the_world,_from_Sippar,_Mesopotamia.

 

The history of map-making is quite old— about 4000 years. It can be discussed as follows—
According to anthropologists, the maps drawn by the Eskimos, Red Indians, and Marshall Island dwellers are quite old. Charts were made on palm leaves that were attached to narrow frames and shells of snails or fish-bones were used. Straight lines were drawn to denote the sea and curved lines to denote the waves approaching the island.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale columbus

The people of Babylon were the first to divide a circle into 360 parts. The four cardinal points—north, south, east and west, were also first used by them while drawing maps. The Greeks were experts in Mathematics and Astrology. They were responsible for drawing the lines of the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and North and South Poles on a spherical world. Eratosthenes was the most well-known person who could draw maps accurately. Herodotus (485 BC – 425 BC) believed that the Earth was round, comprising Asia, Europe and Libya. Ptolemy drew a map of the world as well as 26 regional maps published in his book ‘Geographia’.

Many sailors while exploring different parts of the world, drew maps of newly discovered lands. Columbus was the most famous among them. Ramesses II, the Egyptian Pharaoh, drew a map of his empire for the convenience of tax and revenue collection. The science of map-making (cartography) was thus initiated and it gained much importance at that time.

Question 2 What is a map? Classify the different types of maps.
Answer:

Map:

A map is a graphic representation of the features of the Earth’s surface as drawn on flat paper, according to a specific scale and on a specific map projection, using internationally accepted signs and symbols.

Different types of maps: There are different types of maps on the basis of different aspects.

They are —
1. Classification of maps based on the scale:
1. Small-scale maps: When a map is drawn in a small dimension on a piece of paper, representing a bigger land surface, a small scale is used. These are known as small-scale maps.’

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale map flow chart

Advantages:
(a) As the scale is small, a bigger area can be represented on a smaller dimension on space or a piece of paper.
(b)The whole world or a part of it can be represented on paper.

Disadvantages:
(a) Various symbols are used to show different components on the map which might not be easily understandable by a layman,
(b) Due to smaller space or dimension, details of the area cannot be shown.

Examples: Wall map, international map, navigation map, etc.

2. Medium-scale maps: When any large area is divided into smaller areas on a medium scale to represent on paper (i.e., a map), it is called a medium-scale map. Example- topographical maps.

3. Large-scale maps: When a small area is shown on a larger dimension, it is known as a large-scale map. Example—cadastral maps.

2. Classification of maps based on utility:

1. General map: When a map can be easily used or understood by the common people, it is known as a general map. Example— district map of West Bengal.

2. Special map: When a map is drawn for any specific purpose, it is known as a special map. Example—physical map of India.

3. Classification of maps based on information or data:

1. Qualitative map: This map shows the qualitative aspect of any geographical feature.
2. Quantitative map: This map shows the quantity-wise variation of geographical features, such as altitude, area, etc. Example—population density map of India, dots and sphere maps, etc.

4. Classification of maps based on topic or theme:

1. Physical map: This type of map shows the physical features of any area. Examples- relief map, climate map, etc.
2. Cultural map: When any cultural aspect is shown on a map, it is called a cultural map. Usually, the socio-economic or political aspects are depicted in such maps. Examples—social map, economic map, etc.

Question 3 Write a note on the contributions of the important cartographers.
Answer:

Note on the contributions of the important cartographers:

The Greek philosopher, Anaximander (610 B-546 BC) was the first to draw a map of a human settlement according to scale. In his map, Greece was shown in the centre of Europe and the land portion of the world was surrounded by seas on all sides.

The Greek philosopher, Eratosthenes (276 BC-194 BC) is known as the ‘Father of Geography’. He was the pioneer in using lines of latitudes and longitudes on accurately drawn maps.
Hecataeus (550 BC-476 BC) slightly modified the map drawn by Anaximander and drew it accurately with more descriptive details. This was a map showing Eurasia.
Herodotus (484 B-425 BC) is known as the ‘Father of History’. He believed that the area of land between the coastal areas of India and Spain was surrounded by seas and oceans. He divided the Earth into Asia, Europe and Libya.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale map of herodotus

Several other scholars also gave importance to drawing maps. Among them, there can be a mention of the Roman philosopher Strabo (64 BC-24 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90 AD- 168 AD). Ptolemy drew about 26 regional maps of different parts of the world.

In the later period, Chinese geographers and scientists drew maps on the basis of grids. Zhang Heng (78 AD-139 AD), Fi Sui (224 AD-271 AD), Chu Su Pin (1273 AD-1337 AD), etc., were well-known for drawing maps. Fi Sui is known as the ‘Father of Map Science’. This person drew the political map of China on a large scale in 276 AD.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale ptolemy's map

In the middle ages, an Arabian geographer Al Idrisi (1099 AD-1161 AD) tried to draw maps as well. In the later period, Columbus, Magellan, James Cook and several other explorers made huge improvements in the methods of map-making.
In modern days, Cartography has hugely digitised with the application of Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. But, these ancient cartographers are the ones who laid down the foundation of map-making.

Question 4 What is a thematic map? Classify thematic maps and describe each type.
Answer:

Thematic map:

A thematic map is based on the physical and cultural aspects of an area.

Classification and description of thematic maps: Thematic maps can be of two types— physical maps and cultural maps.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale thematic map

1. Physical map: This map shows the physical features like relief, climate, and so on, of any place. Physical maps can be of various types

1. Relief map: This map helps to identify the altitude, slope, rock types, etc. E.g., the hilly, plateau and plain regions of India can easily be identified from the relief map of India.

2. Climate map: This map is based on climatic features like air pressure, rainfall, wind, cloudiness, etc. E.g., from the
rainfall map of India, we can have an idea of the areas receiving high and low rainfall.

3. Vegetation map: The types of natural vegetation os shown on such a map. E.g., from the natural vegetation map of India, evergreen, deciduous, coniferous forests can be identified.

4. Soil map: it is drawn on the basis of the characteristics of the soil of a region. E.g., the soil map of India reveals that the Gangetic Plain has silt, the Rajasthan region has sand and the Deccan Plateau region has black cotton soil.

5. Others: Space-related topics such as the location of stars and planets and also rock types, drainage basins and other such features on the Earth’s surface are shown on these maps.

2. Cultural map: The cultural aspects like social, political, historical, economic, etc. of a particular region are shown on maps called cultural maps.

1. Social map: The maps drawn on the basis of social aspects such as population distribution, tribal population density, linguistic data etc. are called social maps. E.g. a map is drawn of the different languages spoken in India.

2. Economic map: These maps show the distribution and characteristics of agricultural, mineral, forest, and industrial products. E.g. the mineral map of India shows how the Chota Nagpur Plateau region is rich in minerals.

3. History map: These maps show the historic places of the past, boundaries of the kingdoms and empires, etc. E.g. the expanse of the Mughal Empire shown on the historical map of India.

Question 5 What are the uses of maps? Write its importance.
Answer:

Uses of maps:

A map is an important tool for geographers and its importance is immense.

Its different uses are as follows—

1. It is extremely valuable for the study of history, geography, tourism, etc.
2. Precise locations (exact latitudinal and longitudinal values) can be determined from a map.
3. Large-scale maps are used if one wants to study a small part of any area intensively.
4. Maps are very important for defence personnel.
5. All changes in international and national boundaries are clearly demarcated on maps.
6. Maps are used to show physical features and the distribution of resources.
7. Special maps (drawn on specific map projections) are used to determine the routes of planes and ships,
8. Maps are used to teach History and Geography lessons in. classrooms.
9. Maps are used to plan the development of any area and for a host of other purposes.

Importance of maps:

1. Complex topics are easily comprehended by students with the help of maps.
2. Maps are useful in giving an idea and analysing the physical and cultural features of any area.
3. Maps are important for the developmental planning of any region or local area.
4. Maps are also valuable for governance and administrative purposes.
5. Even a layman can read a map and analyse it to get a clear idea of any area as required.

Question 6 What are the sub-divisions of small and large-scale maps? Why are mauza maps drawn?
Answer:

The sub-divisions of small and large scale maps:

The sub-divisions of small-scale maps are —

1. Wall maps: Wall maps are drawn on a large sheet of paper showing different continents and countries.

2. Atlas or book of maps: Various maps based on different themes are drawn and published in the form of a book known as an atlas.

3. International maps: They are drawn on a 1 unit = 1 million unit scale. Besides, maps related to aviation, navigational charts, etc., are also maps of this type.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale Mauza map

The sub-divisions of the large-scale maps are

1. Blueprint: They are made for the purpose of building houses, local area demarcation, planning cities, towns, etc.

2. Mauza maps: These are drawn for the purpose of collecting land revenue by the governmental (Land Revenue and Survey Department) agencies.

3. Topographical maps: In this type of map, different physical features, as well as cultural features, are depicted using various conventional signs and symbols. These maps play an important role in planning the development of any area (local or regional).

Reasons for drawing maze maps: Any property or land division based on surveys, any city or village with details of houses, land or plot boundaries, agricultural land, grasslands and so on are drawn on these maps. These are also called cadastral maps. In India, the Survey Department of the government publishes such maps for the purpose of collecting land revenue. These are large-scale maps. In India, maize maps are usually drawn on a scale of 16 inches = 1 mile.

Question 7 What is a topographical map? note on its characteristics and importance.
Answer:

Topographical Map:

A topographical map shows the physical features and cultural composition of an area using symbols.
The word ‘topography’ originated from the Greek words ‘topos’, meaning a place and ‘graphene’, meaning to write.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale topo graphical map

Characteristics and importance: The characteristics and importance of a topographical map are as follows—

Characteristics:

The characteristic features of a topographical map are—

1. It has a fixed index number.
2. These maps have a fixed scale. E.g.— 1: 50,000.
3. The latitudes and longitudes are extended equally.
4. Specific colours and symbols are used in the maps.
5. The physical and cultural features of an area are shown here.
6. Topographical map is drawn on the basis of primary data through the survey.

Importance: Topographical maps are important for the following reasons—
1. The physical and cultural features are shown together.
2. The nature of the area can be known easily.
3. This type of map is important for the conservation of national resources. E.g. Forest resources.
4. This type of map is important for the planning of regional development.
5. This type of map is very useful for the construction of roads and railways.

Question 8 Which components are used for drawing a map? Give examples.
Answer:

Components Used For Drawing A Map:

When the world or a part of it is represented on paper as a map, the following components are of vital importance—

1. Scale: Any part of the Earth’s surface can be shown on paper in a reduced or enlarged form with the help of specific scales.

2. Map projection: The graticules (longitudes and latitudes) on which the map is drawn is known as a map projection.

3. Paper or flat surface: A paper or a flat surface on which the map is to be drawn is required.

4. Choosing a subject or theme: Specific themes, subjects or topics have to be determined before drawing a map.

5. Selecting alphabets: This has to be done for writing the heading, scale, north line, index or key, etc.

6. Indicating the north line: If the latitudes and longitudes are not shown on the map the north line has to be drawn to indicate the north direction by this sign ‘N’.

7. Drawing boundaries: Different symbols for boundaries showing the country, states, districts, coastal areas, etc., have to be chosen and marked on the map.

8. Index or Legend: An index is required as a key to the conventional signs and symbols used on a map.

For example, in  9.12 (given on the next page) it can be observed that—

1. The scale of the map is 1 cm = 50 km (approximately).

2. On the basis of map projection the map has been drawn with a latitudinal extent of 22°N —27°N and longitudinal extent of 86°E—89°E.

3. The map is drawn on a flat surface, i.e., on paper.

4. The theme of the map is—’Rivers of West Bengal’.

5.’Rivers’ is written on the top (northwest corner) of the map.

6. N Symbo| is used in the map to indicate the north direction.

7. Different symbols which are internationally approved are used to show the boundaries of a country, states, districts and coastal areas.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale a map with all its components

 

Chapter 9 Map And Scales Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is the importance of a map?
Answer:

Importance Of A Map:-

A map is a drawing that is done in accordance with a particular scale and a specific projection using lines of latitude and longitude and internationally accepted colours, symbols, etc., from which many geographical data can be obtained.

The importance of a map is unparalleled. A few of them are as follows—

 

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale world map

1. Universality: A map is used not only by a geographer but also by people from various other professions. Thus, it has a universal value.

2. Main tool of geographers: A map is the main tool of a geographer. An idea about the geographical aspects of any region of the world can be made by studying maps.

3. Administrative work: A map is necessary for several administrative purposes. For example, a cadastral map is of utmost importance in the collection of land revenue and taxes.

4. Defence purposes: Military personnel plan their routes in any region using the map of that part. Topographical maps play a major role in this respect. Besides, maps are of great use to tourists visiting unknown areas.

Question 2 What are the different types of quantitative maps?
Answer:

There are various types of quantitative maps. They are as follows—

1. Isoline maps: The maps where lines are drawn joining different places having the same values (of air pressure, rainfall, etc.) are known as isoline maps.

These maps can be of various types-

1. Isobar Maps,
2. Isotherm Maps,
3. Isohyet maps,
4. Isohaline Maps,
5. Isohel Maps,
6. contour line maps, etc.

2. Symbolic maps or maps with conventional signs: Several internationally accepted signs and symbols are used to draw these maps.

These can be of various types—

1. Dot distribution maps,
2. Circle maps, etc.

3. Geometric maps: These maps include—

1. Spherical Maps,
2. Choropleth Maps,
3. Flow Maps, etc.

Question 3 Name the tropical maps included in different series.
Answer:

The various topographical maps included in different series are—

1. International series map: These maps are drawn according to international treaties. The scale of the maps of this series is 1: 100000. Any area spanning over 4° x 4° latitudinal and longitudinal extent is covered in this map.

2. South Asian series: Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, etc., are included in this series. The scale used in the series is 1: 200000. It spans over an area of 8° x 12° latitudinal and longitudinal extent.

3. Series of India and her neighbouring countries: These maps are drawn to a scale of 1: 1000000 . An area spanning over 4° x 4° latitudinal and longitudinal extent is covered in this map.

4. Map of the Survey of India department: For the ease of conducting surveys, the Survey of India department has divided the Indian subcontinent from 64° East to 100° East and 4° North to 40° North into 4° x 4° grids.

Question 4 What is a political map? Mention some of its characteristics.
Answer:

Political Map:-

A map that depicts districts, subdivisions, boundaries and important places of states and countries is known as a political map. The political map of every district depicts its subdivisions, CD Block, municipal towns, important offices, etc.

Some of the characteristics of political maps are—

1. Different administrative blocks are demarcated using lines and several symbols.
2. The bordering/neighbouring countries, states, and districts are all shown on this map.
3. An idea about the political and administrative conditions of the area depicted can be made from these maps.

Question 5 What do you mean by a globe? Discuss its importance.
Answer:

Globe:-

A globe is a small model or representation of the Earth. It is of much importance to geographers as well as people in other professions.

The importance of the globe is as follows—

1. An overall picture of the whole world can be obtained from a globe.
2. An idea about the concept of scales can be made by observing a globe.
3. An idea about the exact (locations of oceans, seas and continents can be made from a globe. © The spinning of the globe gives an idea about the rotation of the Earth.

Question 6 ‘Topographical maps are of utmost importance to geographers.’ Explain.
Answer:

A topographical map is of vital importance to geographers because—

1. Determining the relationship between physical and cultural environment: The relationship between different physical and cultural aspects of the environment can be determined through these maps, and this knowledge is valuable for geographers.

2. Nature of a region: Natural vegetation and relief (rivers, hills, plateaus, plains, etc.) of any area can be easily determined from these maps.

3. Useful in developmental planning: The construction of roads, railways, etc., together with local and regional planning, is done based on topographical maps.

Question 7 What are the advantages and disadvantages of a topographical map?
Answer:

The advantages of a topographical map are as follows—

1. Information about different natural and cultural features of the area is available from the topographical map.
2. Distance between two places on the ground can be easily calculated with the help of a topographical map scale.
3. Topographical map helps to know about the transportation (roadways, railways, etc.) and communication system (post office, telegraph line, etc.) of an area.
4. Relation between natural and cultural elements of an area can be easily identified by a topo map.
5. This map is particularly useful for defence and geographical research (with planning) purposes.

The disadvantages of topographical maps are as follows—

1. Topographical maps cannot be changed rapidly with respect to time. Therefore, sometimes huge differences can be noticed in the reality.
2. This map cannot be read without knowing the symbols and signs properly.
3. Topographical map-making is subject to time, effort and capital investment.
4. Details of each plot are not available in topographical maps.

Question 8 What are the characteristics of a maize map or cadastral map? Write the importance of this map.
Answer:

The main characteristics of cadastral maps are as follows—

1. Cadastral map is a type of large-scale map. It contains a detailed description of the land.
2. The scale of a cadastral map is usually 16 inches to 1 mile.
3. It contains all types of village and urban land use.
4. In this map, the detail of each land is recorded according to its J.L. NO. or Jurisdiction List Number.

The importance of cadastral maps is as follows—

1. A cadastral map contains the description of houses and plots of urban and village areas, by which regional development can be managed well.
2. The role of the cadastral map is utmost to determine the land uses and collection of land revenue.

Question 9 Differentiate between a glode and a map.
Answer:

The differences between a globe and a map are as follows—

Point of difference      Globe  Map 
1. Nature    It is a three-dimensional representation of the world  It is a two-dimensional representation of the world
2. Determination of distance Determining the distance between two points is difficult on a globe. Determination of the distance between two points is relatively easy on a map.
3. Uses It is less useful than a map. It is more useful than a globe.

 

Question 10 What are the differences between a small-scale map and a large-scale map?
Answer:

The differences between a small-scale and a large-scale map are as follows—

 

Point of difference Small scale map Large scale map
1. Concept  A large area is depicted in a smaller form on paper in this type of map.  A small area is depicted in a larger form on paper In this type of map.
2. Scale The ratio of the scale is small, for example, 1:1000000. The ratio of the scale is large, for example, 1:4000.
3. Data obtained Loss details are shown in this type of map, for example, a wall map. More details are shown in this type of map, for example, a cadastral map.

 

Question 11 What are the differences between a qualitative map and a quantitative map?
Answer:

The differences between a qualitative and a quantitative map are as follows—

 

Point of difference  Qualitative map Quantitative map
 1. Concept  Qualitative aspects of various geographical factors arc expressed in these maps. E.g.—Landuse map. Quantitative aspects of various geographical factors are expressed in these maps. E.g —Isotherm map.
2. Measurement Geographical components cannot be measured in these maps. Geographical components can be measured properly in these maps.
3. Statistical use These maps are not useful for statistical purposes. These maps are of much use for statistical purposes.

 

Question 12 Write the differences between a physical map and a cultural map.
Answer:

The differences between a physical map and a cultural map

Point of difference Physical map Cultural map
1. Concept This type of map shows the physical features of a geographical region. This type of map shows the cultural aspects of a particular region.
2. Components/ Features Separate maps are drawn depicting each physical feature in this case. Different components or features are depicted together in these maps.
3. Example Tectonic map, a relief map, weather map. vegetation map, etc. Social, political, regional, land use maps, etc.

 

Question 13 Differentiate between the topographical map and the cadastral map.
Answer:

The differences between a topographical map and a cadastral map are as follows—

Point of difference Topographical map  Cadastral map 
1. Concept The distribution of physical and cultural aspects of a region is shown in this type of map.  Data related to land use is represented in this type of map.
2. Scale These maps are drawn on medium or small scales. These maps are drawn only on a large scale.
3. Composition Physical and cultural aspects are shown using internationally accepted symbols in these maps. Lakes, fields, schools, etc., are shown on these maps.
4. Uses These maps are used in surveys of resources and defence purposes. These maps are used for the collection of land revenue and taxes.

 

Chapter 9 Map And Scales Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is a map?
Answer:

Map:-

A map is a graphic representation of the features on the Earth’s surface. It is drawn on flat paper using a specific scale, and with internationally accepted signs and symbols.

Question 2 How were maps made in ancient times?
Answer:

Maps Made In Ancient Times As Follows:-

The maps drawn by the Eskimos, Red Indians and the inhabitants of Marshall Island are considered to be the most ancient by archaeologists. They made maps by tying the scales of fishes and shells of molluscs to slender structures using palm leaves.

Question 3 Who first used the sense of direction while drawing a map?
Answer:

The Babylonians first used the sense of directions—east, west, north and south while drawing a map.

Question 4 Based on the scale, how many types of maps are there and what are they?
Answer:

Types Of Maps:-

On the basis of scale, maps are of three ‘ types— small-scale maps, medium-scale maps and large-scale maps.

Question 5. What are the advantages of a small-scale map?
Answer:

The advantages of a small-scale map are as follows—

1. In small-scale maps, the area shown is larger.
2. The whole world, or parts of it, can be shown on a single piece of paper.

Question 6 What are the advantages of a large-scale map?
Answer:

The advantages of a large-scale map are as follows—

1. A small area can be shown in greater detail.
2. Different features can be marked on the map using internationally accepted symbols.

Question 7 What are the main components used for drawings maps?
Answer:

Main Components Used For Drawings Maps:-

The main components used for drawing a map are scale, projection, a plane surface, subject or theme, a north arrow, and drawing of boundary lines.

Question 8 What is a blueprint?
Answer:

Blueprint:-

The plan of construction of a house, market, town, etc., drawn beforehand using a specific scale, is called a blueprint. The scales of a blueprint are usually 1:500, 1: 1250,1 inch to 8 feet, etc.

Question 9 What type of map is a topographical map?
Answer:

A topographical map is a medium or small-scale map. The scale ranges between 1: 50000 and 1: 10000000.

Question 10 What is a cadastral map?
Answer:

Cadastral Map:-

A map that shows the shape of plots of land, the areas and boundaries along with specific ‘dag’ numbers in a village, drawn to a particular scale, is known as a cadastral map. The scale of a cadastral map is usually 16 inches to 1 mile. These maps are used for the collection of land revenue and taxes.

Question 11 What is the use of a cadastral map?
Answer:

Use Of A Cadastral Map:-

Cadastral maps are used by land revenue offices for the collection of land revenue. These maps are also used for drawing land use maps.

Question 12 Based on purpose and utility, maps can be divided into how many types?
Answer:

Maps can be of two types— general map (e.g., map of India and its neighbouring countries) and special map (e.g., map of roadways of an area).

Question 13 What is a quantitative map?’
Answer:

Quantitative Map:-

A quantitative map is a map that gives a statistical representation or quantitative aspect of the various elements in a geographical region. For example, population density map of India.

Question 14 What is a thematic map?
Answer:

Thematic Map:-

A map that represents any natural or cultural component of a region is known as a thematic map. At times, more than one component may also be depicted on such maps, where there is one primary subject and others are auxiliary subjects. For example, weather map.

Question 15 What is a physical map?
Answer:

Physical Map:-

A map that shows physical features, such as relief, rivers, etc., of an area, is known as a physical map.

Question 16 What is a cultural map?
Answer:

Cultural Map:-

A map that represents cultural features, such as religion, language, distribution of population, etc., of an area is known as a cultural map.

Question 17 What is a reduced map?
Answer:

Reduced Map:-

When a map is depicted in a smaller form, it is known as a reduced map and the process is known as reduction. In this case, the scale of the map gets enlarged.

Question 18 What is an enlarged map?
Answer:

Enlarged Map:-

When a map is depicted in a larger form, it is known as an enlarged map and the process is known as enlargement. In this case, the scale of the map gets reduced.

Question 19 Which kind of maps are used for making atlases?
Answer:

Kinds Of Maps Are Used For Making Atlases Are Given Below:-

Small-scale maps are used for making atlases or the globe. Details of a particular region cannot be shown accurately in these maps.

Question 20 What is a weather map?
Answer:

Weather Map:-

A weather map shows the components of the weather of a particular place, such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, air pressure, cloudiness, etc. Weather forecasts can be made based on these maps.

Question 21 What do you understand by a political map?
Answer:

Political Map:-

A political map shows the location of a country, its boundaries, states, capitals, location of administrative centres, etc. The political and administrative structure of any country or region can be observed from such a map.

Question 22 What is a relief map?
Answer:

Relief Map:-

A map that depicts the altitude or depth of different regions on the Earth’s surface, and gives a representation of hills, mountains, plateaus and plains, is known as a relief map. Contour lines are generally used to depict the relief features on these maps.

Question 23 What is the importance of symbols in a map?
Answer:

Importance Of Symbols In A Map:-

All the features of a particular geographical region cannot be shown on a map. Hence, only the necessary features (according to the purpose of the map) are shown on it with the help of symbols. These symbols are accepted universally.

Question 24 Why can’t detailed data cannot be shown on small-scale maps?
Answer:

Many details cannot be shown on small-scale maps because—

1. Use of symbols: Since a large area is depicted in a small space, it is not possible to mark each feature with a symbol. Hence small scale maps cannot depict all features, in detail.
2. Complicated topics: Physical, cultural, and economic features (thematic maps) cannot be shown on a small-scale map, and therefore the interpretation of these complicated themes is not possible.

Chapter 9 Map And Scale Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. The concept of a rectangular Earth was proposed by—
1. Eratosthenes
2. Herodotus
3. Hecataeus
4. Ptolemy

Answer: 2. Herodotus

2. The number of regional maps shown in Ptolemy’s ‘Geographia’ are—
1. 20
2. 22
3. 26
4. 24

Answer: 3. 26

3. On the basis of scale, maps can be classified into—
1. 3 types
2. 4 types
3. 5 types
4. 6 types

Answer: 1. 3 types

4. Representative Fraction (R.F.) of maps in an atlas is—
1. 1: 10000
2. 1: 200000
3. 1: 1000000
4. 1: 50000

Answer: 3. 1 : 1000000

5. The R.F. of a cadastral map is—
1. 1 : 3960
2. 1 : 10000
3. 1 : 1000
4. 1: 100000

Answer: 1. 1: 3960

6. A magnetic compass always points to the—
1. North
2. South
3. East
4. West

Answer: 1. North

7. The word ‘map’ has been derived from the Latin word—
1. Mapia
2. Mappa
3. Mappo
1. Mapin

Answer: 2. Mappa

8. Mappa means—
1. A Piece Of Paper
2. A Part Of The World
3. A Piece Of Cloth
4. A Piece of land

Answer: 3. A Piece Of Cloth

9. A map is a type of—
1. Photograph
2. Sketch
3. Coloured Image
4. Symbol

Answer: 2. Sketch

10. A topic or theme-based map is a —
1. Thematic Map
2. Qualitative Map
3. Wall Map
4. Natural vegetation map

Answer: 1. Thematic Map

11. A political map is an example of—
1. Scale-Oriented Map
2. Information-Oriented Map
3. Topic/Theme Based Map
4. Quantitative Map

Answer: 3. Topic/Theme Based Map

12. The most useful map for geographers is the—
1. Topographical Map
2. Cadastral Map
3. Political Map
4. Geotectonic Map

Answer: 1. Topographical Map

13. The map used for collecting land revenue is called a—
1. Political Map
2. Map Of the Police Station
3. Geotectonic Map
4. Cadastral Map Or ‘Mauza’ Map

Answer: 4. Cadastral Map Or ‘Mauza’ Map

14. One of the features of a weather map is—
1. Cultivated Land
2. Minerals Found Underground
3. Altitude Of Land
4. Cloudiness

Answer: 4. Cloudiness

15. An example of a small-scale map is—
1. Topographical Map
2. Cadastral Map
3. Globe
4. Weather Map

Answer: 4. Weather Map

16. The signs and symbols used in maps are accepted.
1. Locally
2. State-Wide
3. Nationally
4. Internationally

Answer: 4. Internationally

17. The headquarters of the Survey of India is in—
1. Mumbai
2. Pune
3. Dehradun
4. Delhi

Answer: 3. Dehradun

18. The globe is drawn on a—
1. Small Scale
2. Large Scale
3. Medium Scale
4. None Of These

Answer: 1. Small Scale

19. The headquarters of NATMO is in—
1. Delhi
2. Kolkata
3. Dehradun
4. Ranchi

Answer: 2. Kolkata

20. The first book of maps was published by—
1. Mercator
2. Aryabhatta
3. Hecataeus
4. Herodotus

Answer: 1. Mercator

21. ‘Mauza’ map is a type of
1. Cadastral Map
2. Topographical Map
3. Atlas
4. None Of These

Answer: 1. Cadastral Map

22. The J.L. number is given in—
1. Topographical Map
2. Cadastral Map
3. Atlas
4. None Of These

Answer: 2. Cadastral Map

23. The smallest administrative unit of revenue collection is called a —
1. Village
2. Town
3. Block
4. Mauza

Answer: 4. Mauza

24. In which of these maps land ownership is marked?
1. Topographical Map
2. Cadastral Map
3. Political Map
4. Atlas

Answer: 2. Cadastral Map

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Fill In The Blanks With Suitable Words

1. A Physical map shows the relief.

2.’Mauza map is a large-scale map.

3. The mountains are represented by the colour Brown on a map.

4. A  political map shows the location of a country or state.

5. A wall map is an example of a small-scale map.

6. The diametrically opposite direction of the southeast is north-west 

7. Weather map is a type of thematic map that shows the relief scale map.

8. The word ‘map’ has been derived from the Latin word mappa

9. The side of any location can be determined from the direction of sunrise observed at that place.

10. A map is an important component of geography 

11. The distribution of crops in India is an example of a map of economic 

12. The oldest map of the world was drawn on mudstone 

13. Map is a type of sketch

14. The symbols used in maps are internationally accepted.

15. An international map is a type of map small scale 

16. A map indicating isohyet is a  quantitative map.

17. The Survey of India publishes the topographical map of India.

18. In a topographical map, the three main natural aspects are rivers relief, natural vegetation and

19. The main cultural aspects of a topographical map are transport, communication and set elements

20. The ‘dag’ numbers of individual plots are marked cadastral on a map.

21. The scale drawn for a village cadastral map is 16 inches to 1mile 

22. The map shows the boundary political and capital of a country.

23. The rock types of any area can be shown on a  geographical map.

24. A weather map is used for obtaining information on rainfall and temperature.

25. A map is vital topographical for defence purposes.

26. A scale is drawn to show the between the map distance ratio and the actual ground distance.

27. Based on general characteristics, maps can be divided three into types.

28. A political map is a type of thematic map.

29. In a topographical map, the contour lines are shown in colour Brown

30. They are shown Forests in green on a map.

31. A map shows telephone Topographical lines.

32. A topographical map shows the relationship between cultural physical and features.

33.  cadastral maps are used for collecting revenues and taxes.

34. Maps which are depicted in a small form are called reduced maps.

35. A globe is smaller than a model of the Earth.

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale If The Statement Is True, Write T And If False, Write False Against The Following

 

1. A globe is a small model of the Earth. True 

2. The ‘N’ indicates north on the map. True 

3. White colour is used to indicate water on a map. False 

4. Projection is important in drawing maps. True 

5. It is possible to show the spherical shape of the Earth on a map. False 

6. Internationally accepted symbols are used in maps. True 

7. A map is a diagram where lines have been drawn arbitrarily. False 

8. Maps only depict mountains, rivers, hills, towns and ports. False 

9. An economic map is a thematic map. False 

10. An isohyet map is an informative or thematic map. True 

11. Railways, bridges, and ferries are shown on a geological map. False 

12. Spotheights and benchmarks are shown on cadastral maps. False 

13. A political map is most useful when a small part of a village or town has to be identified. False 

14. Opposite direction of the southwest is the northwest. False 

15. Locally accepted symbols are used in the maps. False 

16. Lowest administrative unit in India is a village. False 

 

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Match The Left Column With The Right Column

1.

Left Column  Right Column
 1. Hill, mountain  A.soil map
2. Types of soil B. weather map
3. Nature of weather C.  Relief map
4. state division D. political map

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D

2.

Left Column Right Column
1. Forest  A. Blue
2. waterway B. Yellow
3. Agricultural land C. Green
4. Roadways D. Red

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D

 

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 Where was the oldest map found?
Answer: Babylon.

Question 2 How is the distance between two places determined from a map?
Answer: Using a scale.

Question 3 Who had first determined the circumference of the Earth?
Answer: Eratosthenes.

Question 4 What is the meaning of ‘cartography’?
Answer: The art of drawing maps.

Question 5 Give an example of a large-scale map.
Answer: Cadastral map or’mauza’map.

Question 6 Who was the first geographer to publish an atlas in the 16th century?
Answer: Mercator.

Question 7 Which instrument indicates the magnetic directions of the Earth?
Answer: Magnetic compass.

Question 8 Name the colour used for showing agricultural fields on a map.
Answer: Yellow.

Question 9 Which colour on a map indicates forests?
Answer: Green.

Question 10 The first book of maps was named after which Greek God?
Answer: Atlas.

Question 11 What is a village formally called?
Answer: ‘Mauza’.

Question 12 A map is known by which other name?
Answer: Sketch.

Question 13 What are the central themes of a map?
Answer: Various physical and cultural aspects.

Question 14 How many types of maps are there, based on the type of drawing?
Answer: 3 types.

Question 15 What type of map is a wall map?
Answer: Small-scale map.

Question 16 What type of map is an economic map?
Answer: Cultural.

Question 17 Which type of map is drawn by drawing contours?
Answer: Topographical map.

Question 18 Which map shows agricultural land?
Answer: Land use map.

Question 19 What is the name of the map drawn according to a plan and used for construction work?
Answer: Blueprint.

Question 20 What is the meaning of the symbol map?
Answer: North direction.

Question 21 Which type of map shows hills, mountains, rivers, etc.?
Answer: Physical map.

Question 22 Which type of map shows the location of a country or state?
Answer: Political map.

Question 23 What are those maps called which depict physical and cultural features?
Answer: Thematic maps.

Question 24 Which type of, the map shows the characteristics of soil?
Answer: Soil map.

Question 25 Give an example of a quantitative map.
Answer: Population density map of India.

Question 26 Give an example of a medium-scale map.
Answer: Topographical map.

Question 27 By which colour are roads and settlements shown in a topographical map?
Answer: Red.

Question 28 What is the book containing different types of maps called?
Answer: Atlas.

Question 29 Which organisation publishes topograph physical maps of India?
Answer: Survey of India.

Question 30 How many types can maps be classified into, based on data, theme or information?
Answer: Two types.

Question 31 Name the type of map which depicts the quantity of any geographical feature.
Answer: Quantitative map.

Question 32 Which kind of maps are used to draw an atlas or a globe?
Answer: Small-scale maps.

Question 33 Name the person who first gave the idea of a rectangular Earth.
Answer: Herodotus.

Question 34 What is the full form of NATO?
Answer: National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation.

Chapter 9 Map And Scale Topic B Scale Long Answer Type Questions

 

Question What is map scale? Classify map scales.
Answer:

Map scale:

The ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual ground distance between those two points is called map scale. For example, if the distance measured on the map is1 cm and that on the ground is 5 km,
the map scale will be1 cm = 5 km.

Classification of the map scale: There are various types of scales that are used in maps. They are

 

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale map flow 2

Statement scale: When the distance between two points on a map and the corresponding distance between these two points on the actual ground is expressed in a descriptive manner, i.e., in a statement form, it is called a statement scale. For
example,1 cm = 2 km. This means that a 1 cm distance on the map represents a 2 km distance on the ground.

2. Representative fraction scale: When the map distance and actual ground distance are expressed as a ratio, it is called a representative fraction. E.g., if on a map the scale is mentioned as 1:4000, it implies that 1 unit distance on the map is equivalent to 4000 units distance on the actual ground.

3. Graphical scale or drawn scale: When the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the actual ground is shown with the help of a graphical representation, it is called a graphical scale. Graphical scales can be further divided into four types—

1. Linear scale: When the map distance and ground distance is represented by drawing a straight line with measurements on it, it is called a linear scale.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale linear scale

2. Comparative scale: when two different units are represented at the same time with different measurements indicated on either side points on the actual ground is expressed in a descriptive manner, i.e., in a statement scale.

3. Vernier scale: In this scale, a small scale slides along a main scale, indicating the actual measurement that lies between two marks on the main scale. This scale can measure very small areas.

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale verneir scale

 

4. Diagonal scale: When the primary divisions of a linear scale are converted into further subdivisions for accurate measurements, the scale used is called a diagonal scale.

 

WBBSE solution class 9 geograghy and enviroment chapter 9 map and scale diagonal scale

Question 2 What are the uses and importance of scale in maps?
Answer:

Uses of scale in maps:

The different uses of scale in maps are as follows—

The actual size of any area on a map can easily be determined with the help of a scale.
1. Use of scale is mandatory for drawing an accurate map.
2. Any map can be reduced or enlarged accurately with the help of scale.
3. The distance between any two points can be measured on a map with the help of scale in order to determine the actual distance on the ground.
4. Land can be measured accurately using a vernier scale.

Importance of scale:

The importance of scale in maps is as follows—

1. A map cannot be drawn and is incomplete without a scale.
5. Scale is important for determining the length, width, etc., of any region.
1. Scale is valuable in determining the cost of building or contracting anything by a planner or a designer.
2. Vernier scale is important for taking minute measurements.

Chapter 9 Map And Scale Short Explanatory Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What are the uses of the scale on a map?
Answer:

The uses of the scale of a map are—

The area of land shown on the map can easily be determined with the help of scale.

1. Usage of scale is necessary to draw the map perfectly.
2. A map can be reduced or enlarged with a change of scale.
3. The actual distance between two places on the ground can be determined by measuring the distance between those two places on the map with the help of scale.

Question 2 What is the importance of the scale of a map?
Answer:

The importance of the scale of a map is—

1. It is not possible to draw a map without a scale.
2. A scale is important to determine the length, width and height of any place.
3. Scale is very important to the planners or designers when they draw designs) because they can cite an estimation of their project costs.
4. Vernier scale is important for taking fractional measurements.

Question 3 ‘Scales are of utmost importance in maps.’ Why?
Answer:

A scale is important in a map due to.the following reasons—

1. Measurement: A map can be reduced or enlarged using a scale. Distance between two points, the area of a region, can also be calculated using a scale.

2. Representation of the Earth: The three-dimensional world can easily be represented on a two-dimensional surface (paper) with the help of a scale.

3. Other uses: Scales are vital in geographical research, surveys, defence purposes, etc.

Question 4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of a statement scale?
Answer:

A statement scale has various advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages: Some of its advantages are—

1. It is a simple scale, and can be used easily for interpreting maps.
2. As it is written in the form of a statement, there is no need for drawing.
3. Complex mathematical calculations are not required in this scale.

Disadvantages: Some of the disadvantages of a statement scale are—

1. Only the person who knows the language in which the scale is written will be able to comprehend it.
2. Changing the units of measurement is difficult in this system and is a time-consuming process.
3. If the map is enlarged or reduced, the scale has to be calculated again.

Question 5 mentions the advantages and disadvantages of a linear scale.
Answer:

A linear scale has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages: Some of its advantages are

1. This scale is very easy to understand as the calculations are not complex.
2. In case of enlargement or reduction of the map, the linear scale gets reduced or enlarged proportionately. Thus, the map distance and the ground distance remain the same.
3. The area of a map can be easily determined with the help of this scale. A short distance on a map can also be measured accurately with the help of this scale.

Disadvantages: Some of its disadvantages are—

1. Calculations required for drawing this scale are very complex.
2. Designing the scale along with headings to make it presentable is a laborious and time-consuming process.

Question 6 How is the R.F. determined from a statement scale?
Answer:

Determination Of R.F. From A Statement Scale:-

When a scale of a map is expressed as a statement, it is known as a statement scale. This is the easiest way of writing a scale. A statement scale can be converted into R.F. scale in two ways.

1. Determination of R.F. by the formula: R.F= Map Distance/ Ground Distance

For example, if 16 inches on the map is equal to 1 mile on the ground, then
16 inches/ 63360 inches [1 mile= 63360 inches]
1/3960
Therefore, the R.F. of the map = 1: 3960

2. Determination of R.F. by the unitary method:

If a distance of 10 km on the ground is represented by l.cm on the map, the R.F. of that map will be,
1 cm on the map = 10 km on the ground or,
1 cm on map = 10 x 100000 cm = 1000000 cm
Therefore, the R.F. of the map = 1: 1000000.

Question 7 How can the statement scale be determined from the R.F.?
Answer:

Determination Of Statement Scale From R.F:-

The statement scale can be both R.F. in the given method— If the R.F. of a map is 1: 500000, the statement scale will be—
Distance of 1 cm on the map = 500000 cm on the ground or, 12.6 cm on the map = 31.5 x 100000 cm on the ground
Therefore, 1 cm on the map = 31-5 x 100000 = 250000 cm on the ground 12.6
Hence, the R.F. of the topographical map = 1: 250000.
or,.l cm on the map = =5 km on the , 100000 ground.
Therefore, the statement scale is 1 cm to 5 km.

Question 8 A railway line has been measured to be 12.6 cm in length on a topographical map. The actual length of that railway line is 31.5 km. What is the R.F. of the map?
Answer:

A distance of 12.6 cm on the topographical map = 31.5 km on the ground or, 12.6 cm on the map = 31.5 x 100000 cm on the ground folk

Question 9 What are the differences between a statement scale and a graphical scale?
Answer:

The differences between a statement scale and a graphical scale are as follows—

Differentiate between a fractional scale (representative fraction) and a graphical scale.

Point of difference Statement scale Graphical scale
1. Nature It is written in the form of a statement, for example, 1 cm to 5 km. This scale has a graphical representation.
2. Types It can be of no other type. It can be of 4 types-linear. comparative, diagonal, and vernier.
3. Uses It is easy to use but is used less frequently. Using this scale is difficult and laborious, but is used more frequently.

 

Question 10 Write the differences between a statement scale and a fractional scale.
Answer:

The differences between a statement scale and a fractional scale are as follows—

 

Point of difference Fractional scale Graphical scale
1. Concept The relation between map distance and ground distance is shown as a fraction in this scale. The map scale is represented graphically in this scale.
2. Unit This scale has no fixed unit. This scale has a fixed unit.
3. Uses Values in any unit can be used in this scale, hence it is universal. This scale is more widely used; however, it is difficult to convert from one unit to another.

 

Question 11 write the differences between a statement scale and a fractional scale.
Answer:

The differences between a statement scale and a fractional scale are as follows-

 

Point of difference Statement scale   Fractional scale
 1. Concept  This scale is written in the form of a statement, for example. 1 cm to 5 km.  Fractional scale In this scale, the relation between map distance and ground distance is shown as a fraction, for example, R.F. 1: 50000.
2. Unit This scale has units. This scale has no unit.
3. Uses It Is less useful. It is more useful as compared to a statement scale.

 

Chapter 9 Map Ans Scale Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by a map scale?
Answer:

Map Scale:-

A map scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and their corresponding distance on the ground. Example—1 cm to 500 m.

Question 2 What is a fractional scale?
Answer:

Fractional Scale:-

The ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the distance between those points ore the ground is called fractional scale. For example, 1:3000 indicates that 1 unit on the map is equal to 3000 units on the Earth’s surface.

Question 3 On the basis of representation, how many types of scales are there and what are they?
Answer:

There are 3 types of scale—

1. Statement Scale,
2. Representative Fraction,
3. Graphical Scale.

Question 4 What is a statement scale?
Answer:

Statement Scale:-

On a statement scale, the scale of a map is written in the form of a sentence. For example, 1 cm to 2 km, where 1 cm on the map is equivalent to 2 km on the ground.

Question 5 Write two advantages of a statement scale.
Answer:

Two advantages of a statement scale are as follows—

1. It can be expressed easily.
2. Calculations can be avoided and graphical representation is not necessary as well.

Question 6 What will be the statement scale of a map if the fractional scale is 1:50000?
Answer:

The Statement Scale Of A Map If The Fractional Scale Is 1:50000 Is Shown Below:-

The fractional scale of a map is 1:50000. There is no fixed unit of this scale. Therefore, this scale can be converted to a statement scale easily, with the help of any specific unit. In this case numerator of the ratio is 1, which always represents the map distance and the denominator is 50000 which denotes the ground distance. This fractional scale can be changed to a statement scale in the following way—a distance of 1 cm on the map represents 50000 cm or 500 metres on the ground.

Question 7 Write two advantages of a fractional scale.
Answer:

Two advantages of a fractional scale are as follows—

1. This is a unitless scale, hence the scale can be changed easily.
2 . This scale can be easily converted to a statement scale or a linear scale.

Question 8 What is a graphical scale?
Answer:

Graphical Scale:-

When the relation of the map distance between two points and the actual distance between those two is shown with the help
of a graphical representation, it is known as a graphical scale.

Question 9 What is a linear scale? IB. What is a vernier scale?
Answer:

Linear Scale:-

In a vernier scale, a smaller scale is attached to the main scale, which is movable and can be used to obtain small fractional measurements accurately. It indicates the measurement that lies between two marks on the main scale.

Question 10 Write two advantages of a linear scale.
Answer:

Two advantages of a linear scale are as follows—

1. It is easy to understand since it is depicted as a straight line.
2. If the map is enlarged or reduced, the scale can also be changed accordingly with ease.

Question 11 What is a comparative scale?
Answer:

Comparative Scale:-

Measurements in two different units can be compared on a comparative scale. In this case, the primary and secondary parts have the same value, but they have different units. For example, 10 km and 10 miles.

Question 12 What is a diagonal scale?
Answer:

Diagonal Scale:-

A scale where two sets of lines cross each other obliquely, forming grids, which provides accurate- measurements for smaller units which cannot be obtained generally, is known as a diagonal scale.

Question 13 What is a vernier scale?
Answer:

Vernier Scale:-

In a vernier scale, a smaller scale is attached to the main scale, which is movable and can be used to obtain small fractional measurements accurately. It indicates the measurement that lies between two marks on the main scale.

Question 14 What is the importance of scale in a map?
Answer:

Importance Of Scale In A Map:-

A scale is of vital importance in the drawing of a map. A map is a two-dimensional representation of the world or any part of it, and this representation can be made accurately only with the use of a scale.

Question 15 Write two disadvantages of a fractional scale.
Answer:

Two disadvantages of a fractional scale are, as follows—

1. It is difficult for amateur readers to comprehend this scale.
2. If a map is reduced or enlarged, the scale has to be made afresh.

Question 16 What are primary and secondary divisions on a linear scale?
Answer:

Primary And Secondary Divisions On A Linear Scale:-

When a straight line of a particular length is divided into a specific number of parts, which are equal in length, each of those divisions is known as a primary division.- If these divisions are further divided into smaller parts, those are known as secondary divisions.

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Multiple Choice Type Questions [Mcq Type]

Write the correct answer from the given alternatives

1. The scale that can be used in any country of the world is—
1. linear scale
2. fractional scale
3. 63000 inches
4. 63390 inches

Answer: 2. fractional scale

2. 1 mile is equal to—
1. 63000 inches
2. 63360 inches
3. 63390 inches
4. 63500 inches

Answer: 2. 63360 inches

3. The R.F. of a map is 1:10000 . To make the new R.F. of the map 1: 5000, it should be enlarged by— ’
1. 2 times
2. 3 times
3. 4 times
4. 5 times

Answer: 3. 4 times

4. The main advantage of a statement scale is that it is—
1. Easy To Understand
2. Small In Size
3. Can Be Shown On A Bigger Scale
4. None Of These

Answer: 1. Easy To Understand

5. diagonal scale is a type of—
1. Graphical Scale
2. Fractional Scale
3. Statement Scale
4. Linear Scale

Answer: 1. Graphical Scale

6. The ratio of the distance between two points on a map and the actual ground distance between those two points is called—
1. Statement Scale
2. Graphical Scale
3. Fractional Scale
4. Comparative Scale

Answer: 3. Fractional Scale

7. The inventor of the vernier scale is—
1. John Vernier
2. Lear Vernier
3. Pierre Vernier
4. None of them

Answer: 3. Pierre Vernier

8. 1 mile is equal to—
1. 1.6093 km
2. 1.9602 km
3. 0.1623 km
4. 1.3206 km

Answer: 2. 1.9602 km

9. 1 nautical mile is equal to—
1. 1.582 km
2. 1.285 km
3. 1.285 km
4. 1. 962 km

Answer: 1. 1.582 km

10. 2 cm to 2 km is a—
1. Statement Scale
2. Reflectional Scale
3. Graphical Scale
4. Vernier Scale

Answer: 1. Statement Scale

11. Numerator of R.F or fractional scale of the map is always—
1. 1
2. 10
3. 100
4. 1000

Answer: 1. 1

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale Fill in the blanks with suitable

1. The statement scale is Less of no use if a map is enlarged or reduced in size.

2. There is no unit in a fractional scale. Liner 

3. The vernier constant is measured on a diagonal scale. inverse

4. The R.F. 1:50000 in a map means that 1 cm on the map is equal to 500 m on the actual ground surface Vernier 

5.1 inches is equal to 2.54 cm. Unitless 

6. The primary division of a linear scale always refers to the division’s summation of secondary divisions. primary

7. The ratio of scale increases when a map is enlarged. 16 

8. The ratio of scale Tertiary increases when a map is reduced.

9. To draw a large-scale map, scale is used mostly linear 

10. The great advantage of the R.F. scale is its proportional universal use because it is a scale.

Chapter 9 Maps And Scale If The Statement Is True, Write True And False  If Write False Against The Following

1. The statement scale is of no use if a map is enlarged or reduced in size. True 

2. There is no unit in a fractional scale. True 

3. The vernier constant is measured on a diagonal scale. False

4. The R.F. 1:50000 in a map means that 1 cm on the map is equal to 500 m on the actual ground surface. True 

5.1 inches is equal to 2.54 cm. True 

6. The primary division of a linear scale always refers to the summation of secondary divisions. True 

7. The ratio of scale increases when a map is enlarged. False

8. The ratio of scale increases when a map is reduced. True 

Chapter 9 Map And Scale Match The Left Column With The Right Column

Left colum Right column
1. 1 mile A. 1.852 km
2. 1 nautical mile B. 0.6214 km
3. 1km C. 1.6093 km
4. 1 foot D.12 inches

 

Answer: 1-C,2-A,3-B,4-D

Chapter 9 Map And Scale Answer In One Or Two Words

Question 1 What is the ratio of the distance between two points on a map and those two points on the ground known as?
Answer: Map scale.

Question 2 Name an instrument where the vernier Barometer is.
Answer: scale is seen.

Question 3 What is the other name of the diagonal scale?
Answer: Gunter’s scale

Question 4 Which scale is used to compare two units?
Answer: Comparative scale.

Question 5 What do the figures on the left side of a fractional scale indicate?
Answer: Map distance.

Question 6 What do the figures on the right side of a fractional scale indicate?
Answer: Ground distance.

Question 7 Which scale is represented graphically?
Answer: Graphical scale.

Question 8 How many types of graphical scales are there?
Answer: 4 types.

Question 9 What type of scale is a vernier scale?
Answer: Graphical scale.

Question 10 1 inch is equal to how many cm?
Answer: 2.54 cm.

Question 11 When a map is reduced in size, how does its scale change?
Answer: It is enlarged.

Question 12 How many types of maps are there, based on the scale?
Answer: Three types.

Question 13 1 km is equal to how many miles?
Answer: 0.6214 miles.

Question 14 What is the other name for fractional scale?
Answer: Representative fraction.

 

WBBSE Solutions For Class 9 Geography And Environment Chapter 1 Earth As A Planet

Chapter 1 Earth As A Planet Salient Points-At A Glance

1. In ancient times, people thought that the Earth was flat and in Greek civilisation people considered that the Earth was flat and rounded as a disc.
2. According to Greek scholar Anaximander, the Earth was a floating disc in the ocean which was surrounded by the round sky.
3. The Portuguese globetrotter, Ferdinand Magellan had given the first direct evidence in favour of the concept—The Earth is round’.
4. From space, the Earth appears blue in colour because water bodies cover 71% of the Earth’s surface.•
5. Greek philosopher, Aristotle stated the concept of the Earth being a sphere by observing the relative position of the stars and the shadow of the Earth that falls on the Moon during a lunar eclipse.

Read and Learn Also WBBSE Solutions for Class 9 Geography And Environment

6. To prove the spherical shape of the Earth, the Bedford Level experiment was conducted in 1870.
7. The boundary where the sky seems to meet the ground or the sea is known as the horizon.
8. A spherical object that is flattened at the top and bottom (north-south) and bulged out at the middle or centre (east-west), is defined as an oblate spheroid.
9. The equatorial and polar diameters of the Earth are 12757km and 12714km respectively
10. On the Earth’s surface, the gravitational force is lowest at the Equator and maximum at the Poles.
11. Scientist ’ Henry Cavendish first determined the Earth’s weight.
12.’Geoid’ means—like the Earth or the shape of the Earth is like the Earth itself.
13. The first person to use the word ‘geoid’ was Johann Benedict Listing.
14. The Science related to measuring the shape of the Earth is called Geodesy.
15. IAU (International Astronomical Union) listed Pluto as a dwarf planet in 2006.
16. In ancient days, the distance measurement unit used in Greece was called stadia. 1 stadia = 185 metres.
17. The Pole Star’s angle of elevation is 90° at the North Pole and 0° at the Equator i.e. the Pole Star is visible at the horizon in the Equator.
18. The light of the Sun takes 8.2 minutes to reach the Earth.
19. The area of the Earth’s surface is about 510 million sq. km.
20. Actual circumference of the Earth is about 40075km.
21. South Pole of the Earth is about 20 m flat.
22. The average temperature of the Earth is about 15°C.
23. The aver